International Organizations and globalization

International OrganizationsInternational Organizationsand globalizationand globalization

International organizationsInternational organizations

GovernmentalGovernmental

Members: statesMembers: states Statute: Statute:

international international agreementagreement

Permanent organsPermanent organs Common goals of Common goals of

membersmembers

Non Governmental Non Governmental (NGO)(NGO)

Members: natural or Members: natural or

legal personslegal persons Statute: private law Statute: private law

agreementagreement Permanent organsPermanent organs Common goals of Common goals of

membersmembers

International organizationsInternational organizations

GlobalGlobal

- aimed to cover all aimed to cover all of of

the states the states

Example:Example:- United NationsUnited Nations- World Trade World Trade

OrganizationOrganization

LocalLocal

- aimed to cover aimed to cover some statessome states

Example:Example:- regional: Council of regional: Council of

EuropeEurope- functional: NATOfunctional: NATO

Governmental organization - Governmental organization - definitiondefinition

Form of international cooperationForm of international cooperation Permanent characterPermanent character Based on multilateral international Based on multilateral international

agreementagreement Permanent members: states and sometimes Permanent members: states and sometimes

international organizations (European international organizations (European Community is a member of WTO)Community is a member of WTO)

Permanent organs withPermanent organs with specific specific competencescompetences

Established to achieve common goalsEstablished to achieve common goals

Governmental organizationGovernmental organization

Created by states and based on the Created by states and based on the states’ decisionsstates’ decisions

Member states decide on legal Member states decide on legal personality of the organization (in personality of the organization (in the statute)the statute)

If legal personality is granted, If legal personality is granted, organization becomes a legal person organization becomes a legal person in international lawin international law

Atributes of international Atributes of international organization as a legal personorganization as a legal person

ius tractatuumius tractatuum – right to conclude – right to conclude international agreementsinternational agreements

ius legationisius legationis – right to diplomatic relations: – right to diplomatic relations: to send and receive diplomatic missionsto send and receive diplomatic missions

ius standiius standi – right to international claims and – right to international claims and international responsibilityinternational responsibility

Governmental organizations in Governmental organizations in globalizationglobalization

Two major points of view:Two major points of view:

1.1. Organizations Organizations take over the role of the take over the role of the statesstates and become most important and become most important

actors on international (global) scene actors on international (global) scene

2.2. Organizations Organizations support the statessupport the states and and must adjust to new situation must adjust to new situation

(globalization)(globalization)

Increasing role of governmental Increasing role of governmental organizationsorganizations

more international relations in more international relations in globalization eraglobalization era

states need more forms of states need more forms of international cooperationinternational cooperation

international organizations, especially international organizations, especially those with common membership, such those with common membership, such as UN can help managing the as UN can help managing the challenges of globalization, if they are challenges of globalization, if they are prepared for thatprepared for that

United NationsUnited Nations

Established in San Francisco in 1945 by 50 Established in San Francisco in 1945 by 50 statesstates


Based on the United Nations Charter Based on the United Nations Charter („constitution” of international law)(„constitution” of international law)

UNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS

Headquarters in New YorkHeadquarters in New York


Is a legal person in international relationsIs a legal person in international relations Common membership: today 192 Common membership: today 192

membersmembers

Membership in the United Nations is open Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace-loving states which accept the to all peace-loving states which accept the obligations of the Charter and, in the obligations of the Charter and, in the judgement of the Organization, are willing judgement of the Organization, are willing and able to carry out these obligations.and able to carry out these obligations.(art. 4 of the UN Charter)(art. 4 of the UN Charter)

Goals of the United Nations:Goals of the United Nations:

to maintain international peace and to maintain international peace and security;security;

to develop friendly relations among nations; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international to cooperate in solving international

economic, social, cultural and humanitarian economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; human rights and fundamental freedoms;

to be a centre for harmonizing the actions to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends of nations in attaining these ends

(art. 1 of the UN Charter)(art. 1 of the UN Charter)

Two main bodies of the UNTwo main bodies of the UN

General Assembly Security Council

General AssemblyGeneral Assembly

a "parliament of nations" a "parliament of nations" representation of all the membersrepresentation of all the members each Member State has one vote each Member State has one vote voting by 2/3 majority in important voting by 2/3 majority in important

matters (peace and security, budget)matters (peace and security, budget) annual regular session from annual regular session from

September to December September to December

Security CouncilSecurity Council 15 Council members:15 Council members: China, France, the Russian Federation, the China, France, the Russian Federation, the

United Kingdom and the United States — United Kingdom and the United States — permanent members permanent members

other 10 are elected by the General other 10 are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms Assembly for two-year terms

primary responsibility for maintainingprimary responsibility for maintaining international peace and securityinternational peace and security

mmeetseets at any time, whenever peace is at any time, whenever peace is threatenedthreatened

all Member States are obligated to carry out all Member States are obligated to carry out the Council's decisions.the Council's decisions.

UN in globalization – reform UN in globalization – reform discussiondiscussion

„ „ If the UN is to be a If the UN is to be a useful instrument useful instrument for its Member for its Member States and for the States and for the world’s peoples… it world’s peoples… it must be fully must be fully adapted to the adapted to the needs and needs and cuircumstances of cuircumstances of the 21st century”the 21st century”

„„In Larger Freedom” Kofi In Larger Freedom” Kofi Annan 2005Annan 2005Secretary – Ban Ki Mun

Main failures of the United Main failures of the United Nations:Nations:

War in Iraq (intervention in contrary War in Iraq (intervention in contrary to the Security Council vote)to the Security Council vote)

Tutsi – Hutu conflict in Rwanda (UN Tutsi – Hutu conflict in Rwanda (UN didn’t take sufficient actions to didn’t take sufficient actions to prevent the humanitarian disaster)prevent the humanitarian disaster)

„„Oil for FoodOil for Food”” program (corruption program (corruption in the UN structures)in the UN structures)

War against terrorism – (major role War against terrorism – (major role played by the US not UN)played by the US not UN)

UN REFORMUN REFORM

The pace of today's globalized world means that change is The pace of today's globalized world means that change is a constant, and this is no different for the United Nations. a constant, and this is no different for the United Nations.

The demands by Member States of the UN and its The demands by Member States of the UN and its Secretariat, agencies, funds and programmes have grown Secretariat, agencies, funds and programmes have grown enormously. enormously.

The UN is expected to deliver more services in more places The UN is expected to deliver more services in more places than ever before to the world's people who are most in than ever before to the world's people who are most in need.need.

UN REFORMUN REFORM

1996: Secretary-General-designate Kofi 1996: Secretary-General-designate Kofi Annan outlines goals for term: Annan outlines goals for term:

to make the United Nations leaner, to make the United Nations leaner, more efficient and more effective, more efficient and more effective, more responsive to the wishes and more responsive to the wishes and needs of its Members and more needs of its Members and more realistic in its goals and realistic in its goals and commitments.commitments.

UN REFORMUN REFORM

1997: The Secretary-General issues his 1997: The Secretary-General issues his report report on on "Renewing the United Nations: A "Renewing the United Nations: A Programme Programme for for Reform„Reform„

2000: The "Road map towards the 2000: The "Road map towards the implementation of the UN Millennium implementation of the UN Millennium Declaration" Declaration" is issued.is issued.

2004: The Peacebuilding Commission established2004: The Peacebuilding Commission established2005: „In Larger Freedom Report”2005: „In Larger Freedom Report”

Ethics Office establishedEthics Office establishedHuman Rights Council establishedHuman Rights Council established

2006: United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism 2006: United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy Strategy adpotedadpoted

UN REFORM - RECENT UN REFORM - RECENT DEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTS

1.1. Counter-terrorism strategyCounter-terrorism strategy - a unique - a unique global instrument that will enhance global instrument that will enhance national, regional and international national, regional and international efforts to counter terrorism.efforts to counter terrorism.

2.2. Peacebuilding Commission -Peacebuilding Commission - established “to marshal resources at the established “to marshal resources at the disposal of the international community disposal of the international community to advise and propose integrated to advise and propose integrated strategies for post-conflict recovery, strategies for post-conflict recovery, focusing attention on reconstruction, focusing attention on reconstruction, institution-building and sustainable institution-building and sustainable development, in countries emerging from development, in countries emerging from conflict.”conflict.”


3.3. Human Rights CouncilHuman Rights Council - designed to - designed to allow for a more rigorous implementation allow for a more rigorous implementation and monitoring of human rights, and monitoring of human rights, replacing the Human Rights Commission. replacing the Human Rights Commission.

4.4. Ethics Office Ethics OfficeEthics Office Ethics Office - - responsible for managing and overseeing responsible for managing and overseeing the new Whistleblower protection and the new Whistleblower protection and revised financial disclosure policies, as revised financial disclosure policies, as well as the development of Ethics well as the development of Ethics training programmes for staff.training programmes for staff.


DDiscussion about the UN reform continues.iscussion about the UN reform continues.

LLatest proposals include organizational atest proposals include organizational issues:issues:

more countries represented in Security more countries represented in Security CouncilCouncil

strengthening of the UN bodiesstrengthening of the UN bodies including including SecretariatSecretariat

Non – Governmental Non – Governmental OrganizationsOrganizations

Very active in globalization movementVery active in globalization movement Play important role in globalization Play important role in globalization

discussionsdiscussions Support international conferences Support international conferences Serve as experts to United Nations Serve as experts to United Nations

workwork „„consultative status” by United consultative status” by United

NationsNations

NGOs in globalizationNGOs in globalization Human Rights NGOs:Human Rights NGOs: Amnesty InternationalAmnesty International International Red CrossInternational Red Cross Human Rights WatchHuman Rights Watch

Anti-globalization / Alter -globalization Anti-globalization / Alter -globalization NGOs:NGOs:

International Forum on GlobalizationInternational Forum on Globalization Corporate WatchCorporate Watch Friends of the EarthFriends of the Earth

„„the debate on the nature of the the debate on the nature of the global institution is and always will global institution is and always will be ideological, because it is part of a be ideological, because it is part of a larger debate on the future of the larger debate on the future of the global societyglobal society””

Maurice BertrandMaurice Bertrand

1995 EJIL1995 EJIL

Important vocabularyImportant vocabularyGovernmental organizationGovernmental organizationNon-governmental organizationNon-governmental organizationCommon goalsCommon goalsMembershipMembershipDiplomatic relationsDiplomatic relationsInternational responsibilityInternational responsibilityUnited Nations CharterUnited Nations CharterSecurity CouncilSecurity CouncilGeneral AssemblyGeneral AssemblyPeace and securityPeace and security

International Organizations and globalization

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