FOUNDATION ANALYSIS

AND DESIGN Third Edition

Joseph E. Bowles Consulting Engineer/ Software Consultant

Engineering Computer Software Peoria, Illinois

INTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION

McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL BOOK COMPANY

Auckland Bogotii Guatemala Hamburg Johannesburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico New Delhi Panama Paris

San Juan Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo

CONTENTS

Preface xiii

apter l Introduction 1-1 Foundations-Definition and Purpose l 1-2 Foundation Classifications 2 1-3 Foundation Site and System Economics 3 1-4 Generai Requirements of Foundations 5 1-5 Foundation Selection 6 1-6 SI and Fps Units 6 1-7 Computational Accuracy versus Design Precision 9

apter 2 Soil Mechanics in Foundation Engineering IO 2-1 Introduction IO 2-2 Foundation Materials 12 2-3 Soil Volume and Density Relationships 13 2-4 Major Factors Which Atfect the Engineering Properties

of Soils 16 2-5 Routine Laboratory Tests 19 2-6 Soil Classification in Foundation Design 24 2-7 Soil Classification Terms 25 2-8 In Si tu StresSl;_S and K • Conditions 32 2-9 Soil Water- Soil Hydraulics 35

2-10 Consolidation Principles 41 2-11 Shear Strength 50 2-12 Sensitivity and Thixotropy 60 2-13 Stress Paths 6 1 2-14 Elastic Properties of Soil 66 2-15 Isotropic and Anisotropie Soil Masses 70

v

Chapter 3

3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9

3-10 3-1 1 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18

Chapter 4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5

~ 4-8

e 4-12

4-13 4-14

Chapter 5

Exploration, Sampling, and In Situ Soil Measurements Data Required Methods of Exploration Planning the Exploration Program Soil Boring Soil Sampling Marine Sampling The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Other Penetration Methods Core Sampling Water-Table Location Depth and Number of Borings Presentation of Data Field Load Tests Field Vane Testing of Soils Measurements of In Si tu Stresses and K . Conditions Static Penetration Testing-Dutch-Cone Penetration Test (CPT) The Borehole Shear Test Seismic Exploration

Bearing Capacity of Foundations Introduction Bearing-Capacity Equations Generai Comments on Bearing-Capacity Computations Bearing Capacity- Examples Footings with Eccentric or Inclined Loadings Etfect of Water Table o n Bearing Capacity Bearing Capacity for Footings on Layered Soils Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes Bearing Capacity from SPT Bearing Capacity Using Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Data Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Uplift or Tension Forces Bearing Capacity Based on Building Codes (Presumptive Pressure) Safety Factors in Foundation Design Bearing Capacity of Rocks

Foundation Settlements 5-1 The Settlement Problem 5-2 Stresses in a Soil Mass Due to Footing Pressure

6 The Boussinesq Method for Evaluating Soil Pressure ~ Westergaard's Method for Evaluating Soil Pressures 5-5 Immediate (Eiastic) Settlement Computation-Theory 5-6 Immediate Settlements- Application 5-7 Alternative Methods of Computing Elastic Settlements

114 117 121 122 123

130 130 131 135 140 143 147 149 153 155 159 160

f63 163 167

171 171 172 173 178 183 187 192

5-8 5-9

5-1 0 5-11

5-12 5-13

Chapter 6 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8

Chapter 7 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9

7-10 7-11 7-12 7-13

Chapter 8 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8

~ 8-11 8-12

CONTENTS vii

Stresses and Displacements in Layered and Anisotropie Soils Consolidation Settlements Reliability of Settlement Computations Proportioning Footings for a Given Settlement or Equal Settlements Structures on Fills Structural Tolerance to Settlement and Ditferential Settlements

Improving Site Soils for Foundation Use Introduction Compaction . . Precompression to Improve S1te S01ls . Drainage Using Sand Blankets and Drams Vibratory Methods to lncrease Soil Dens~~ . Foundation Grouting and Chemical Stab1hzation Altering Groundwater Conditions Use of Geotextiles to l m prove Soil

Factors to Consider in Foundation Design Footing Depth and Spacing Displaced Soil Etfects . . Net versus Gross Soil Pressure-Des1gn Soil Press~res Erosion Problems for Structures Adjacent to Flowmg Water Corrosion Protection Water-Table Fluctuation Foundations in Sand Deposits Foundations on Loess Foundations on Expansive Soils Foundations on Clays and Silts Foundations on Sanitary Landfill Sites Frost Depth and Foundations on Permafrost Environmental Considerations

Spread Footing Design Footings-Classification and Purpose . . Allowable Soil Pressures in Spread Footmg Des1gn Assumptions Used in Footing Design Reinforced-Concrete Design-USO Structural Design of Spread F ootings Bearing Plates and Anchor Bolts Pedestals Rectangular Footings . Eccentrically Loaded Spread Footmgs Unsymmetrical Footings . . . W ali Footings and Footings for Res•dentlal Construction Spread Footings with Overturning Moment

196 197 200

201 203 204

208 208 209 211 213 215 217 218 218

221 221 224 225 226 227 227 227 228 230 233 235 236 238

240 240 241 242 243 249 258 265 269 273 282 286 290

viii CONTENTS

CONTENTS ix

Retaining-Wall Forces 440 Chapter 9 Special Footings and Beams on 12-5

448 Elastic Foundations 12-6 AUowable Bearing Capacity 449 295 12-7 Settlements 9-1 Introd uction 450 295 12-8 Tilting 453

9-2 Rectangular Combined Footings 295 12-9 Design of Gravity and Semigravity Walls

457 9-3 Design of Trapezoid-Shaped Footings

304 12-10 Wall Joints 458

9-4 Design of Stra p (or Cantilever) Footings 309 12-11 Drainage . .

459 9-5 Footings for Industriai Equipment

312 12-12 Abutment Wing and Retaining Walls of Varymg He1ght 460

9-6 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction 320 12-1 3 Design of a Cantilever Retaining W ali

466 9-7 Classica! Solution of Beam on Elastic Foundation

326 12-14 Design of a Counterfort Retaining W ali 9-8 Finite-Element Solution of Beam on Elastic Foundation 330 12-15 Basement or Foundation Walls; Walls for

468 9-9 Bridge Piers

339 Residential Construction 469

9-10 Ring Foundations 341 12-16 Reinforced-Earth Retaining Structures 9-1 l Generai Comments on the Finite-Element Procedure 344

Chapter 13 Sheet-Pile Walls- Cantilevered 474

Chapter 10 Mat Foundations and Anchored 349 10-1 Introduction

474 349 13-1 Introduction 475

10-2 Types of Mat Foundations 350 13-2 Soil Properties for Sheet-Pile Walls

477 10-3 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations

351 13-3 Types of Sheetpiling 479

10-4 Mat Settlements 352 13-4 Safety Factors for Sheet-Pile Walls

481 @) Design of Ma t Foundations

354 13-5 Cantilever Sheetpiling 489

10-6 Finite-Difference Method for Mats 361 13-6 Anchored Sheetpiling: Free-Earth Suppor! 10-7 Finite-Eiement Method for Mat Foundations 363 13-7 Rowe's Moment Reduction Applied to the

495 10-8 Mat-Superstructure Interaction

374 Free-Earth-Support Method 499

10-9 Circular Mats or Plates 374 13-8 Finite-Eiement Analysis of Sheet-Pile Walls __

506 13-9 Wales and Anchorages for Anchored Sheetpliing Chapter 11 Latera! Earth Pressure 378

Braced, Tieback, and 11-1 The Latera) Earth Pressure Problem 378 Chapter 14

Slurry Walls for Excavations 516 11-2 Active Earth Pressure

379 516

11-3 Passive Earth Pressure 381 14-1 Construction Excavations

519 11-4 Coulomb Earth-Pressure Theory

381 14-2 Soil Pressures on Braced Sheeting or Cofferdams 522

11-5 Rankine Earth Pressures 388 14-3 Conventional Design of Single-W ali (Braced) Cofferdams

527 ~ Active and Passive Earth Pressure Using Theory of Plasticity 392 14-4 Estirnation of Ground Loss around Excavations

530 Earth Pressure on Walls, Soil-Tension Effects, Rupture Zone

396 14-5 Finite-Element Ana lysis for Braced Excavation~ 536

7

Instability Due to Heave of Bottom of Excavallon Reliability of Latera! Earth Pressures

399 14-6 539

11-9 Soil Properties and Latera! Earth Pressure 399 14-7 Other Causes of Cofferdam Instability

540 ~ Earth-Pressure Theories in Retaining-Wall Problems

401 14-8 Construction Dewatering 544

l Graphical and Computer Solutions for Latera! Earth Pressure 404 14-9 Slurry-Wall (or -Trench) Construction - Latera! Pressures by Theory of Elasticity for Surcharges 414 3 Other Causes of Latera! Pressure 419 Chapter 15 Cellular Cofferdams 548 ll-14 Pressures in Si1os, Grain Elevators, and Coal Bunkers 420

Cellular Cofferdams: Types and Uses 548 15-1 552 Chapter 12 Retaining Walls 15-2 Celi Fili 553

, 431 15-3 Stability and Design of Cellular Cofferdams .

563 12-1 Introduction

431 15-4 Practical Considerations in Cellular Cofferdam Deslgn 565

12-2 Common Proportions of Retaining Walls 433 15-5 Design of Diaphragm Cofferdam Celi

568 12-3 Soil Properties for Retaining Walls

436 15-6 Circular-Cofferdam Design 573

12-4 Stability of Walls 438 15-7 Cloverleaf-Cofferdam Design

X CONTENTS CONTENTS xi

Chapter 16 Single Piles- Static Capacity and Latera! Loads; Pile/Pole Buckling

16-1 Introduction 16-2 Timber Piles 16-3 Concrete Piles 16-4 Steel Piles 16-5 Corrosion of Steel Piles 16-6 Soil Properties for Static Pile Capacity 16-7 Static Pile Capacity 16-8 Ultimate Static Pile Point Capacity 16-9 Skin Resistance Capacity

16-10 Static Pile Capacity- Examples 16-11 Piles in Permafrost 16-12 Static Pile Capacity Using Load-Transfer Load-Test Data 16-13 Tension Piles- Piles for Resisting Uplift 16-14 Laterally Loaded Piles 16-15 Buckling of Fully and Partially Embedded Piles and Poles

Chapter 17 Single Piles- Dynamic Analysis 17-1 Dynamic Analysis 17-2 Pile Driving 17-3 The Rational Pile Formula 17-4 Other Dynamic Formulas and Generai Considerations 17-5 Reliabi1ity of Dynamic Pile-Driving Formulas 17-6 The Wave Equation 17-7 Pile-Load Tests 17-8 Pile-Ori ving Stresses 17-9 Generai Comments on Pile Driving

Chapter 18 Pile Foundations- Groups 18-1 Single Piles versus Pile Groups 18-2 Pile-Group Considerations 18-3 Efficiency of Pile G roups 18-4 Stresses on Underlying Strata 18-5 Settlements of Pile Groups 18-6 Pile Caps 18-7 Batter Piles 18-8 Negative Skin Friction 18-9 Matrix Analysis for Pile Groups

Chapter 19 Caissons Including Drilled Piers 19-1 Types of Caissons 19-2 . Open-End Caissons 19-3 Closed-End, or Box, Caissons 19-4 Pneumatic Caissons 19-5 Drilled Caissons

575 575 582 584 589 592 592 593 598 602 610 616 620 622 623 632

638

638 638 643 647 654 656 663 665 668

671

671 671 673 676 683 687 690 690 696

705

705 706 711 715 717

19-6 Bearing Capacity and Settlements of Drilled Caissons 720

19-7 Design of Drilled Caissons 725 729 19-8 Laterally Loaded Caissons

19-9 Inspection of Drilled Caissons 730

Chapter 20 Design of Foundations for Vibration Contro! 732

20-1 Introduction 732

20-2 Elementary Vibrations 733

20-3 Forced Vibrations fora Lumped Mass 738

20-4 Approximate Solution of Vibrating Foundation-743 Theory of Elastic Half-Space

20-5 Lumped-Mass Solution of the Vibrating Foundation 749

20-6 Soil Properties-Elastic Constants 757

20-7 Coupled Vibrations 759

20-8 Effect of Piles to Reduce Foundation Vibrations 760

20-9 Other Considerations for Machinery Foundations 761

Appendixes

A Generai Pile-Harnmer and Pile Data Tables 765

A-1 H-Piles 765

A-2 Pile Hammers 766

A-3 Sheet Piles 769

A-4 Pipe Piles 771

A-5 Prestressed-Concrete Piles 773

B Selected Computer Programs 774

B-1 Beam, Latera!- and Sheet-Pile Finite-Element Program 775

B-2 Mat Program 781

B-3 Three-Dimensional P ile-Group Program 787

References 788

Indexes 807

Name Index Subject Index

REFERENCES

T o simplify and condense the reference list, the following abbreviations are used :

AASHTO ACI

ASCE

<\SME

788

l ACl

lGED lSMFD PSC

lSD

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ollicials American Concrete Jnstitute, Detroit, Michigan lournal of American Concrere l nsrirure (monthly) American Society of Civil .tngineers lournal ofGeotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE (1974-0000) _ 1 ourna/ of So il M echanics and F oundation Division, ASCE (1955-1973, mel.) Proceedings of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, speciality conferences as follows:

fst PSC = Shear Strength ofCohesive Soils, Boulder, Colo. (1960) 2d PSC = Design of Foundat ions for Contro! of Settlement, Northwestem

University, Evanston, 111. (1964) 3d PSC = Placement and lmprovement of Soil to Suppor! Structures,

Cambridge, Mass. (1968) 4th PSC = Latera! Stresses in the Ground and Design of Earth Retaining

Structures, Cornell University,lthaca, N.Y. (1970) 5th PSC = Performance of Earth and Earth Supported Structures, Purdue

University, Lafayette, Ind. (1972) . _ 6th PSC = Analysis and Design in Geotechnical Engineering, Umversrty or

Texas, Austin, Tex. (1974) 7th PSC = In Situ Measurements of Soil Properties, North Carolina State

University, Raleigh, N.C. (1975) . _ 8th PSC = Rock Engineering for Foundations and Slopes, Umversrty or

Colorado, Boulder, Colo. (1976) _ 9th PSC = Geotechnical Practice for Disposal of Solid Waste Matenals,

University orMichigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1977) JOth PSC = Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Pasadena, Calif.

(1978)

lourna/ ofSrructura/ Division, ASCE American Society ror Mechanical Engineers

ASTM

AWPI

ASTM STP

CGl ENR ICE P/CE ICSMFE

SMFE

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street Pb"J . Pa. • • adelph1a,

American So~iety for Testing and Mareria/s Specia/ Technica/ Publicati (wrth appropnate number) on

American Wood Preservers Institute, 2600 Virginia Avenue, Washington, D.C.

Canadian Geotechnical lournal, Ottawa, Canada Engineering News-Record, New York (weekly) Institution of Ci vii Engineers (London) Proceedings of Institurion ofCivil Engineers

Proceedings of lnternarional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

1st ICSMFE = Harvard University(l 936) 2d ICSMFE = Rotterdam, Holland (1948) 3d ICSMFE = Zurich, Switzerland (1953)

4th ICSMFE = London (1957) 5th JCSMFE = Paris (1961) 6th ICSMFE = Montreal (1965) 7th ICSMFE = Mex.ico City (1969) 8rh ICSMFE = Moscow (1973) 9th ICSMFE = Tokyo (1977)

lOth ICSMFE = Stockholm (1 981 )

Soi/ Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

Geotechnique is published by the Institution of Ci vii Engineers, London, England.

Highway Research Board, Highway Research Record, etc., published by National Academy of Sci­ences, Washington, D.C.

AASHTO (1977), " Standard Specifications fo r Hìghway Bridges," 12th ed., 496 pp.

ACI (1975), Recommended Practice for Design and Construction or Concrete Bins, Silos and Bunkers for Storing Granular Materials, Report or ACI Committee 313,' l ACI, O ctober, pp. 529-565.

ACI Committee 336 (1972), Suggested Design and Construction Procedures for Pier Foundations, l ACI, August, pp. 461-480.

ACI Committee 436 (1966), Suggested Design Procedures ror Combined Footings and Mats, l ACI, October, pp. 1041-1057 (now committee 336).

AISC (1980), Stee/ Construction Manua /, 8th ed., American Institute of Steel Construction, 400 N. Michigan, Ave., Chicago, Ili. 6061 L

AISI (1 975), Steel Pile Lcad T est Data, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C., 84 pp. Akinmusuru, J. O . (1978), Horizontally Loaded Vertical Plate Anchors in Sand, JGED, vol. 104, GT2,

February, pp. 283-286.

Aldrich, H. P . (1967), Precompression ror Support or Shallow Foundations, lSMFD, ASCE, vol. 91, SM2, March, pp. 5-20.

Alizadeh, M., and M. T. Davisson (1970), Latera! Load Tests on Piles-Arkansas River Project, lSMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM5, September, pp. 1583-1604.

Alpan, I. (1 967), The Empirica! Evaluation or the Coellicient K0

and K0 1

, Soi/ and Foundations, Tolcyo, vol. 7, no. l, January, pp. 31-40.

Andersland, O. B., and D. M. Anderson (1978), "Geotechnical Engineering ror Cold Regions," McGraw-Hill Book Company, pp. 576.

Anderson, D. G., et al. (1 978), Estimating in Situ Shear Moduli at Competent Sites, lOth PSC, ASCE, vol. l, pp. 181-197.

790 FOUKDATIO:-i AKALYSIS AND DESIGN

Arman, A., et al. (1975), Srudy of the Vane Shear. 7th PSC, ASCE. vol. l, pp. 93-120. Amold, R. ., et al. (1955), Foroed Vibrations of a Body on an lnfin ire Elastic Solid, Journal of

Applied M echanics, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 391-400. Arthur, J. R., and B. K. Menzies (1972). l nheren l Anisorropy in Sand, Geotechnique, vol. 22, no. 1,

March, pp. 115- 128. ASCE (1974), Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures, JSD, ASCE, vol. 100, ST 12, December,

pp. 2449- 2518 (Committee Report). ASCE (1 966), Revised Bibliography on Chemical Grouring, JSMFD , ASCE, vol. 92, SM 6, Novem­

ber, pp. 39-66. ASCE (1959), " Timber Piles and Construction Timbers," Manual of Practice no. 17, 48 pp. ASCE (1946), " Pile Foundations and Pile Structures," Manual of Practice no. 27, 72 pp. (reprinted

1959). ASCE (1941), Pile-driving Formulas, Proceedings ASCE, vol. 67, no. 5, May, pp. 853-866. Aschenbrenner, R. (1967), Three Dimensionai Analysis of Pile Foundations, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 93,

ST l, February, pp. 201- 219. ASTM (1971), Underwater Soil Sampling, Testing and Construction Contro!, ASTM STP no. 501,

241 pp. AWPI (1 981), AE Concepts in Wood Design (Piling Jssue), no. 34, vol. l, January-February, 33 pp. AWPI (1969), " Pile Foundations Know-How," 66 pp. A WPI (1967), " Pressure T reated Timber Foundation Piles for Permanent Structures," 98 pp. AWPI (1966), " Timber Foundation Pile Study," 46 pp. Azzouz, A. S., et al. (1976).. Regression Analysis of Soil Compressibility, Soils and Foundations, Toyko,

vol. 16, no.2, pp. 19-29.

Baguelin, F., et al. (1974), Self-Boring Placement Method of Soil Characteristics Measurement, Pro­ceedings Conference on Subsurface Explorationfor Underground Excavation and Heavy Construc­

lion, ASCE, pp. 312- 322. Baker, C. N., and F. Khan (1971), Caisson Construction Problems and Corrections in Chicago,

J SMFD, ASCE, vol. 97, SM2, February, pp. 417-440. Baligh, M. M., et al. (1978), Downdrag on Bitumen-Coated Piles, JGED, ASCE, vol. 104, GTII ,

November, pp. 1355-1369. Balla, A. (1961), The Resistance to Breaking Out of Mushroom Foundations for Pylons, 5th

I CSMFE, vol. l , pp. 569-576. Ballard, R. J., Jr., and F. G. McLean (1975), Seismic Field Methods for In-Situ Density, 7th PSC,

ASCE, vol. l , pp. 121-150. Barden, L. (1968), Primary and Secondary Consolidation of Clay and Peat, Geotechnique, vol. 18, no.

l, March, pp. l-24. Barden, L. (1962), Distribution of Contaci Pressure under Foundations, Geotechnique, vol. 12, no. 3,

September, pp. 181-198. Barden, L., and M. F. Monckton (1970), Tests on Mode! Pile Groups in Soft and Stiff Clay, Geo­

technique, vol. 20, no. l , March, pp. 94-96 (contains number of references on model-ptle test

groups). . Barentsen, P. (1936), Short Description of a Field Method with Cone Shaped Soundmg Apparatus,

lst ICSMFE, vol. l, pp. 7- 10. Barkan, D. D. (1962), " Dynamics of Bases and Foundations," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New

York, 434 pp. Barron, R. A. (1948), Consolidation of Fine-grained Soils by Drain Wells, Transactions ASCE, vol.

11 3, pp. 718-751. Bazaraa, A. R. (1967), "Use of the Standard Penetration Test for Estimating Settlements of Sballow

Foundations on Sand," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, 379 pp. . Begemann, H. (1974), "Generai Report: Centrai and Western Europe,'' European Sympostum on

Penetration Testing, Stockholm, Sweden, vol. 2.1, pp. 29-39. Beli, A. L. (1915), The Latera! Pressure and Resistance of Clay, and the Supporting Power or Clay

Foundations, in "A Century of Soil Mechanics," ICE, London, pp. 93- 134.

REFERENCES 791

Belz, C A. (1970), Cellular Structure Design Methods, Proceedings Conference: Design and Instal­lauon of P1le Foundarwns and Cellular Structures, Lehigh University, pp. 319-338.

Berezantzev. V. G. (1965). Design of Deep Foundations, 6th ICSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 234-237. Berezantzev, V. G., et al. (1961), Load Bearing Capacity and Deformation of Piled Foundations 5th

ICSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 11-15. '

Bhatacharya, R. K. (1968), " Stresses and Displacements in Cross-Anisotropie Layered, Elastic Half-Space Due to Axt-Symmetric Loadings on the Top Surfaoe " Ph D Thesis u n· 't f w· consin, Madison, 162 pp. ' · · • tverst Y o ts-

Bjerrum, L. (1972), Embankments on Soft Ground, 5th PSC, ASCE, vol. 2, pp. J-54. BJerrum, L, and O. Etde (1956), Stability of Strutted Excavations in Clay Geotechnique voi 6 no 1

March, pp. 32-47. ' ' · ' · '

Bjerrum, 1., and R. Kirkedam (1958), Some Notes on Earth Pressures in Stiff F issured Clay Pro-. ceedmgs Brussels Conference on Earth Pressure Problems, pp. 15-27. '

BJerrum, L: and A. Lantlva ( 1966), Direct Simple Shear Tests on a Norwegian Quick Clay Ge-otechmque, vol. 16, no. l , pp. 1-20. '

Bjerrum, L ,_ and N. E. Simons (1960), Comparison of Shear Strength Characteris tics of Normally . Consohdated Clays, 1st PSC, ASCE, pp. 711 - 726.

BJerrum, L , et al. (1969), Reduction of Negative Skin F riction on Steel Piles to Rock 7th JCSMFE vol. 2, pp. 27- 34. ' '

Blaine, E. S. (1967), Practical Lessons in Caisson Sinking from the Baton Rouge Bridge ENR F b 6 pp. 213- 215. • • e · •

Blanchet, R., et al. (1980), Behavior or Friction Piles in Soft Sensitive Clays CGJ voi 17 0

2 M pp. 203-224. • • · • n · • ay,

Bond, D. ( 1961), lnfluence of Foundation on Size of Settlement Geotechnique voi 11 no 2 1 121-143. ' • · • · • une, pp.

Borowicka: H. (1943), D~r ausmittig belaste s tarre Platten auf elastischiso torpem Untergrund Ingemeur-Archw, Berhn, vol. l , pp. 1-8. '

Borowicka, H. (1936), Influence of Rigidity of a Circolar Foundation Slab on the Distribution of Pressures over a Contact Surface, 1st ICSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 144-149.

Bowi:~. J. E. (1980), ~ Structural Steel Design Data," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 178

Bowles, J. E. (1979), " Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soils," McGraw-Hill Book Compan New York, 478 pp. y,

Bowles, J. E. (1978), " Engineering Properties of Soils and Their Measurement," 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 213 pp.

Bowles, J . • ~- (1975), Combined and Special Footings, chap. 16 in " Foundation Engineering Hand­book, V an Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 751 pp.

Bowles, J. E. (1974a), "Analytical and Computer Methods in Foundation Engineering," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 519 pp.

Bowle~, J. E. (l 974b), Foundations for Family Housing, Technical Report D-20; Systems Approach 10 Stte Development,Const~ction Engineering Research Laboratory, Cbampaign,lll., 107 pp.

Bozozuk, M. (1 974).. Mmor Pnnctpal St ress Measurements in Marine Clay with Hydraulic Fracture Tests, Pro:eedmgs Conference on Subsurface Exploration for Underground Excavation and Heavy Cons11 uctwn, ASCE, pp. 333- 349.

Bozozuk, ~L (1972), Downdrag Measurements on a l ()(}.ft Floating Pipe Test Pile in Marine Clay CGJ, :ol. 9, no.2, May, pp. 127-136. '

Bozoz~k, M.: et al. (1979), Analysis of Load Tests on Instrumented Steel Test Piles in Compressible Stlty S01l, ASTM, STP, no. 670, pp. 153-180.

BRAB (1968), Criteria ror Selection and Design of Residential Slabs-on-Ground, Building Research Adv1sory Board, Federai Housing Administration Report 33, National Academy of Sciences Washmgton, D.C., 289 pp. '

Brand, E. W., et al. (1972), Load Tests on Small Foundations in Soft Clay 5th PSC ASCE 1 1 pari 2, pp. 903-928. ' • • vo · •

Brierley, G. S., et al. (1979), Interpreting End-Bearing Pile Load Test Results AS TM STP 670 pp. 181- 198. ' no. •

792 FQU :-;DATIOl-1 A:-;ALYSIS A N O DESIGl-1

Broms. B. (1978). Design of Fabric Reinforced Retaining Structures. Proceedìngs. Sym posium Earrh Reìnforcement, ASCE, pp. 282- 304. . .

Broms. B. B. (1972), Settlements of Pile Groups. 5th PSC. ASCE, vol. 3, pp. 181- 199 (wtth extenstve references).

Broms. B. B. (1971). Latera! Earth Pressures Due to Compaction or Cohesionless Soils, 4th European Conference SMFE. Budapest, pp. 373- 384.

Brooker, E. W., and H. O. lreland (1965). Earth Pressures at Rest Related to Stress History, CGJ, vol. 2. no. l , February, pp. 1-15.

Brown, A. (1968), New Look at Tower Foundation Design, Hydrocarbon Processìng and Petroleum Refiner, vol. 47, no. 4, Aprii. pp. 174-180. .

Brown. R. E. (1977), Drill Rod lnfluence on Standard Penetratton Test, JGED , ASCE, vol. 103, GT II , November, pp. 1332-1336. . . .

Burland, J. B., et al. (1966), The Behaviour and Design of Large Diameter Bored Ptles m Sl!ff Clay, Proceedings Conference: Large Bored Piles. ICE, London, pp. 51-71. · . .

Butterfield, R., and P. K. Banerjee ( 197 1), The Problem of Pile Group-Ptle Cap Interacl!on, Ge-orechnìque, vol. 21 , no.2, June, pp. 135- 142. . .

Button, s. J. (1953), The Bearing Capacity of Footings on a Two-Layer Cohestve Subsotl, 3d !CSM FE, vol. l, pp. 332-335.

Bycroft , G. N. (1956), Forced Vibrations or a Rigid Circular Plate on a Semi-infinite Elastic ~pace and on an Elastic Stratum, Philosophical Transacrions of rhe Royal Soctety, London, Senes A, vol. 248, pp. 327-368.

Caquot, A., and J. Kerisel (1948), "Tables ror the Calculation or Passive Pressure, Active Pr~ure, and Bearing Capacity of Foundations" (translated by M. A. Bee, London), Gauthter-Villan, Pari s.

Casagrande, A. (1936), The Determination or the Preconsolidation Load and Its Practical Signiti­cance. lsr ICSMFE, vol. 3, pp. 60--64.

Casagrande, A. ( 1948), Classification and ldentification or Soils, Transactions ASCE, vol. 113, pp. 90 1- 991.

Casagrande, A., and N. Carrillo (1944), Shear Failure or Anisotropie Materials, Boston Society ofCivil Engineers: Contribucìons ro Soil Mechanics 1941-53, pp. 122- 135. . . . . . .

Casagrande, A., and R. E. Fadum (1944), Application or Soil Mechantcs m Destgmng Bwldmg Foundations, Transactions ASCE, vol. 109, pp. 383-490 (also see uclosure ").

Caspe, M. S. (1966), Surface Settlement Adjacent to Braced Open Cuts, JSM FD, ASCE, vol. 92, SM4, July, pp. 51 - 59. .

CERC (1969), Corrosion and Protection or Steel Piling in Seawater, U.S. A~y Corps of Engmeen, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Technical Memorandum no. 27, 51 pp.

Chellis, R. D. (1 961), ~ Pile Foundations,n 2d ed., McG raw-Hill Book Company, New York, 704 pp. Chellis, R. D., (1941), Discussion: Pile Driving Formulas, Proceedings ASCE, vol. 67, no.8, October,

pp. 1517-1537. . Chen, W. W. (1978), Discussion: Laterally Loaded Piles: Program Documentatton, JGED, ASCE,

GTI, January, pp. 161-162. . . . . Chowdhury, R. N. (1 972), uDerormation Problems in Anistropic Soii--Appbcauon or t~ Fm•t.e

Element Method,n Conrerence on Finite Element Method in Civil Engineenng, McGtU Uot-versity, Montreal, Canada, pp. 653-675. .

Christian, J. T. (1976), Soii-Foundation-structure lnteraction, Proceedings Conference on Fourulattons Jor Ta l/ Buildings, Lehigh University, Envo Publishing Co., pp. 149-180. .

Chu, K. H., and O. F. Afandi (1966), Analysis or Circular and Annular Slabs ror Chimney Founda­tions, JACI, vol. 63, no. 12, December, pp. 1425--1446.

Clevenger, W. A. (1958), Experience with Loess as Foundation Materia!, T ransaccions ASCE, vol

123, pp. 151-180. GTI2. Clough, G. W., and Y. Tsui (1974), Performance or Tied-Back Walls in Clay, JGED, ASCE,

December, pp. 1259-1273. . . 1 1 Clough, G. W., et al. (1972), Design and Observatton or a Tted-Back W ali, 5th PSC, ASCE, vo · •

part 2, pp. 1367- 1389.

REFERENCES 793

Cooke, R. W .. and T. Whitaker (1961), Experiments on Model Piles with Enlarged Bases, Ge­orec/mique, vol. Il, no. l, March, pp. 1-13.

Coyle. H. M., and R. R. Castello (1981), 'ew Design Correlations for Piles in Sand, J GED, ASCE vol. 107, GT 7. July. pp. 965- 986. '

Coyle, H. M., et al. (1 972), Field Measurements or Latera) Earth Pressures on a Cantilever Reta· · . . . ~. W ali. Research Reporr 169-2. Texas Transportat ton lnstttute, College Stal!on, T ex., 58 pp.

Coyle, H. M., and L. C. Reese (1966). Load Transrer or Axially Loaded Piles in Clay, JSMFD, ASCE vol. 92, SM 2, March. pp. 1-26. '

Crawrord, C. B. (1 961), Engineering Studies or Leda Clay. in "Soils in Canada." University or Toronto Press. Toronto, Canada, pp. 200-21 7.

Crawrord, C. B., and K. N. Burn ( 1962), Sett lement Studies on the M t. Sinai H ospitai, Engineering Journal ofCanada, Ottawa, vol. 45, no. 12. December.

Crettaz, P .. and H. Zeindler (1974), Penetration Testing in Switzerland, Proceedings European Confer- _ ence on Penerration T esring, Stockholm, vol. l, pp. 133- 136.

Cross, H. (1 963), "Arches, Continuous Frames, Columns, and Conduits : Selected Papers or Hardy Cross," The University or Illinois Press, Urbana, 111.

Cummings, A. E. (1940), Dynamic Pile Driving Formulas, in Contributions to Soil Mechanics (1 925--1940). J ournal of the Boston Society ofCivil Engineers, pp. 392-4 13.

Cummings, E. M. (1960), Cellular Cofferdams and Docks, Transactions ASCE, vol. 125, pp. 13-45. Cunny, R. W., and Z. B. Fry (1973), Vibratory in Situ and Laboratory Soil Moduli Compared,

JSM FD, ASCE, vol. 99, SM 12, December, pp. 1055--1076. Cushing, J. 1., and R. M. Moline (1975), Curved Diaphragm Cellular Cofferdams, JGED. ASCE, vol.

101 , GT IO, October, pp. 1055--1059.

Dahlberg, R. (1974), Penetration Testing in Sweden, Proceedings European Conference on Penetration Tesring, Stockholm, vol. l, pp. 115- 131.

Dakshanamunhy, V., and V. Raman (1973), A Simple Method or 1dentirying an Expansive Soil, Soils and Foundarions. Tokyo, vol. 13, no. l , March, pp. 97-104.

D'Appolonia, D. (1980), Soii-Bentonite Slurry Trench Cutoffs, J GED, ASCE, vol. 106, GT 4, Aprii, r ;-. 399-417.

D'Appolonia, D. J., et al. (1971), 1nitial Settlement or Structures on Clay, JSM FD, ASCE, vol. 97, SM l O, October, pp. 1359-1377.

D'Appolonia, D. J., et al. (1970). Closure : Settlement or Spread Footings on Sand, J SMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM2, pp. 754-762.

D'Appolonia, D. J., et al. (1968), Settlement of Spread Footings on Sand, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 94, SM3, May, pp. 735-760.

D'Appolonia, E. (1968), Load Transrer-Pile Clusters. Proceedings, Lecture Series on Foundarìon En­gineering, Northwestern University, pp. 93- 152.

D'Appolonia, E .. and J. A. Hribar (1963), Load Transrer in a Step-Taper Pile, J SMFD, ASCE, vol. 89, SM6, November, pp. 57- 77 (also Discussion July 1964).

D'Appolonia, E., and J. P. Romualdi (1963), Load Transrer in End Bearing Steel H-Piles, JSM FD, ASCE, vol. 89, SM2, pp. 1- 26.

Davisson, M. T. (1970), BRD Vibratory Driving Formula, Foundarion Facrs, published periodically by Raymond Concrete Pile Division of Raymond lnternational, lnc., Houston, Tex., vol. 6, no. l, pp. 9- 11.

Davisson, M. T., and K. E. Robinson (1965), Bending and Buckling or Partially Embedded Piles, 6th !CSM FE, vol. 2, pp. 243-246.

Dawson, R. F. (1959), Modern Practices Used in the Design of Foundations ror Structures on Expansive Soils, Quarrer fy of the Colorado Schoo/ of M ines: Theoretical and Practical Treatment or Expansive Soils, Golden, Colo., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 66-87.

De Beer, E. E. (1970), Experimental Determina tion of the Shape Factors and the Bearing Capacity Factors or Sand, Geoteclmique, vol. 20, no. 4, December, pp. 387c411.

De Beer, E. E. (1965), The Scale Effect on the Phenomenon or Progressive Ru pture in Cohesionless Soils, 6th ICSM FE, vol.2, pp. 13- 17.

794 FOUNDATIOS A l'AL YSIS A :>ID DESIGN

De Mello, V. F. (1971), The Standard Penetration Test, 4th Panamerican Conference on SMFE, San Juan, Puerto Rico (published by ASCE). vol. l. pp. 1- 86 (with 353 references).

De Mello, V. F. (1969), f oundations of Buildings in Clay, 7th / CSMFE, State-of-the-Art Volume, pp. 49- 136 (with 344 references).

Den Hartog, J. P. (1952), •· Advanced Strength of Materials," pp. 125-133, McGraw-Hill Book Com­pany, New York.

De Ruiter, J. (1971), Electric Penet rometer for Site lnvestigations, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 97, SM 2, February, pp. 457-472.

Deutsch, G . P., and D. H. Clyde (1967), Flow and Pressure of Granular Materials in Silos, Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, vol. 93, EM 6, pp. IOJ-125.

Dewey, F. B., and L. Kempner, Jr. (1975), Discussion: Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures, JSD, ASCE, vol. 101, ST Il, November, pp. 2439- 2411.

Dismuke, T. D. (1975), Cellular Structures and Braced Excavations, chap. 14 in " Foundation Engi­neering Handbook," V an Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 751 pp.

Dismuke, T. D. ( 1970), Stress Analysis of Sheet Piling in Cellular Structures, Proceedings Conference: Design and Jnstallation of Pile Foundations and Cel/ular Structures, Lehigh University, pp. 339-365.

Drannikov, A. M. (1967), Construction on Loess of Small Thickness, 3d Asian Regional Conference on SMFE, Haifa, Israel, vol. l , pp. 3-4.

Duncan, J. M., and C. Y. Chang (1970), Nonlinear Analysis of Stress and Strain in Soils, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM 5, pp. 1629- 1653.

Dunbam, C. W. (1962), " Foundations of Structures," 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 722 pp.

Durham, G . N., and F. C. Townsend (1973), Effect of Relative Density on the Liquefaction Suscep-­tibility of a fine Sand under Controlled-Stress Loading, AS TM S TP 523, pp. 319-331.

Eden, W. J. (1965), An Evaluation of the Field Vane Test in Sensitive Oay, ASTM STP 339, pp. 8- 17.

Egorov, K. E. (1965), Calculation of Bed for Foundation with Ring Footing, 6th JCSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 41-45.

Egorov, K. E., and R. V. Serebrjanyi (1963), Determination of Stresses in a Rigid Circular Founda­tion, 2d Asian Regional Conference on SMFE, Tokyo, Japan, vol. l , pp. 246-250.

ENR (1966), " Caisson Trouble Hits Chicago," Sept. 29, p. 15 (also see editoria!). Esrig, M. L, and R. C. Kirby (1979), Soil Capacity for Supporting Deep Foundation Members in

Clay, AST M STP 670, pp. 27- 63.

Feld, J. (1965), Tolerance of Structures to Settlement, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 91, SM3, May, pp. 53-77. Feld, J. (1943), Discussion : Timber Pile Foundations, Transacrions ASCE, vol. 108, pp. 143-144. Fellenius, B. H. (1972), Down-Drag on Piles in Oay Due to Negative Skin Friction, CGJ, vol. 9, no.

4, November, pp. 323-337. Finn, W. D., et al. (1971), Sand Liquefaction in Triaxial and Simple Shear Tests, JSMFD, ASCE, vol.

97, SM4, Aprii, pp. 639--659. Flaate, K. (1972), Effects of Pile Driving in Clays, CGJ , vol. 9, no. l , February, pp. 81- 88. Flaate, K., a nd P. Selnes (1977), Side Friction of Piles in Clay, 9rh /CSMFE, vol. l , pp. 517- 522. Flint, R. F. (1971), " Glacial and Quaternary Geology," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp.

251-266. Focht, J. A., Jr., and L. M. Kraft, Jr. {1977), Progress in Marine Geotechnical Engineering, J GED,

ASCE, vol. 103, GTIO, October, pp. 1097- 1118. Fox, E. N. (1948), The Mean Elastic Settlement of a Uniformly Loaded Area at a Depth below the

Ground Surface, 2d ICSMFE, vol. l , pp. 129- 132. F rancis, A. J. (1964), Analysis of Pile G roups with F lexural Resistance, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 90, SM3,

May, pp. 1-32. f rancis, A. J., et al. (1961), The Behavior of Stender Point Bearing Piles in Soft Soil, Symposium on

Design of Tal/ Buildings, University of Hong Kong, pp. 25- 50.

REFERENCFS 795

Garbe, C. W., and K~ Tsai (1972), Engineering lmprovements in Reclaimed Marshland for Housin Project. Proceedmgs 2d lnrernacional Symposium on Lower-Cosr Housing Probl U · · g Missouri-Rolla, pp. 153- 157. ems, mverslly of

Ga1es, M. (1957), Empirica! Formula for Predicting Pile Bearing Capacity Civil Engineering ASCE vol. 27, no. 3, March. pp. 65- 66. ' ' '

Geddes, J. D. (1969), Boussinesq-based Approximalions to the Vertical Stresses Caused by Pile-T Subsurface Loadmgs, Georechnique, vol. 19, no.4, December, pp. 509-514. ype

Geddes, J. D. (1966). Stresses in Foundation Soils Due 10 Verlical Subsurface Loading Geocech · vol. 16, no.3, September, pp. 23 1-255. ' mque,

Gibbs, H. J., el al. (1960), Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils, /se PSC, ASCE, pp. 33-162. Gtbbs, H: J., and W. Y. Holland (1960), " Petrographic and Engineering Properties of Loess," Engi­

- neermg Monograph No. 28, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo., 37 pp. Gtbbs, H. J., and W._ G. Holtz (1 957), Research on Determ ining the Densily of Sands by Spoon

. Penet ratton Testmg, 4rh JCSMFE, vol. 1, pp. 35-39.

Gtbson, R: E. ( 1967), Some Results Concerning Displacements and Stresses in a Non-homogeneous . Elasttc Half-Space, Geoeechnique, vol. 17, no. l, March, pp. 58-67.

Gtbson, R. E.,_ and W. F. Anderson (1961), ln-Situ Measurement of Soil Properties with the Pressure­- meter, CzVil Engmeering and Public Works Review, London, May, pp. 615-618.

G t! l, S. A. (1980), Apphcattons of Slurry Walls in Ci vii Engineering Journal of Consrrucz · o· · · ASCE, vol. 106, CO 2, pp. 155_ 167_ • zon IVISzon,

Glick, G. W. (1 948), lnfluence of Soft Ground in the Design of Long Piles 2d tCS MFE voi 4 84-88. • • . • pp.

Godskesen, O. (1936)~ lnvestigalion o f the B~aring Power of the Subspil (Especially Moraine) with 25 x 25 mm Pomted Dnll Wetghted wllh 100 kg without Samples /se ICSMFE voi 1 31 1-314. • • . • pp.

Gogol!, F. H. (1 970), Foundations in Swelling Clay beneath a Granular Blanket, Proceedings Sym­poszum on Sozls and Eart h Str11ctures in Arid Climate, Adelaide, Institute of Engineers (Australia) May, pp. 42-48. '

Golder, H. Q. (1975), Floating Foundalions, chap. 18 in " Foundation Engineering Handbook " v :Jostrand Reinhold Co., New York. ' an

Golder, H. Q. (1965), State-of-lhe-Art of Floating Foundations, JSMFD, ASCE vol. 91 SM 2 March, pp. 81- 88. ' ' '

Golder, H. Q., et al. (1970), Predicted Performance of Braced Excavation JSMFD ASCE 1 96 SM 3, May, pp. 801- 815. ' • • vo · •

Gorbunov-Passadov, M. L, and R. V. Serebrjanyi (1961), Design of Structures on Elastic Founda­ttons, 5th JCSMFE, vol. l, pp. 643- 648.

Grant, R., et al. (1974), Differential Set1lemen1 of Buildings JGED ASCE voi 100 GT 9 s be pp. 973-991. ' ' ' . ' , eptem r,

Grayman, R. (1 970), Cellular Structure Failures, Proceedings Conference: Design and /nstallation of . Pzle Foundallons and Cellular Strucwres, Lehigh University, pp. 383-391.

Gnffiths, D. H., and R. F. King (1965), "Applied Geophysics for Engineers a nd Geologists," Perga­mon Press, New York, 223 pp.

Gromko, G. J. (1974), Review of Expansive Soils, JGED, ASCE, vol. 100, GT 6, June, pp. 667-687.

Hall, J. R., Jr. (1967),_ Coupled Rocking and Sliding Oscillations of Rigid Circular Footings, Pro­ceedmgs lnternauon'!l Symposzum on W ave Propagation and Dy namic Properties of Earth M ateri­als, Albuquerque, N.M., pp. 139-148.

Hanna, A. M., and G. G . Meyerhof {1980), Design Charts for Ultimate Bearing Capacity for Sands Overlyzng Clays, CGJ, vol. 17, no. 2, May, pp. 300-303.

H anna, T. H. (1973), The lnfluence of Anchor lnclination on Pull-out Resistance of Clays CGJ 1 IO, no. 4, November, pp. 664-669. ' • vo ·

Han na, T. H. (1 963), Mode! Studies of Foundation G ro ups in Sand, Geotechnique, vol. 13, no. 4, December, pp. 334-351.

796 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS ANO DESIGN

Hansen, J. B. (1 970), A Revised and Extended Formula for Bearing Capacity, Danish Geotechnica/ lnstitute Bullerin no. 28, Copenhagen, 21 pp.

Hansen. J. B. (1967), The Philosophy or Foundation Design ; Design Criteria, Sarety Factors, and Seulement Limits, Proceedings Symposium on Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Foundations, Duke University, Durham, N.C., pp. 9-13.

Hansen, J. B. (1957), Foundations ofStructures: Generai Report, 4th /CSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 441-447. Hardin, B. 0., and W. L. Black (1968), Vibration Modulus of Normally Consolidated Clay, JSMFD,

ASCE, vol. 94, SM 2, March, pp. 27-42. Hardin, B. 0., and V. P. Drnevich (1972), Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils: Design Equations

and Curves, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 98, SM 7, July, pp. 667- 692. Hardin, B. 0., and J. Music (1965), Apparatus for Vibration of Soil Specimens during the Triaxial

Test, ASTM STP 392, pp. 55-74. Hardin, B. 0., and F. E. Richart, J r. (1963), Elastic Wave Velocities in Granular Soils, JSMFD,

ASCE, vol. 89, SM l, February, pp. 33- 65. Hetenyi, M. (1946), " Beams on Elastic Foundations," The University or Michigan Press, Ann Arbor,

Mich., 255 pp. , Hijab, W. A. (1956), A Note on the Centroid of a Logarithmic Spirai Sector, Geotechnique, vol. 6,

no. l , March, pp. 66--69. Hiley, A. (1930), Pile-Driving Calculations with Notes on Driving Forces and Ground Resistances,

Structural Engineer, London, vol. 8, pp. 246-259, 278-288. Hirsch, T. J., et al. (1970), Pile Driving Analysis by One-Dimensional W ave Theory: State or the Art,

Highway Research Record 333, pp. 33- 54. Hirs t, T. J., et al. (1 972), A Static Cone Penetrometer for Ocean Sediments, ASTM ST:P 501 , pp.

69-80. Holtz, W. G. (1973), The Relative Density Approach-Uses, Testing Requirements, Reliability, and

Shortcomings, ASTM STP 523, pp. 5-17. Holtz, W. G. (1959), Expansive Clays-Properties and Problems, Quarterly ofthe Colorado School of

Mines: Theoretical and Practical Treatment or Expansive Soils, Golden, Colo., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 89-125.

Hooper, J. A. ( 1974), Analysis or a Circular Raft in Adhesive Contaci with a Thick E las tic Layer, Geotechnique, vol. 24, no.4, December, pp. 56 1-580.

Housel, W. S. (1929), A Practical Method for the Selection or Foundations Based on FundaJllental Research in Soil Mechanics, Universit y of Michigan Engineering Research Bui/. 13, Anrl Arbor, Mich., October.

Howe, R. J. (1955), A Numerica! Method for Predicting the Behavior or Laterally Loaded Piling, Exploration and Production Research Division Publication no. 412, Shell Oil Co., Houston, Tex.

Hrennikolf, A. (1 950), Analysis or Pile Foundations with Baller Piles, Transactions ASCE, vol. 115, pp. 351- 389.

Hsieh, T. K. (1962), Foundation Vibrations, P ICE, London, vol. 22, June, pp. 211-226. Hughes, J. M., et al. (1975), A Field Trial of the Reinforcing Elfect of a Stone Column in Soil,

Geotechnique, vol. 25, no. l , March, pp. 31-44. Huntington, W. C. (1957), " Earth Pressures a nd Retaining Walls," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Ncw

Y ork, 534 pp. Hvorslev, M. J. (1949), "Subsurface Exploration and Sampling or Soils for Civil Engineering Pur­

poses," Waterways Experiment Station (reprinted and available rrom Engineering Foundation, New York, N.Y.), 52 1 pp.

Ireland, H. O. (1957), Pulling Tests on Pilcs in Sand, 4th I CSMF E, vol. 2, pp. 43-45.

Jaky, J. (1 948), Pressure in Silos, 2d /CSM FE, vol. l, pp. 103-107. James, R. G ., and P. L. Bransby (1970), Experimen tal and Theoretical Investigations of a Passive

Earth Pressure Problem, Geotechnique, vol. 20, no. l , March, pp. 17-37. Janbu, N. (1 976), Static Bearing Capacity of Friction Piles, Proceedings 6th European Conference orr

SM FE, vol. 1.2, pp. 479-488.

REinENCEs 797

Janbu, N. (1957), Eanh Pressures and Bea ring Capacity Calculations by Generalized p Slices, 4th ICSMFE. vol. 2, pp. 207-212. rOCedurc or

Janes, H. W. (1973). Densifìcation of Sand for Drydock by Terra-Probe, JSMFD, ASCE, S:vl6, June, pp. 451-470. vol. 99,

Jorriet, J. C. (1 975), Design of Rcctangular Concrete Tank Walls, J ACI, July, pp. 329-332. Johnson, L. D, and D. R. Snethen (1979), Prediction or Potential Heave of Swelling s .

1 orechnical Testing J ourna/, ASTM, vol. l, no. 3, September, pp. 117-124. 01 • Ge-Johnson, S. D. (1975), Analysis and Design Relating to Embankments, 6th PSC, ASCE 1 2 1-48. • vo . • pp.

Johnson, S. J. (1 970), Precompression ror Improving Foundation Soils, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SMl . January, pp. 73-110 (also in 3d PSC, ASCE, 1968, pp. 9-39). '

KanJa, M. A., and C. M. Wolle (1977), Residua! Strength-New Testing and Microstructur 9 h !CSM FE, vol. l, pp. 153- 154. e, 1

Kantey, B. A., and R. K. Morse (1965), A Modern Approach to Highway Materia ls Sampling, 5th ICSMFE, vol. l , pp. 55- 58.

Karlsson, R ., an d L. Viberg ( 1967), Ratio cf p' in Relation t o Liquid Limi t an d Plasticity Index with Spec1al Rererence to Swedish Clays, Proceedings Geotechnica/ Conference, Osio, Norway, vol. l, pp. 43-47.

Kjellman, W. (1948), A Method or Extracting Long Continuous Cores of Undisturbed Soil 2d ICSMFE, vol. l, pp. 255-258. '

Klohn, E. J. (1961), Pile Heave and Redriving, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 87, SM 4, August, pp. 125-145. Ko, H. Y., and L. W. Davidson (1 973), Bearing Capacity or Fo<?tings in Piane Strain, JSMFD, ASCE,

vol. 99, SM l , January, pp. 1-23. Koemer, R. M., and A. Partos (1 974), Seulement or Building on Pile Foundation in Sand, JGED,

ASCE, vol. 100, GT 3, March, pp. 265-278.

Koemer, R. M., and J. P. Welsh (1 980), "Construction and Geotechnical Engineering Using Synthetic Fabrics," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 267 pp.

Komornik, A., and D. David (1969), Prediction of Swelling Pressure or Clays, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 95, SM l, January, pp. 209- 225.

Kondner, R. L. (1963), Hyperbolic Stress-Strain Response: Cohesive Soils, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 89, SM l, pp. 115-143.

Koutsoftas, D. (1980), Undrained Shear Behavior of a Marine Clay, ASTM Conrerence on Shear Strength or So il (lo be published in ST P).

Kuhn, S. H., and A. B. Williams (1961), Scour Depth and Soil Profìle Determinations in River Beds, 5th ICSMFE, vol. l, pp. 487-490.

Kulhawy, F. H .. et al. (1979), Uplift Testing of Mode! Drilled Shafts in Sand, JGED, ASCE, vol. 105, GTI , January, pp. 31-48.

Laba, J. T. (1974), Adfreezing or Sands to Concrete, Transportation Research Record no. 497, Trans­portation Research Board, Washington, D.C., pp. 31- 39.

Ladanyi, B. (1976), Use or the Static Penetration Test in Frozen Soils, CGJ, vol. 13, no.2, May, pp. 95-110.

Ladanyi, B. (1963), "Evaluation of Pressuremeter Tcsts in Granular Soils," 2d Panamerican Confer­ence on SM FE, Sào Paulo, Brazi.l, vol. l, pp. 3- 20.

Ladd, _C. C., and R. Foott (1974), New Design Procedure ror Stability or Soft Clays, JGED, ASCE, vol. 100, GT7, July, pp. 763- 786.

Ladd, C. C., et al. (1977), Stress-Derormation and Strength Characteristics, State-of-Art Report, 9th ICSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 421-494.

Lambe, T. W. (1970), Braced Excavations, 4th PSC, ASCE, pp. 149-218. Lambe, T. W. (1967), Stress Path Method, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 93, SM 6, pp. 309- 331. Lambe, T. W. (1964), Methods of Estimating Settlement, 2d PSC, ASCE, pp. 47-71. Lambe, T. W., and R. V. Whitman (1979), " Soil Mechanics," 2d ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New

York, 553 pp.

Lambe, T. W., et al. (1970), Measured Performance of Braced Excavation, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM 3, May, pp. 817-836.

798 FOUN DAT!ON AI'ALYS!S AND DES!G:>:

Landau, R. E. (1966), Method of Installation as a Factor in Sand Drain Stabilization Design, Highway Research Record 133, Highway Research Board. Washington, D.C., pp. 75- 96.

Larew. H. G., and G. A. Leonards (1962), A Repeated Load Strength Criterion, Proceedings Highway Research Board, vol. 41. pp. 529-556.

La Russo. R. S. (1963). Wanapum Development- Slurry Trench and Grouted Cut-off, Proceedings of Symposium: Grouts and Dril/ing Muds in Engineering Practice, Butterworths, London, pp. 196-20 1.

Laursen, E. M. (1962), Scour a t Bridge Crossings, Transactions ASCE, vol. 127, part l, pp. 166-209 (including discussions).

Laursen, E. M., and A. Toch (1956), Scour around Bridge Piers and Abutments, lowa Highway Research Board Bui/. 4, May, 60 pp.

Law, K. T. (1979), Triaxiai-Vane Tests on a Soft Marine Clay, CGJ, vol. 16, no. l , February, pp. 11-18.

La w, K. T., an d K. Y. Lo ( 1976), Analysis of Shear Induced Anistropy in Leda Clay, Proceedings Conference on N umerica/ Methods in Geomechanics, ASCE, vol. l , pp. 329-344.

Lee, L K. (1974), "Soil Mechanics : New Horizons," American Elsevier Publishing Co., New York chap. 5. '

Lee, L K. (1962), Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Particular Reference to the Melbourne Area Proceedings l nstitution of Engineers, Australia, pp. 283-291. '

Lee, L K., and P. T. Brown (1972), Structure-Foundation lnteraction Analysis, JSD , ASCE, vol. 98, ST Il , November, pp. 241 3- 2431.

Lee, K. L (1970), Comparison of Piane Strain and Triaxial Tests on Sand, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM 3, May, pp. 901- 923.

Lee, K. L., et al. (1973), Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 99, SM IO, October, pp. 745-764.

Leet, L. D. (1950), " Earth Waves,~ Harva rd University Press and John Wiley & Sons, !ne., New York, 122 pp.

Legget, R. F. (1962), " Geology and Engineering," 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 884 pp.

Leonards, G. A. (1968), Predicting Settlement of Buildings on Clay Soils, Proceedings Lecture Series on Foundarion Engineering, Northwestern Uniuersity, published by Illinois Institute of Tech­nology, Chicago, 111., pp. 41- 51.

Leonards, G. A., and D. Lovell (1979), Interpreta tion of Load Tests on High-Capacity Driven Piles, A STM STP no. 670, pp. 388-415.

Linnel, K. A., a !).d G. t-1. Johnston ( 1973), "Engineering an d Design an d Construction in Permafrost Regio11s: A Review," North American Contribution to 2d International Conference on Per­mafrost, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., pp. 553- 575.

Littlejohn, G. S. (1970), Soil Anchors, Proceedings, Conference on Ground Engineering, ICE, London, pp. 33-44.

Lo, K. Y. (1965), Stability of Slopes in Anistropic Soils, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 91, SM4, July, pp. 85- 106.

Long, E. L. (1973), Designing Friction Piles for l ncreased Stability at Lower Installed Cost in Permafrost, Proceedings 2d lnrernational Conference on Permafrost , North American Contribu­tion, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., pp. 693-698.

Lorenz. H. (1963), Utilization of a Thixotropic Fluid in Trench C utting and the'Sinking of Caissons, Proceedings of Symposium on Grouts and Drilling Muds in Engineering Practice, Butterworths, London, pp. 202- 205.

Lucas, W. M., J r. (1970), The Solution of Foundation Mat Problems by Finite Element Methods, University of K ansas Engineering Bui/. 62, 70 pp. ·

Lysmer, J. (1978), Analytical Procedures in Soil Dynamics (SOA Report), lOth PSC, vol. 3, pp. 1267-13 16.

Lysmer, J. , and F. E. Richart, Jr. (1966), Dynamic Response of Footings to Vertical Loading, JSM FD, ASCE, vol. 92, SM l , January, pp. 65- 9 1.

REFERENCES 799

McCielland, B .. and J. A. Focht (1958), Soil Modulus fo r Laterally Loaded Piles, Transactions ASCE vol. 123, pp. l 049- 1086. '

MacDonald. D. H., and A. W. Skempton (1955) ... A Survey of Comparisons between Calculated and Observed Settlements of Structures on Clay," Conference on Correlation of Calculated and Observed Stresses and Displacements, ICE, London, pp. 318- 337.

McGill Conference (1972), Proceedings Conference Finite Element Method in Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 1254 pp.

Mackenzie, T. R. (1955), "Strength of Deadman Anchors in Clay," M.S. Thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.

Mackey, R. D., and D. P. Kirk (1967), At Rest, Active and Passive Earth Pressures, Proceedings of Southeasc Asian Regiona/ Conference on Soil Engineering, Bangkok, pp. 187-199.

Mackey, R. D., and P. A. Mason (1972), " Pressure Distribution during Filling and Discharging a Sito," 5th European Conference on SMFE, Madrid, vol. l , pp. 55- 62.

Maitland, J. K., and W. L. Schroeder (1979), Mode! Study of Circolar Sheetpile Cells, JGED, ASCE, vol. 105, GT7, July, pp. 805- 821.

Makhlouf, H. M., and J. J. Stewart (1965), Factors l nfluencing the Modulus of Elasticity of Dry Sand, 6th ICSMFE, vol. l, pp. 298- 302.

Mana, A. L, and G. W. Clough (1981), Prediction of Movements for Braced Cuts in Clay, JGED, ASCE, vol. 107, GT 6, pp. 759-777. -

Mansur, C. L, and A. H. Hunter (1970), Pile Tests- Arkansas River Project, J SMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM5, September, pp. 1545- 1582.

Marcusson, W. F. III, and W. A. Bieganousky (1977), SPT and Relative Density of Coarse Sands, JGED, ASCE, vol. 103, GTll, November. pp. 1295-13 10.

Massarsch, K. R. (1975), New Method for Measurement of Latera! Earth Pressure in Cohesive Soils, CGJ, vol. 12, no. l , February, pp. 142-146.

Massarsch, K. R., et aL (1975), Measurement of Horizontal In-Situ Stresses, 7th PSC, ASCE, vol. l , pp. 266-286.

Matlock, H., and L. C. Reese (1960), Generalized Solutions for Laterally Loaded Piles, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 86, SM5, October, pp. 63- 9 1.

Menard, L (1965), Rules for the Calculation of Bearing Capacity and Foundation Seulement Based on Pressuremeter Tests, 6rh ICSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 295-299 (in French).

Menard, L (1956), " An Apparatus for Measuring the Strength of Soils in Piace," M. Se. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.

Meyerhof, G. G. (1978), Bearing Capacity of Anisotropie Cohesionless Soils, CGJ, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 592-595.

Meyerhof, G. G. (1976), Bearing Capacity and Seulement of Pile Foundations, JGED , ASCE, vol. 102, GT3, March, pp. 195-228.

Meyerhof, G . G. (1 974a), Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Footings on Sand Layer O verlying Clay, CGJ, Ottawa, vol. Il, no. 2, May, pp. 223- 229.

Meyerhof, G. G. (1974b), Generai Report : Outside Europe, Proceedings Conference on Penetration Testing, Stockholm, vol. 2, pp. 40-48.

Meyerhof, G. G. (1972), Stability of Slurry Trench Cuts in Saturated Clay, 5th PSC, ASCE, vol. l , part 2, pp. 1451-1466.

Meyerhof, G. G. (1970), Safety Factors in Soil Mechanics, CGJ, Ottawa, vol. 7, no. 4, November, pp. 349-355.

Meyerhof, G . G. (1965), Shallow Foundations, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 91, SM 2, March, pp. 21-31. Meyerhof, G_ G. (1963), Some Recent Research on the Bearing Capacity of Foundations, CGJ, vol. l ,

no. l, September, pp. 16-26. Meyerhof, G. G. (1956), Penetration Tests and Bearing Capacity of Cohesionless Soils, J SMFD,

ASCE, vol. 82, SM l, pp. 1- 19. Meyerhof, G. G. (1953), The Bearing Capacity of Foundations under Eccentric and lnclined Loads,

3d ICSMFE, vol. l , pp. 440-445. Meyerhof, G. G. (1951), The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Foundations, Geotechnique, vol. 2, no.4,

pp. 301-331.

800 FOUNDAT ION A :-<AL YSIS A:-<D DESIG N

Meyerhof. G . G ., and J. I. Adams ( 1968). The Ultimate Uplift Ca pacity of Founda tions, CGJ,

O ttawa. vol. 5, no. 4. No vember, pp. 225-244. Meyerhof. G . G., and J. D. Brown (1967), Discussion : Bearing Capacity of Foo tings on Layered

Clays. JS M FD, ASC E, vol. 93, SM 5. part l , September, pp. 361- 363. M eyerhof, G . G .. a nd A. M. Ha nna (1978), Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Layered

Soils under lnclined Load, CGJ, vol. 15, no. 4, ' ovember. pp. 565-572. Michigan Sta te Highway Co mmission (1965), ·· A Perfo rmance lnvestigation of Pile Driving Ham­

mers and Piles." Lansing, Mich., 338 pp. M ikheje v, V. V., et al. (1961), Foundation Design in the USSR. 5th ICS M FE, vol. l. pp. 753-757. M ilovic, D. M. (1965), Comparison between the Calculated and Experimental Values of the Ultimate

Bearing Capacity, 6th ICS M FE, vol. 2, pp. 142- 144. Minard, J. P., and J . P. Owens (1962), Applicatio n of Color Aerial Photography to Geologie and

Engineering So il Mapping, Highway Research Board Bui/. 316, pp. 12- 22. Mindlin, R. D. (1936a), " Discussion : P ressure Distribution o n Retaining Wa lls," 1st ICSMFE, vol. 3,

pp. 155-1 56. Mindlin, R. D. (1936b), Force at a Po int in the lnterior of a Semi-infinite Solid , Journal of the

America11lnstitute of Physics (Pirysics), vol. 7, no.5, May, pp. 195-202. Mitchell, J. K., and W. S. Gardner (1975), ln-Situ Measurement of Volume Change Characteristics,

7th PSC, ASCE, vol. 2, pp. 279- 345. Moe, J. (1961), Shearing Strength of Reinforced Slabs and Footings under Concentrated Loads,

Portland Cemenr Associarion Bullet in no. D47, 135 pp. Moorhouse, D. C., and J . V. Sheehan (1968), Predicting Safe Capacity of Pile G roups, Civil Engineer­

ing. ASCE, vol. 38, no. IO, October, pp. 44-48. Morgan, J . R., and C. M. Gerrard (1971), Behaviour of Sands under Surface Loads, J S MFD, ASCE,

vol. 97, SM 12, December, pp. 1675-1699. Morgenstern, N. R., a nd z. Eisenstein ( 1970), ·· Methods of Estimating Lateral Loads an d Defor­

mations, 4th PSC, ASCE, pp. 51- 102. Morgenstern, N. R., et al. (1980), The Behavior o f Friction Piles in Ice and lce-Rich Soils, CGJ , vol.

17, no.3, August, pp. 405-415.

NAFAC (1971), " Design Manual: Soil Mechanics, Foundations, and Earth Structures," DM-7, De­partment of the Navy, Washingto n, D.C., 223 pp.

Nash, J. , and G . K. Jones (1 963), The Suppor! of Trenches Using Fluid Mud, Proqeedings of Sym­posium : Grouts and Drilling Mud s irr Engineering Pract ice, Butterworths, London, pp. 177- 180.

N BC (1967), "National Building Code," American lnsurance Association, 120 South LaSalle Street,

Chicago, 111. 60603. NBS ( 1962). "Corrosion of Steel Pilings in Soils," Monograph 58, National Bureau of Standards, U.S.

Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 22 pp. NC HRP (1970). "Scour al Bridge Waterways," Synthesis o f Highway Practice No. 5, National

Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 37 pp. eely, w. J., et al. (1973), Failure Loads of Vertical Anchor Plates in Sand, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 99,

SM 9, September, pp. 669-685. Newmark, N . M. (1942), lnfluence Cha rts fo r Computation of Stresses in Elastic Foundations,

University of Illinois Engineerirrg Experimelll Stat ion Bui/. 338 (reprin ted as vol. 61, no. 92, June

1964). . No rdlund, R. L. (1963), Bearing Ca pacity o f Piles in Cohesionless Soils, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 89,

SM 3, May, pp. 1-36 (see also closure J uly 1964 with errata). No rdlund, R. L. (1962), Discussion : P ile Hea ve and Redriving, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 88, SM l,

February, p. 77. Novak, M. (1970), Prediction of Foo ting Vibrations, JSM FD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM 3. May, PP· 837-

861. Novak. M., a nd Y. O. Beredugo (1 972), Vertical Vibra tion o f Embedded Footings, J S M FD, ASCE,

vo l. 98, SM 12, December, pp. 1291- 1310.

Ohio (1947), lnvestigation of the Strength of the Connection between a Concrete Cap a nd the Embedded End of a Steel H-Pile, Departme11t of Highways Researclr Report l , December.

REFERE NCES 801

Olsen. R. E., and K. S. F laate (1967), Pile Driving Formulas for Friction Piles in Sand, JSM F E, ASCE. \OI. 93. SM 6, No, ember, pp. 279- 296.

o· eill, M . W., and O. l. Ghazzaly (1977). Swell Po tential Related to Building Perfo rmance, JGED, ASCE. vol. 103. GTI 2, December, pp. 1363- 1379.

o· eill, M. W., and L. C. Reese (1972), Beha vior of Bo red Piles in Beaumont Clay, J S MFD, ASC E, vol. 98. SM 2. pp. 195-2 13.

Oosterbaan, M. D .. a nd D. G . Gitfo rd (1972), A Case Study of the Bauer Earth Anchor, 5th PSC, ASC E. vol. l. part 2. pp. 139 1-1401.

Orrje, 0 .. a nd B. Broms (1967), Etfects of Pile Driving on Soil Properties, JSMFD, vol. 93, SM5, September, part l , pp. 59-74.

O vesen, N. K . (1962), Cellular Cotferdams, Calculation o f Methods and Model Tests, Danish Ge­oteclrnical Bulletin no. 14, Co penhagen.

Palmer, D. J., a nd G. R. Holland (1966), The Construction of Large Diameter Bored Piles with Particu lar Reference to Londo n Clay, Proceedings Conference on Large Bored Piles, ICE, London, pp. 105- 120.

Pa lmer, D. J., a nd J. G . Stuart ( 1957), So me Observations on the Standard Penetration Test and a Correlation ofthe Test with a New Penetrometer, 4rh / CSM FE, vol. l, pp. 231- 236.

Parameswaran, V. R. (1978), Adfreeze Strength of Frozen Sand to Model Piles, CGJ, vol. 15, no. 4, November, pp. 494-500.

Parry, R. H. G . (1977), Estimating Bearing Capacity of Sand from SPT Values, JGED, ASCE, vol. 103, GT9. September, pp. 1014-1019.

PCA (1951). "Concrete Piles : Design, Manufacture, Driving,~ Portland Cement Association, Chicago, Ili., 80 pp.

PC! (1974), "Tentative Recommendatio ns for Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors," Prestressed Con­crete Institute, Chicago, Ili.. 32 pp.

Peck, R. B. (1969), Deep Exca vations and Tunneling in Soft Ground, 7th JCSMFE, State-of-the-Art Volume, pp. 225-290.

Peck. R. B. (1965), Pile and Pier Foundations, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 9 1, SM 2, March, pp. 33-38. Peck. R. B. (1 943). Earth Pressure Measurements in Open Cuts, Chicago (Ili.) Subway, Transacrions

ASCE, vol. 108. pp. 1008- 1058.

Peck, R. B. (1942), Discussion : Pile Driving Formulas, Proceedings ASCE, vol. 68, no.2, Februa ry, pp. 323- 324.

Peck, R. B .. and H. O. lreland (1961), Full-Scale Latera! Load Test of a Retaining Wall Fo undation, 5rh / CSM FE, vol. 2, pp. 453-458.

Peck, R. B., et aL (1948), A Study of Retaining W a li Failures, 2d ICSMFE, vol. 3, pp. 296-299. Peck. R. B., and W. C. Reed (1954), Engineering Properties of Chicago Subsoils, University of Illinois

Errgi11eering Experimem Sratiorr Bui/. 423, Urbana.

Penner, E., and L. W. Gold (1971), Transfer o f Heaving Forces by Adfreezing to Columns and Fo unda tio n Walls in Frost-Susceptible Soils, CGJ, vol. 8, no. 4, November, pp. 514-526.

Penner, E., and W. W. lrwin (1969), Adfreezing o f Leda Clay to Anchored Footing Columns, CGJ, vol. 6. no. 3, August, pp. 327- 337.

Polshin. D. E., a nd R. A. Tokar (1 957), Maximum Allowable Non-Uniform Settlement o f Structures, 4th ICSMFE. vo l. l. pp. 402-405.

Po ulos, H. G .. andE. H. Davis (1974), k Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics.~ John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, 411 pp.

Po ulos, H. G ., and E. H. Davis (1968), The Settlement Behaviour of Single Ax.ially Loaded Incom­pressible Piles a nd Piers, Georechnique. vo l. 18, no. 3, September, pp. 351-37 1.

Prescott, D. M .. et al. ( 1973), Field Meas urements o f Latera l Earth Pressures on a Pre-Cast Panel Retaining W ali, Research Report 169-3, Texas T ransport Institute, College Station, T ex., 57 pp.

Purushothamaraj, P., et al. (1974), Bearing Capacity of Strip Footings in Two Layered Cohesive­Friction Soils, CGJ, Ottawa, vol. Il , no. l, February, pp. 32-45.

Purusho thamaraj, P., et al. (1975), Bearing Capacity of Ecce ntrically Loaded Strip Footing on Two­Layer Cohesive Soils, Proceeditrg.l 4th Sourlreast Asian Conference on Soil Engineering, Malaysia, pp. 4-63 t o 4-7 5.

802 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS ANO DESIGN

Rank ine, W. 1. M. (1857), On the Stability of Loose Earth, Philosophical Transacrions of rhe Roya/ Society, London, vol. 147.

Rausche, F., and G. G. Goble (1979), Determination of Pile Damage by Top Measurements, ASTM ST P no. 670, pp. 500-506 (refs. t o earlier Goble work).

Raymond, G . P. (1970), Discussion : Stresses and Displacements in a Cross-Anisotropie Soil, Ge­orechnique, vol. 20, no. 4, December, pp. 456-458.

Reddy, A. S., and R. J. Srinivasan {1967), Bearing Capacity of Footings on Layered Clays, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 93, SM 2, March, pp. 83- 99.

Reddy, A. S., and A. J. Valsangkar (1970), Buckling of Fully and Partially Embedded Piles, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM 6, November, pp. 1951 - 1965.

Reese, L. C. (1977), Laterally Loaded Piles: Program Documentation, JGED, ASCE, vol. 103, GT4 Aprii, pp. 287- 305. '

Reese, L. C., et al. (1970), Generalized Analysis of Pile Foundations, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM 1, January, pp. 235--250.

Rehnman, S. E., and B. B. Broms (1972), Latera! Pressures on Basement Wall : Results from Full­Scale Tests, Proceedings 5th European Conference SMFE, vol. 1, pp. 189--197.

Reissner, E., and H. F. Sagoci (1944), Forced Torsional Oscillations of an Elastic Half-Space, Journal of Applied Physics~Physics), vol. 15, no.9, September, pp. 662-654. •

Richardson, A. M., J r., and R. V. Whitman (1963), Elfect of Strain-Rate upon Undrained Shear Resistance ofSaturated Remolded Fat Clay, Geotechnique, vol. 13, no.4, pp. 310-324.

Richart, F. E. (1948), Reinforced Wall and Column Footings, JACI, vol. 45, October- November pp. 97- 127, 237- 260. '

Richart, F. E., Jr. (1962), Foundation Vibrations, Transactions ASCE, vol. 127, pari l , pp. 863-925. Richart, F. E., J r. (1959), Review of the Theories for Sand Drains, Transactions ASCE, vol. 124 pp.

709--736. •

Richart, E. E., Jr., et al. (1970), " Vibrations of Soils and Foundations," Prentice-Hall, !ne., Englewood Cliffs, NJ., 414 pp.

Robinsky, E.!., and K. E. Bespflug (1973), Design of Insulated Foundations, JSMFD , ASCE, vol. 99, SM 9, September, pp. 649-667.

Robinson, K. E., an d H. Taylor ( 1969), Selection an d Performance of Anchors fo r Guyed Trans­mission Towers, CGJ, Ottawa, vol. 6, no. 2, May, pp. 119--137.

Rogers, P. (1952), Design of Large Coal Bunkers, Transactions ASCE, vol. 117, pp. 579-595. Rosenfarb, J. L., and R. J. Krizek (1978), Directional Vane Strengths for Dilferent Clay Fabrics and

Stress Conditions, Soils and Foundations, vol. 18, no.3, September, pp. 1- 12. Rosenfarb, J. L., and W. F. Chen (1972), Limit Analysis Solutions of Earth Pressure Problems, Fritz

Engineering Laboratory Report 355.14, Lehigh University, 53 pp. (see also SoiÌs and Foundations Tokyo, vol. 13, no.4, December 1973). '

Rowe, P. W. (1957), Sheet Pile Walls in Clay, P IC E, vol. 7, July, pp. 629-654. Rowe, P. W. (1954), A Stress-Strain Theory for Cohesionless Soil with Applications to Earth Pres­

sures a t Resi and Moving Walls, Geotechnique, vol. 4, no.2, June, pp. 70-88. Rowe, P. W. (1952), Anchored Sheet Pile Walls, P ICE, vol. l, part 1, pp. 27- 70. Rowe, P. W., and K. Peaker (1965), Passive Earth Pressure Measurements, Georechnique, vol. 15, no.

l, March, pp. 57-78.

Saada, A. S., et al. (1980), Strength Laboratory Testing of Soils, State-of-rhe-Art Report (preprint) ASTM Conference on Shear Tesring of Soils, Chicago, 111. (lo be published in ASTM STP), 114 pp.

Salfery, M. R., and A. K. Tate (1961), Mode! Tests on Pile Groups in a Clay Soil with Particular Reference to the Behaviour of the Group When It Is Loaded Eccentrically, 5th ICSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 129- 134.

Saul, W. E. (1968), Static and Dynamic Analysis of Pile Foundations, Journal Structural Division, ASCE, vol. 94, ST5, May, pp. 1077- 1100.

Schleicher, F. (1926), Zur Theorie des Baugrundes, Bauingenieur, vol. 7, pp. 931- 935,949-952. Schlosser, R:, and N. T. Long (1974), Recent Results in French Research on Reinforced Earth,

Journa/ ofthe Construction Division, ASCE, vol. 100, C03, September, pp. 223- 237.

REFERENCES 803

Schmertmann. J. H. (1975). The ~easurement of ln-Situ Shear Strength, lrh PSC, ASCE, vol. 2, pp. 57-138.

Schmertmann. J. H. (1970), Static Cone to Compute Static Settlement over Sand, JSMFD, vol. 96, SM3. May, pp. 1011-1043.

Schmertmann, J. H. (1955), The Undisturbed Consolidation Behavior of Clay, Transactions ASCE, vol. 120, pp. 1201- 1233.

Schultze. E. (1961), Distribution of Stress beneath a Rigid Foundation, 5th I CSMFE, vol. l, pp. 807- 813.

Schultze, E .. and A. Horn (1967), The Base Friction for Horizontally Loaded Footings in Sand and Grave!. Georechnique, vol. 17, no. 4, December, pp. 329- 347.

Schwab, E., and B. Broms (1976), Bottom Heave in Soft Soils, Proceedings 6th European Conference SMFE, vol. 1.2, pp. 647-650.

Seed, H. B., and l. M. ldriss (1971), Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil Liquefaction Potential, JSM FD, ASCE, vol. 97, SM 9, September, pp. 1249- 1273.

Seed, H. B., an d R. V. Whitman ( 1970), Design or Earth Retaining Structures for Dynamic Loads, 4th PSC, ASCE, pp. 103- 147.

Seely, F. B., and J. O. Smith (1952), " Advanced Mechanics of Materials," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ew York, p. 271.

Sheeler, J. B. (1968), Summarization and Comparison or Engineering Properties of Loess in the United States, Highway Research Record 212, pp. 1- 9.

Shepard, E. R., an d R. M. Haines ( 1944), Seismic Subsurrace Exploration o n the St. Lawrence River Project, Transactions ASCE, vol. 109, pp. 194-222.

Shields, D. H., and A. Z. Tolunay (1973), Passive Pressure Coefficients by Method or Slices, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 99, SM 12, December, pp. 1043- 1053.

Shields, D. H., et al. (1977), Bearing Capacity of Foundations Near Slopes, 9th ICSMFE, vol. l, pp. 715--720.

Skempton, A. W. (1951), The Bearing Capacity or Clays, Proceedings Building Research Congress, vol. l. pp. 180-189.

Skempton, A. W., et al. (1955), Settlement Analyses or Six Structures in Chicago and London, P/CE, part l, vol. 4, July, pp. 525--544.

Skempton, A. W., and R. D. Northey (1952), Sensitivity of Clays, Georechnique, vol. 3, pp. 40-51. Smith, E. A. (1962), Pile Driving Analysis by the Wave Equation, Transactions ASCE, vol. 127, part

l, pp. 1145--1193. Smith, J. E. (1957), Tests of Concrete Deadman Anchorages in Sa od, ASTM STP 206, pp. 115--132. Smith, J. W., and M. Zar (1964), Chimney Foundations, JACI , vol. 61, no.6, June, pp. 673- 700. Soderman, L. G ., and R. M. Quigley (1965), Geotechnical Properties of Three Ontario Clays, CGJ ,

Ottawa, vol. 2, no. 2, May, pp. 167- 189. Soderman, L. G., et al. (1968), Field and Laboratory Studies or Modulus of Elasticity of a Clay Till,

H ighwa y Research Record 243, pp. 1- 11. Sokolovski, V. V. (1960), "Statics of Soil Media," 2d ed., Butterworth Scientific P ublications, London,

237 pp. Sowers, G. F. (1968), Foundation Problems in Sanitary Land Fills, Journa/ of Sanitary Engineering

Division, ASCE, vol. 94, SA l, pp. 103-1 16. Sowers, G. F. (1954), Modern Procedures fo r Underground Investigations, Proceedings ASCE, separ­

ate no. 435. Sowers, G. F., et al. (1961 ), The Bearing Capacity or Friction Pile Groups in Hamogeneous Clay from

Mode! Studies, 5rh ICSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 155-159. Spangler, M. G. (1936), The Distribution of Norma! Pressure on a Retaining Wall Due to a Con­

centrated Surrace Load, / st / CSM FE, vol. l, pp. 200-207. Spangler, M. G., and J. Mickle (1956), Latera! Pressure on Retaining Walls Due to Backfill Surface

Loads, Highway Research Board Bui/. 141 , pp. 1- 18. Stagg, K. G., and O. C. Zienkiewicz ( 1968), " Rock Mechanics in Engineering Practice," John Wiley &

Sons, !ne., New York (12 contributing authors), 442 pp. Steinbrenner, W. (1934), Tareln zur Setzungsberechnung, Die Slrasse, vol. l , October, pp. 121- 124. Steinman, D. B., and S. R. Watson (1941), " Bridges and Their Builders," G . P. Putnam's Sons, New

York.

804 FOU:SDATION A:SALYSIS AND DESIGN

Sung, T. Y. (1953), Vibrations in Semi-infinite Solids Due to Periodic Surface Loading, ASTM STP 156, pp. 35--68.

Swatek, E. P., Jr. (1967), Cellular Colferdam Design and Practice, Journal of Waterways and Harbors Division, ASCE, vol. 93, WW 3. August, pp. 109- 132.

Swatek, E. P., Jr. , et al. (1972), Performance of Bracing for Deep Chicago Excavation. 5th PSC, ASCE, vol. l, pari 2, pp. 130:>--1322.

Tavenas, F. A. (1971), Load Tests Results on Friction Piles in Sand, Canadian Geotechnical Journal vol. 8, no. l, February, pp. 7- 22. '

Tavenas, F. A., and J . M. Audibert (1977), Application of W ave Equation Analysis to Friction Piles in Sand, CGJ, vol. 14, no. l , February, pp. 34-51.

Tavenas, F ., and R. Audy (1972), Limitations of the Driving Formulas for Predicting the Bearing Capacity of Piles in Sand, CGJ, vol. 9, no. l , February, pp. 47- 62.

Taylor, D. W. (1948), "Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics;· John Wiley & Sons, lnc., New York, 700 pp.

Terzaghi, K. (1955), Evaluation of Coeflicient of Subgrade Reaction, Geotechnique, London, vol. 5, no. 4, December, pp. 297- 326.

Terzaghi, K. (1954), Anchored Bulkheads, Transactions ASCE, vol. 119, pp. 1243- 1324. Terzaghi, K . (1945), Stability and Stiffness of Cellular Cofferdams, Transactions ASCE, vol. 110, pp.

1083- 1202. Terzaghi, K . (1943), " T heoretical Soil Mechanics," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 510 pp. Terzaghi, K. (1934), Large Retaining Wall Tests, Engineering News-Record, Feb. l , pp. 136-140 ; Feb.

22, pp. 259-262; Mar. 8, pp. 316-318; Mar. 29, pp. 40:>--406 ; Apr. 19, pp. 50:>--508. Terzaghi, K., and R. B. Peck (1967), " Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice," 2d ed., John Wiley &

Sons, Inc., New York, 729 pp. Thorbum, S., and R. MacVicar (1971), Pile Load Tests to Failure in the C1yde Alluvium, Conference

on Behaviour of Piles, ICE, pp. 1-8. Thornbury, W. D. (1965), " Regional Geomorphology of the United States," John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

New Y ork, 609 pp. Timoshenko, S., and J. N. Goodier (1951), "Theory of Elasticity," 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Com­

pany, New York, 506 pp. Timoshenko, S., and S. Woinowsky-Krieger (1959), "Theory of Plates and Shells," 2d ed., McGraw­

Hill Book Company, New York.580 pp. Tomlinson, M. J. (1971), Some Effects of Pile D riving on Skin Friction, Proceedings I CE Conference:

Behaviour of Piles, London, pp. 107-114. Trofìmenkou, J. G. (1974), Generai Reports: Eastern Europe, Proceedings European Symposium on

Penetration Testing, Stockholm, Sweden, vol. 2.1, pp. 24-39. Tschebotarioff, G. P. (1973), " Foundations, Retaining and Earth Structures," 2d ed., McGraw-Hill

Book Company, New York, 642 pp. Tschebotarioff, G. P. (1970), Bridge Abutments on Piles Driven through Plastic Clay, Proceedings

Conference: Design and Installation of Pile Foundations and Cellular Structures, Lehigh Uni­versity, pp. 225--238.

Tschebotarioff, G. P. (1962), Retaining Structures, chap. 5 in "Foundation Engineering," McGraw­Hill Book Company, New York, pp. 466-468.

Tschebotarioff, G . P. (1949), Large Scale Earth Pressure Tests with Mode! Flexible Bulkheads, Fina/ Report to Bureau·of Yards and Docks, U.S. Navy, Princeton U niversity (see also Geotechnique, London, 1948, vol. l, no.2, pp. 98-111).

Tsytovich, N. A. (1975), " The Mechanics of Frozen Ground," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 426 pp.

Tumay, M. T., et al. (1979), Meta! versus Nonwoven Fiber Fabric Reinforcement in Dry Sands: Comparative Statistica! Analysis of Mode! Tests, Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM, vol. 2, no. l , March. pp. 44-56.

Turitzin, A. M. (1969a), Temporary Bulk Grain Storage Structures, J SMFD, ASCE, vol. 93, ST 3, March, pp. 381-397.

REFERENCES 805

Turitzin, A. M. (1969b), Grain Storage Structures fo r Food Defìcient Areas, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 93, ST IO, pp. 2161-2181.

Turitzin, A. M. (1963), Dynamic Pressure ofGranular Materia! in Deep Bins, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 89, ST 2, Aprii, pp. 49--73.

TVA (1966), .. Colferdams on Rock," Technical Monograph 75. Tennessee Valley Authority, Knox­ville, Tenn .. 281 pp.

Underwood, L. B. (1967), Classifìcation and Identifìcation of Shales, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 93, SM 6, November, pp. 97-116.

US Steel (1974), "Steel Sheet Piling Design Manua1," United States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., 132 pp.

Van Weele, A. F. (1957), A Method of Separating the Bearing Capacity of a Test Pile into Skin­Friction and Point Resistance, 4th ICSMFE, vol. 2, pp. 76-80.

Vesié, A. S. (1977), Design of Pile Foundations, National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis of Practice, no. 42, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 68 pp.

Vesié, A. S. (1975), " Princip1es of Pile Foundation Design," Soil Mechanics Series no. 38, School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, N.C., 48 pp. + figs.

Vesié, A. S. (1973), Analysis of Ultimate Loads of Shallow Foundations, J SMFD, ASCE, vol. 99, SM l , January, pp. 45--73.

Vesié, A. S. (1970), Tests on Instrumented Piles, Ogeechee River Site, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 96, SM 2, March, pp. 561- 584.

Vesié, A. S. ( 1969), Discussion: Effects of Scale and Compressibility o n Bearing Capacity of Surface Foundations, 7th /CSMFE, vol. 3, pp. 270-272.

Vesié, A. S. (1967), Ultimate Loads and Settlements of Deep Foundations in Sand, Proceedings Symposium: Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Foundations, Duke U niversity, Durham, N.C., pp. 53-68.

Vesié, A. S. (1961a), Bending of Beams Resting on lsotropic Elastic Solid, Journal Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, vol. 87, EM 2, Aprii, pp. 35--53.

Vesié, A. S. (1961b), Beams on Elastic Subgrade and the Wink1er' s Hypothesis, 5th ICSMFE, vol. l, pp. 845--850.

Vesié, A. S., and W. H. Johnson (1963), Mode! Studies of Beams-Resting on a Si1t Subgrade, J SMFD, ASCE, vol. 89, SM l , February, pp. 1- 31.

Vidal, H. (1969), The Principle of Reinforced Earth, Highway Research Record 282, pp. 1- 16. Vijayvergiya, V. N., and John A. Focht, Jr. (1972), "A New Way to Predici Capacity of Piles in Clay,"

OTC Paper 1718, 4th Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, T ex.

Wahls, H. E. (1962), Analysis of Primary and Secondary Consolidation, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 88, SM 6, December, pp. 207-231.

Wakeman, C. M., et al. (1958), Use of Concrete in Marine Environments, J ACJ, vol. 29, no. 10, Aprii, pp. 841 - 855.

Wang, C. K. (1970), "Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis,~ 2d ed., Intext Educational Publishers, Scranton, Pa.

Wang, C. K. (1967), Stability of Rigid Frames with Non-Uniform Members, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 93, ST l, February, pp. 275--294.

Ware, K . R., et al. (1973), Tieback Wall Construction-Results and Contro1s, JSMFD, ASCE, SM I2, December, pp. 1135--1 152.

Watt, A. J., et al. (1967), "Loading Tests on Structures Founded on Soft Cohesive Soils Strengthened by Compacted Granular Columns," 3d Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Haifa, vol. l , pp. 248- 251.

806 FOU~DA TJQ:-; AKAL YSIS ANO DESIGN

Westergaard. H. M. (1938). A Problem of Elasticity Suggested by a Problem in Soil Mechanics : Soft Materia! Reinfo rced by Numerous Strong Horizontal Sheets, in Contribwions co che Mechanics ofSolids, Stephen Timoshenko 60th Anniversary Volume, The Macmillan Company, New York.

Whitaker. T. ( 1957). Experiments with Mode l Piles in Groups, Geocechnique, vol. 7, no. 4, December, pp. 147-167.

Whitaker. T., and R. W. Cooke (1966), An lnvestigation of the Shaft and Base Resistances of Large Bored Piles in London Clay, Proceedings Conference: Large Bored Piles, ICE, London, pp. 7-49.

White, L. S. (1 953), Transcona Elevator Failure : Eye-Witness Account, Geotechnique, vol. 3, pp. 209-214 (see also Peck and Bryant, in same vol., pp. 201 - 208).

Whitman, R. V , and F. E. Richart, Jr. (1 967), Design Procedures for Dynamically Loaded Founda-tions, JSMFD, ASCE, vol. 93, SM 6, November, pp. 169- 193.

Wineland, J. D. (1975). Borehole Shear Oevice, 7th PSC, ASCE, vol. l, pp. 51 1-522. Woods, R. D. (1978), Measurement of Oynamic Soil Properties, lOth PSC, vol. l , pp. 91-178. Woodward, R. J., et al. (1972), " Drilled Pier Foundations," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New

York, 287 pp.

Wright-Patterson AFB (1965, 1968, 1971), Proceedings (!se, 2d, 3d) Conference on Matrix M erhods in Structural Mechanics, Dayton, Ohio (available from NTIS Springfield , Va.).

Wroth, C. P. (1975), ln-Situ Measurement of lnitial Stresses and Deformatiorr Characteristics, 6th PSC, ASCE, vol. 2, pp. 181-230.

Wu, T. H. ( 1976), " So il Mechanics," 2d ed., Allyn an d Bacon, In c., Boston, Mass., 440 pp.

Yamada, Y., and K. Ishihara (1979), Anistropic Oeformation Characteristics of Sand under Three Dimensionai Stress Conditions, Soils and F oundacions, vol. 19, no. 2, June, pp. 79-94.

Yamagughi, H. (1963), Practical Formula of Bearing Value for Two-Layered Ground, 2d Asian Regional Conference on SMFE, Tokyo, vol. l, pp. 176-180.

Yen, B. C., and B. Scanlon (1975), Sanitary Landfill Settlement Rates, JGED, ASCE, vol. 101, GT5, May, pp. 475-487.

Yong, R. N., and V. Silvestri (1979), Anistropic Behaviour of a Sensitive Clay, CGJ, vol. 16, no. 2, May, pp. 335-350.

Yoshida, 1., and R. Yoshinaka (1972), A Method to Estimate Modulus of Horizontal Subgrade Reaction fora Pile, Soils and Foundarions, Tokyo, Japan, vol. 12, no.3, September, pp. 1-17.

Yoshimi, Y., et al. (1977), Soil Oynamics and Its Application to Foundation Engineering, Srare-of-rhe­Art Repon, 9th !CSM FE, vol. 2, pp. 605- 650.

Zienkiewicz, O. C. (1977), " The Finite Element Method," 3d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 787 pp.