International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization - Vol 2_Issue 2

International Journal ofRenewable Energy

& Its CommercializationIJRECJul–Dec 2016

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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Prof. C. M. NarayananNational Institute of Technology, Durgapur,

West Bengal, India

Dr. Didik PrasetyokoDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of

Mathematics and Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Dr. Gengan SaravananDepartment of Chemistry, Central University of

Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Goutam BanerjeeAtlantic LNG Chair in Environmental Engrg,

Department of Civil & Env. Engrg, The University of The West Indies St. Augustine,

Trinidad and Tobago

Dr. Kanu MurmuDepartment of Agronomy, F/Ag, Bidhan

Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,West Bengal, India

Dr. Krushna Prasad ShadangiDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology,Sambalpur, Odisha, India

Dr. Linthoingambi NingombamCentre for Environmental Sciences,

Central University of South Bihar, BIT, Patna,Bihar, India

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Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Dr. Nanda Gopal SahooDepartment of Chemistry, Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology Centre D.S.B. Campus,Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

Prof. Pushpa JhaSant Longowal Institute of Engineering &

Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India

Dr. QingSong WangUniversity of Science and Technology of China,

State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,Anhui, China

Dr. Rajesh DasHaldia Institute of Technology, Haldia,

West Bengal, India

Dr. Vipan Kumar SohpalDepartment of Chemical Engineering &

Biotechnology, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India

Dr. Wenming YangNational University of Singapore,

Singapore

Dr. Shivkumar RanganathanR & D (Battery), Su – Kam Power Systems Ltd.,

Apparel Park Cum Industrial Area, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India

Dr. Srinivasan AnandanCenter for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder

Metallurgy & New Materials, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Suranani SrinathDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Warangal,Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Susarla Venkata Ananta Rama SastryMVGR College of Engineering,

Vizianagaram,Andhra Pradesh, India

Prof. T. K. RadhakrishnanDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli,Tamil Nadu, India

Venugopal AkulaCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology,

Hyderabad, Telangana, India

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From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization. This

journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present renewable

energy issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation

of emerging technologies.

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commercialization as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

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Commercialization Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization focuses on original high-quality

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hydropower, Biofuel and sustainable biofuel, Geothermal energy, Biomass conversion, Wind energy

technology, Ocean thermal energies, Socio-economic and energy management, Climate change and global

warming, Renewable energy industry, Nuclear power, Mechanical and thermal energy

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It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for chemical engineering readers

and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Energy Conservation with the Use of Cool Roof Coatings Sandeep Rai, Jinkal Mistry 1

2. Thermodynamic Equilibrium Modeling of Sunflower Husk Gasifier to Produce Synthesis Gas M.S. Ahmed, D.K. Naik, B. Satyavathi, R. Parthasarathy 14

3. A Vision of Energy Scenario in IndiaAruna Singh 25

4. Biomass Conversion-Technologies and BenefitsAmit Kumar 27

5. Sustainable Energy: Types and Utility

Amit Agnihotri 30

Contents

IJREC (2016) 1-13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Energy Conservation with the Use of Cool Roof Coatings

Sandeep Rai1,2*, Jinkal Mistry 1GRP Limited, GIDC Estate, Panoli, Bharuch, Gujarat, India

2Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Bharuch, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT

Regions with hot and dry climate often experience very high levels of solar radiation, high ambient temperatures and relatively low specific humidity. The roofs of buildings in such areas are always exposed to Sun for long duration during the daytime. Solar radiation is responsible for heat transfer through the building roof. Actually, Solar radiation heat the roof which in turn reradiates the heat onto the ceiling and finally on to the room occupants. Traditionally, most of the roofs in the world are made with dark color materials. In summer, the temperature of surface of a black roof can increase as much as 65–90°C. At such a high roof temperatures the deterioration of roofing materials can start and this in turn leads to increased roof maintenance costs, and generation of high levels of roofing waste. To effectively overcome this problem the best solution to reduce this is with the use of radiant barriers, i.e., light colored metallic or non-metallic surfaces which have high solar reflectance and a high emittance to redirect the radiations back to the environment. A cool roof is one that reflects more sunlight and absorbs less heat than a standard roof. In general, cool roofs are made with a highly reflective type of paint or highly reflective tiles or shingles and a covering sheet. Practically, any type of building can be benefited from a cool roof, however, consideration of the climate and other factors are of utmost important before deciding to install one. The present article gives an insight into global roofing market, elastomeric roofing and cool roof coating technology; different cool roof coating materials, relative benefits of cool roof versus conventional roof in terms of energy and cost savings has been discussed at length. Keywords: cool roofs, energy conservation, radiation, roof surface solar energy, surface coating

INTRODUCTION

Cool Roofs have provided an efficient energy roofing system. Cool Roof technology lowers electricity costs in buildings by reflecting the Sun’s energy away from the roof surface, thereby reducing summer time air conditioning expense. A Cool Roof must have a surface reflectivity of 70% or more and an

emissivity of at least 75% to qualify for Title 24 energy credits (emissivity is the measure of a material to emit heat energy). This indicates that at least 70% of the solar energy on a Cool Roof must be reflected, and that a minimum of 75% of the solar energy must be radiated away from the roof surface before it is absorbed (Figure 1).


International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Thermodynamic Equilibrium Modeling of Sunflower Husk

Gasifier to Produce Synthesis Gas

M. Shuaib Ahmed1, D. Kotaiah Naik1,2, B. Satyavathi1*, R. Parthasarathy2 1Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India

2Department of Civil Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia

ABSTRACT

Energy from biomass offers the great attraction in producing useful gaseous component resulting in low emissions and providing energy security. In the present study, a gasifier model was developed using commercial Aspen Plus simulator. The model developed was based on the minimization of Gibb’s free energy and is validated with the experimental data of sunflower husk gasification using air as a gasifying agent. The results predicted are in good agreement with the experimental values. The effect of the operating parameters such as excess air ratio, oxygen to biomass ratio, steam to biomass ratio, moisture content in fuel and temperature on the gas composition and heating value were studied. The oxygen/biomass ratio and steam/biomass ratio were varied from 0.1 to 1 with temperature ranging between 700 and 900°C. The higher heating value for oxygen and steam was observed in a range of 12–15 and 11.5–14.5 MJ/m3, respectively, as the moisture content in the sunflower husk was varied from 5 to 20%. An increase in operating temperature results in decrease of gasifying agent and increase in heating value of the product gas. The present study is useful in operation of a gasifier and predicts the adverse effect on heating values using different gasifying agents. Keywords: Aspen plus, gasifying agents, LHV, moisture content, syngas

INTRODUCTION

As the global demand for energy and the price of fossil fuels is increasing day by day, the sustainable process to use domestic resources for energy will be of more interest, which not only stabilize the prices but also provide the security for energy supply. The climate change and CO2 emissions increases the demand for a cleaner technology in converting these energy resources. Biomass gasification is cleaner technology which not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions, but also increases the overall conversion efficiency. Biomass consists of carbon based materials that produce energy in the form of synthesis gas at the same time reducing

the environmental hazards of various raw biomasses. Gasification is a thermo-chemical process in which a carbonaceous fuel is converted to a combustible gas. This combustible gas is known as syngas (from synthetic or synthesis gas) consisting of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2). Thermo-chemical gasification of biomass is a well-known technology that can be classified depending on the gasifying agent: air, steam, steam–oxygen, air–steam, and O2 enriched air.[1] Several researchers have studied the effect on the quality of the produced gas by varying the different parameters such as oxygen to biomass



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A Vision of Energy Scenario in India

Aruna Singh* Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT

India is a developing country with its population increasing at an alarming rate. It has 29 different states and 7 union territories. Owing to its huge population size, fulfilling the energy requirements of its people is a challenging task for India. Several energy sources are available that helps our country in achieving this task. Here is a brief overview of the energy scenario in last 10–15 years. Keywords: coal, energy, nuclear energy, renewable energy

BACKGROUND

India is a developing country with 1.3 billion people accounting nearly one-fifth of the world population. According to the current statistics, India has an annual growth rate of nearly 7.1%. Having 29 states and 7 union territories, India faces a challenge in providing adequate energy supply to large population size. Energy is also required for commercial and industrial uses. With the alarming increase in population size, providing sufficient energy to all is of fundamental importance. In 2008, India ranked fifth highest in terms of energy consumption in the world. Since then, the availability of power has both

increased and improved, but the demand for energy outstripped the supply such that peak shortages existed during 2009–2010. Electricity shortage has been a serious issue in India. Besides, there is increasing concern regarding the power generation benefits relating to social, environmental and technological benefits. India is trying its best in making progress in conventional and renewable power generation. The trajectory of growth of installed capacity since 2002 (start of the 10th five year Plan), 2007 (start of 11th Plan), and as of 30 November, 2010 is provided in Table 1.

Table 1. Trajectory of growth of installed power capacity in India.[1]

Time period Thermal (%)

(MW)

Hydro (>25MW) (%) in

MW

Nuclear (%)

(MW)

Renewable power (%)

(MW)

1.4.2002 70.85% 74,429

25% 26,269

2.59% 2720

1.55% 1628

1.4.2007 64.06% 87,015

25.51% 34,654

2.87% 3900

7.55% 10,258

31.9.2010 63.95% 106,518

22.41% 37,328

2.7% 4560

10.90% 18,155

Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India. From Table 1, it is clear that from 2002 till 2010, there has been an increase in the

renewable grid capacity of more than 5 times. Many different sources have



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Biomass Conversion-Technologies and Benefits

Amit Kumar* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

Biomass refers to an organic matter that can be used as fuel. It comprises crop residues, manure (both human and animal), industrial wastes, domestic wastes etc. Biomass has been in use for energy generation from last several years. Several technologies have been developed for obtaining energy from biomass fuel. Some of these techniques have been summarized in this review. Using biomass for energy generation has several benefits. It is safe and environment-friendly. It does not create pollution and can be used as a renewable source of energy generation. Keywords: biomass, combustion, crop residues, energy conversion, pyrolysis

BACKGROUND

Biomass fuel is derived from organic materials and represents an ideal source of renewable and sustainable energy. Biomass is produced from renewable organic waste materials such as wastes from agricultural, forest and industrial sectors, crop residues, domestic wastes etc., that otherwise are dumped in landfills or left as fodder for forest fires. Examples of biomass fuels include manure, forest debris, certain crops, scrap lumber, and domestic wastes containing left-over vegetables or their parts. It represents an attractive renewable energy source and is easily available almost everywhere.[1] Biomass has been in use for energy generation over several years, especially for heating and cooking purposes. It can also be used for generating heat and electricity. Biomass energy comprises of solids, liquids and gaseous fuels. While the solid and gaseous fuels are used for electric power generation, the liquid fuels are often used directly in running motor vehicles, railroad as well as in engine turbine electric power generators.[1,2]

Basically, there are 3 types of biomass fuels- primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary biomass is produced directly by photosynthesis. This type of biomass includes woody and herbaceous crops, oil producing seeds, crop residues and forest residues such as wheat straw, tree-tops the tops, limbs, and bark from trees). Resources obtained after they have undergone primary biomass processing are further processed and referred as secondary biomass. These involve physical, biological and chemical methods for carrying out the processing. Tertiary biomass resources are post-consumer residue streams such as vegetable oil, animal fat, grease, demolition debris, etc.[3] Biomass conversion is a complicated process. Biomass consisting of plants is organic in nature and so requires certain enzymes and molecules for conversion. It is a lengthy and expensive process. As an example, plant woods are made of cellulose; breaking them into smaller and simpler substances is quite difficult. However, several conversion technologies are known that convert different types of



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Sustainable Energy: Types and Utility

Amit Agnihotri Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, MP, India

Sustainable energy comprises of all the energy sources that meets the human demands without being worried about the future prospects. In other words, sustainable energy can be used in plenty over and over again without worrying about it to get depleted. All kind of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, ocean and biomass energy are examples of sustainable energy.[1,2] These energy sources have the advantage that they are stable, available in plenty, environment-friendly and free of cost. Sustainable energy does not involve sources deriving from fossil fuels. The energy from fossil fuels is not replenishable, gets consumed at a steady rate and also has harmful outcomes for the environment.[1,2] Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are limited and cause immense pollution by producing harmful gases. Sustainable energy and renewable energy sources are not always the same. Sustainable energy also includes the energy that is used to power homes and industries without any negative side-effects. Sunlight or the solar energy is used directly for lightning homes, providing electricity, for heating purposes, solar cooling, and for many other commercial and industrial activities. The Sun’s energy also drives the wind, which is further captured by wind turbines. Wind energy is used to generate hydroelectric power plants.

Hydrogen is the most abundant element on Earth. It is often found in many organic compounds and also when combined with oxygen it exists as water molecules.[2] Once separated from these compounds or elements with which it exists, hydrogen can be used as fuel to generate electricity. Geothermal energy taps the Earth’s internal heat to produce electric power and induce heating and cooling of buildings. Ocean energy is generated in various ways. Both the tides and winds give rise to ocean waves. All these types of energy can be used to produce electricity.[2] Biomass energy is another good source of clean energy. It is produced by burning of wood, timber, agricultural wastes, municipal wastes and landfills. This energy source is ideal as it does not produce harmful gases like carbon dioxide that is responsible for increasing global warming and is thus environment-friendly. Although, during burning of wood etc., carbon dioxide is produced, but it is easily compensated by plants that take up this gas and in return generate oxygen for humans. Harnessing energy from natural sources such as Sun and wind to fulfill human needs has been long in use. However, attention was diverted from renewable sources as the industrial revolution progressed on account of concentrated energy locked up in fossil fuels. This was compounded by the increasing use of reticulated electricity based on fossil fuels and the importance of portable high-density energy sources for transport – the

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/content/rew/en/geothermal-energy/tech

International Journal ofRenewable Energy

& Its CommercializationIJRECJul–Dec 2016

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Mechanical Engineering

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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