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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Rekha LagarkhaDepartment of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Bharat ModheraMaulana Azad National Institute of

Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. R. P. BadoniCollege of Engineering Studies, University of

Petroleum & Energy Studies, India

Dr. Saeed KhodabakhshiNanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran

Dr. Samson Maria Louis N.Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Anna

University, Coimbatore, Chennai, India

Anandkumar J.National Institute of Technology Raipur,

Chhattisgarh, India

Dr. Reena SinghalDepartment of Plastic Technology, H.B.T.I.

Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Ajaya Kumar SinghDepartment of Chemistry (DST-FIST

Sponsored), Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College, Chhattisgarh, India

Prof. Ahmad Reza MassahDepartment of Chemistry, School of Basic

Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Dr. Nandkumar M. PatilWockhardt R & D Center, Aurangabad,

Bihar, India

Dr. Anuja ChauhanArni University, Kathgarh, Kangra, Himachal

Pradesh, India

Dr. Monika GuptaDepartment of Chemistry, University of

Jammu, Jammu, India

Dr. Gulam Mohammed Nazeruddin Nasiruddin

Department of Chemistry, Poona College of Art, Science and Commerce, Camp, Pune,

Maharashtra, India

Dr. P. V. SinghDepartment of Chemistry, Institute of Technology & Management, Aligarh,

Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. L. AmmayappanNational Institute of Research on Jute and Allied

Fibre Technology, West Bengal, India

Dr. Hitesh D PatelGujarat University, Gujarat, India

Dr. Pramendra KumarM.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly,

Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Shobhna VijNSL, NISCAIR, India

Dr. Linthoingambi NingombamCentre for Environmental Sciences, Central

University of South Bihar (CUSB), BIT,Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. Lakhwinder SinghDepartment of Applied Science, CGC College

of Engineering, Mohali, Punjab, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Bipin J. AgrawalDepartment of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of

Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda,Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Dr. Sumita NairDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Bhilai

Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India

Shaista AliDepartment of Chemistry, GC University,

Lahore, Punjab, India

Dr. Suryakant B SapkalMGM's Jawaharlal Nehre Engineering College,

Aurangabad, Bihar, India

Dr. Someshwar Dagduappa DindulkarDepartment of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Global hall 413, Konkuk

University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul, South Korea

Dr. Nitinkumar S. ShettyDepartment of Organic Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University

(Manipal), India

Dr. G Vijaya LakshmiDepartment of Chemistry, University College of

Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Swapnil DharaskarDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

Anuradha Engineering College, Chikhli,Maharashtra, India

Dr. Chennamsetty SubramanyamBapatla Engineering College, Bapatla,

India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Green Chemistry. This journal is part of the Applied

Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Green Chemistry issues, from theoretical

aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Green Chemistry as an

emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical

investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Green Chemistry community, addressing researchers

and practitioners in this area.

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industry practitioners in a range of topics in Green Chemistry in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder

for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Green Chemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Green

chemistry metrics, Green computing, Bioremediation, Environmental engineering science,

Phytoremediation, Phytoextraction, Phytostabilization, Phytotransformation, Renewable feed stocks and

Degradable products. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the

techniques of Green Chemistry and solutions in the area.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Green Chemistry

community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an

innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new

developments in the field of Green Chemistry.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Green Chemistry readers and

will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Green Chemistry.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco Leaves Used for Animal Cleansing Hrishikesh P. Kulkarni, Savita V. Shetty, Swapnil A. Dharaskar 1

2. Chemical Metrics for Sustainable Use of MaterialsZeanut Akoijam 8

3. Understanding Green Computing: Its Merits and DemeritsVishal Jain 10

4. Bioremediation: An Approach for Environmental Clean-UpDayananda Singh Konjengbam 13

5. Bio-Based Feedstocks for Conversion TechnologiesAruna Singh 15

Contents

IJGC (2016) 1-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco Leaves Used for Animal

Cleansing

Hrishikesh P. Kulkarni, Savita V. Shetty, Swapnil A. Dharaskar* Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Management, and Research,

Akurdi, Pune (MS), India

ABSTRACT

Nicotine is addictive. On an average, a single cigarette yields nearly 2 mg of nicotine that gets easily absorbed in human body. Low doses (<2 mg) acts as a stimulant in mammals, while high doses (50–100 mg) can cause harmful effects. This stimulant effect is a crucial factor responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco smoking. Nicotine’s addictive properties include psychoactive effects, drug-reinforced behaviour, compulsive use, and relapse after abstinence, physical dependence and tolerance. Nicotine can also be used as an insecticide. The insecticide is recommended as a treatment for various parasites and also on bacteria. Tobacco water is produced by boiling strong tobacco in water, or by steeping the tobacco in water for a longer period after extracting nicotine then by Saponification method the soap is formed which can then be used. Keywords: addictive, insecticide, nicotine, tobacco, saponification

INTRODUCTION

Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade Solanaceae family of plants, predominantly in the leaves of tobacco, and in lower concentration in tomato, eggplant, and in green pepper. They are also found in the leaves of the coca plant. Nicotine is one of the most highly toxic compounds belonging to the tobacco alkaloids.[1] Nicotine’s addictive nature includes psychoactive effects, drug- reinforced behaviour, compulsive use, and relapse after abstinence, physical dependence and tolerance. Topical tobacco paste is sometimes recommended as a treatment for wasp, hornet, fire ant, scorpion, and bee stings. Several products obtained from tobacco viz., tobacco water, tobacco juice, tobacco dust juice or tobacco lime; are used as traditional organic insecticides in domestic gardening. Farmers have been using nicotine sulphate insecticide since the early 19th century. Tobacco water is produced by boiling the

tobacco in water, or simply by steeping the tobacco in water for long period. After cooling, the water can be applied with a spray or painted on leaves of garden plants, where it will prove deadly to insects. Saponification reaction is done by adding alkalis and fats. The by-product of Saponification reaction is glycerol which is used in many cosmetic industries for moisturising purpose. Research carried out across the world has shown the harmful effects of nicotine caused in humans after consumption. These include cardiac-vascular disorders (heart-attack, stenocardia, peripheral vascular diseases), respiratory disorders (lung cancer, tracheobronchitis, etc.), problems in digestion system (gastritis, oral mucosa inflammation, etc.) as well as narcotic type of psychic and physiological dependency. Nicotine addiction treatment

IJGC (2016) 8–9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8

International Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Chemical Metrics for Sustainable Use of Materials

Zeanut Akoijam* Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Manipur, India

ABSTRACT

A number of metrics have been used to drive business, government and many goods communities. Here, a few metrics for chemical industry have been mentioned. The use of chemical metrics is an ideal approach to design methods of chemical synthesis in order to use the resources in a sustainable manner. Keywords: chemical industry, chemical synthesis, E factor, effective mass yield, metrics

BACKGROUND

Chemical manufacturing is a long and tedious process involving many different constituents. During this process, a lot of waste is generated which poses a problem to the chemical industry. From the last 25–30 years, emphasis has been laid to change the method of chemical manufacturing that can reduce the waste generation and accumulation.[1] The emphasis is laid in designing new processes and synthesis methods to create minimal amount of wastes. Major Sources of Wastes

Stoichiometric Reagents These include acids and bases such as H2SO4 and NaOH, oxidants and reductants like K2Cr2O7 and Fe/HCl. Loss of Solvents

Nearly 85% of chemical solvents are lost as non-aqueous mass during chamical synthesis. The solvents lost are usually in the form of air emissions and aqueous effluent. Multistep Process of Chemical Synthesis Several catalytic reactions in chemical synthesis involve multiple steps. During this, solvents are lost as gases.

Wastes are produced by various types of chemical industries. These include oil refining, pharmaceuticals, bulk and/or fine chemical industries, etc. A number of metrics have been put forward over the past 10 years that can help the chemists to change the methods of chemical synthesis and manufacturing. It is important that these metrics are simple and clearly defined. They should be easily measurable, able to make comparisons, objective in nature, demonstrate improvement, improve transparency and capable to induce the desired behavior/change.[2] Some of the reaction metrics that are essential include. Metrics of Chemical Synthesis

Effective Mass yield (EMY)

This metric was introduced by Hudlicky et al., in 1999.[3] It is mathematically expressed as: Effective mass yield (%) = (Mass of products × 100)/(Mass of non-benign reagents) This metric is defined as the “percentage of the mass of desired product relative to the mass of all non-benign materials used

IJGC (2016) 10–12 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10

International Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Understanding Green Computing: Its Merits and Demerits

Vishal Jain* MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

Green computing is an effective approach of saving our environment from deleterious consequences of using computing devices and the toxic metals involved in their manufacturing. In this short review, we have highlighted the importance of this novel concept ‘Green Computing’, the approach laid down in behind it, its merits and demerits.

Keywords: computers, energy star, green computing, laptops

BACKGROUND

Green computing is gaining importance these days as it entails to improve the environmental surroundings by using balanced and sustainable approach. It involves using computers and related technologies in an environment-friendly manner. Presently, computing is not very environment-friendly. The aim of ‘Green computing’ is to utilize computing resources within strict energy conservation guidelines, to achieve a greener, healthier and safer environment without minimizing damage caused to environment by computers. The concept of green computing came into existence with the launching of ‘Energy Star’ in 1992, a voluntary labeling program that was introduced with the intention of recognizing and promoting energy-conserving strategies and technologies. The concept of ‘Green computing’ was supposedly introduced soon after the Energy Star program began. San Murugesan has defined green computing as “the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems—such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems — efficiently and

effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment”.[1] In simple words, ‘Green computing’ is the practice of utilizing computing resources efficiently and effectively without harming the environment. NEED FOR GREEN COMPUTING

Today, computer has become a basic requirement of every human. Computer has made life easier by reducing human efforts thereby saving a lot of time and manpower. Use of computers has however, raised the power consumption and resulted in generation of enormous heat. Many multinational companies, IT companies, publishing house, research laboratories, etc., use computers for carrying out the work. Even at homes, people use personal computers and laptops for surfing internet. In absence of sufficient cooling systems, all these computers together generate enormous amount of heat. Certain greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are also released while using computers which will further rise the global warming and related environmental problems.[2,3] Environmental pollution also occurs while manufacturing of computers and in case of informal disposing of old computers or

IJGC (2016) 13–14 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 13

International Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Bioremediation: An Approach for Environmental Clean-Up

Dayananda Singh Konjengbam* Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India

ABSTRACT

Bioremediation is defined as the remediation process wherein naturally occurring microorganisms or deliberately introduced microbes are exploited for inducing breakdown of environmental pollutants with the idea to make our surroundings clean. Here, an overview about this technology is provided for the beginners. Keywords: bacteria, biodegradation, bioremediation, detoxification, microbial biota

BACKGROUND

The development of industrialization has led to increase in the productivity of agricultural and manufactural sectors. However, this development has also lead to increase in wide range of xenobiotic compounds in the environment. There is excess accumulation of hazardous wastes into different water bodies, land and soil, and disturbances in the biosphere as a whole. The consequences are the adverse effects on human health, reduced crop yield and production, contamination of soil and water bodies, damage to natural flora, loss of habitats of fauna and unbalanced ecosystem.[1–3]

METHODS

Bioremediation is an emerging and promising technique to detoxify and/or degrade environmental hazards. This is a fast growing technique that combines the concept of green chemistry and green engineering to be applied for practical use. It employs biological agents such as microbial consortia and microbial processes for detoxifying environmental contaminants. The microorganisms employed for this purpose are usually bacteria, yeast and fungi. The principle behind this technique is that it promotes growth of particular indigenous microflora at the sites of contamination such that

these microorganisms will then perform the desired activities for cleaning-up of the sites. This technology is performed under standardized conditions of temperature, pH, oxygen supply, water content and presence of specific microbial biota, and thus it helps to enhance the natural process of biodegradation. Several ways have been developed in bioremediation technique to carry out the clean-up process. These include anaerobic digestion, phytoremediation, biosorption, bioaugmentation, composting, bioleaching, biopulping, slurry phase biodegradation, controlled phase biodegradation etc. Principally, bioremediation works in two ways: in situ and ex situ. In the former method, contaminants are treated at the site of their location. Microorganisms are added directly at the contaminated site wherein they come in contact with the dissolved and sorbed toxic substances and convert them into harmless or less harmful forms. In ex situ, transformation by microorganism is carried out at specially designed facilities. Majority of the bioremediation techniques treat petroleum

IJGC (2016) 15-17 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15

International Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Bio-Based Feedstocks for Conversion Technologies

Aruna Singh* Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT

Efficient fuel production and energy-generation with no or reduced carbon release is an important need in today’s generation. Conversion technologies have been designed to convert bio-based waste materials into a useable form of fuel and energy. Various methods are employed in these technologies such as anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification etc. These technologies not only help generate refined fuel products but also release low carbon content that helps to maintain the environment. Herein, an overview of these technologies has been discussed. Keywords: bio-based fuels, biomass feedstocks, conversion technology, pyrolysis

BACKGROUND

There is a growing need for creating energy-efficient processes to generate products with reduced carbon emissions. Now-a-days, ‘conversion technologies’ are developed that can convert different waste materials into fuels, chemicals and other useable products in a way that minimizes the release of carbon content into the atmosphere. Bio-based feedstocks are gaining importance in this field as the alternative energy source for future sustainability of several chemical and allied industries. Feedstocks are simply defined as any biological and renewable substance that can be used directly as a fuel or can be converted into some usable fuel or energy source.[1] These may include plant products and algal materials. These substances can be used to produce hydrocarbon fuels, biodiesel, and various alcohols like ethanol, butanol, etc. Based on the diverse nature of feedstock materials, their physical and chemical characteristics; multiple conversion technologies have been developed. These technologies involve a number of

processes that include: enzymatic catalysis, hydrolysis, anaerobic digestion, carbonization, gasification, pyrolysis, transesterification, thermal depolymerization etc.[1, 2] Main focus has been laid in two areas: Biochemical conversion technology and Thermochemical conversion technology. Though these conversion technologies are based on different principles viz., biochemical and thermochemical respectively; it is suggested that combining the two areas will provide a tremendous opportunity for enhancing the conversion of feedstock materials into varying kinds of fuels, chemicals and energy products. One more conversion method is the physiochemical conversion technology that involves physical and chemical reactions to convert the biomass feedstocks into usable fuel forms.[1, 3] Biochemical Conversion Technology

It is the conventional method for conversion of feedstock materials into a usable fuel or energy. It generally requires low-temperature and catalytic and/or mechanical pathways. In this, the

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

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and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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