International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake...

International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering

Tokyo, Japan

Report prepared for the Government of Japan by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization acting as Executing and Participating Agency for the United Nations Development Programme, Special Fund Component, for the period 1963-1968

19

United Nations Development Programme Special Fund Component

, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

Unesco/UNDP, Special Fund Component

Report Series 19. International Institute of Seismology

and Earthquake Engineering Tokyo, Japan

Published in 1969 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Place de Fontenoy, 75 Pari~-7~ Printed by Istituto grafico Casagrande SA, Bellinzona

@ Unesco 1969. Reproduction in whole or in part is authorized subject to proper acknowledgement Printed in Switzerland BMS.69/11.19/A

FR/Unesco/UNDP/SF JPN. 1

l? oreword

In November 1965 the United Nations General Assembly voted to merge two existing development operations -the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (established in 1950) and the Special Fund (established in 1959)- into a single entity now known as the United Nations Development Programme. This merger was accomplished in January 1966. UNDP assists the developing countries in

their efforts to realize the full potential of their human and natural resources. To this end, UNDP and the United Nations family of Agen- cies work with government in carrying out priority pre-investment and technical assistance projects. In the pre-investment sector, UNDP provides assistance to governments : (a) in conducting resource surveys and feasibility studies to determine the economic potential and to plan the productive use of natura1 resources; (b) in establishing or strengthening permanent educational institutions designed to provide these countries with the skilled people needed in their development efforts; and (c) in building up research centres for the development and application of new techniques in industry, agriculture, and a variety of other fields. These pre-investment . projects are carried

out in response to specific requests from governments. Assistance is provided for a well-defined

purpose and over a limited period of time. The participating government contributes substantially to the project in the form of national staff, project buildings, as well as supplies and services that can be met from local resources. UNDP, in turn, will normally meet the cost of international personnel, project fellowships for senior counterpart staff, and equipment. In virtually all cases, the implementation of

pre-investment projects is entrusted by UNDP to an ‘Executing Agency ’, selected from among the United Nations family of Agencies. The Executing Agency is responsible for the day- to-day supervision and execution of the project’s work plan. It also recruits international experts, trains national personnel, and procures imported equipment. Upon completion of project operations, the Agency submits a final report to the participating government, describing the work carried out, evaluating the results obtained, and setting forth the Agency’s recommendations for follow-up action by the government. In the present instance, the Government of

Japan has established, with the help of Unesco and UNDP, the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. The final report on this project records the results of this collaborative endeavour.

International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Tokyo, Japan

Contents

I. Introduction The economic and social consequences of earthquakes

The world demand for specialists in seismology and the need for international co-operation in training

History of the International Training Centre,

Reasons for the government’s request :

The Plan of Operation and its amendments Summary of project implementation

Role of the Unesco experts Role of the senior consultants The curriculum and its successive modifications Building, equipment and facilities Fellowships Activities of trainees after return to their

Advisory services of the institute Publications

Tokyo, 1960-63

objectives of the project

IT. Development of the project

respective countries

111. Conclusions Assessment of the project FoIIow-u~

IV. Recommendations

Appendixes A. Plan of Operation

B. Project finance

C. Unesco experts

D. Counterpart staff

E. Fellowships

F. Equipment supplied by UNDP(SF)/Unesco

G. Building plan

H. Curricula of courses

J. Advisory services carried out by the institute

K. Reports and recommendations of the senior consultants

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I. Introduction

The economic and social consequences of earthquakes Among the natural hazards which face mankind on this planet, earthquakes may be counted among the most destructive, if not of human life itself, certainly of the works of man. With the spread of urban civilization throughout the world, the toll taken by them has, during the past 100 years, been steadily increasing. Systematic records of the damage and the

loss of life caused by earthquakes go back only 100 years, but they show that in the second quarter of this century, between 1926 and 1950, over 350,000 people were killed and the damage to buildings and public works totalled nearly $10,000 million.1 From the study of the immense volume of

seismological data collected during the past sixty years, the pattern of distribution of earthquakes over the world has emerged quite clearly. Two principal seismic belts may be distinguished : the Circum-Pacific Belt extending around the shores of that ocean from New Zealand to Chile; and the Mediterranean-Alpine Belt, extending from Morocco, through the Mediter- ranean and the Middle East into Central and South-East Asia. Other belts of activity are associated with rift systems such as the East African rift valley. Within these main belts, recent research has revealed the existence of detailed patterns of seismicity, knowledge of which is of great practical importance, since it permits a more precise delimitation of the zones in which earthquakes are likely to occur. Over sixty countries lie within these main

seismic zones, and in them seismic activity has had a significant impact on their economy. For instance, the re-construction in the Islands of Cephalonia, Ithaca and Zante, in Greece, after the earthquake of 30 April 1954., is estimated to have cost more than $30 million. The reconstruction of the city of Skopje (Yugoslavia) will have cost over $500 million or about 30 per

cent of the annual budget of the Government of Yugoslavia. Considerable effort is now being devoted in

various parts of the world to research on the possibility of predicting the occurrence of earthquakes. Although success in this field would rightly be hailed as a major scientific achievement and one which would result in the saving of human life, it would not prevent damage to buildings and public works. The only way to ensure against substantial economic loss is to design and build, and to strengthen existing buildings, in such a way that the structures will resist the maximum seismic forces to be expected in each particular area. The application of proven technologies of

earthquake-resistant design and construction raises building costs in a proportion depending on the maximum expected seismic intensity, on the type of construction and on local economic factors. Typical figures for the percentage of increase in cost vary from 3 to 5 per cent in the case of large reinforced concrete structures up to 15 to 20 per cent in the case of small buildings in zones of high seismic intensity. Nevertheless, apart from the fundamental importance of saving human life, such additional capital costs are more than offset in the long run by the saving of reconstruction expenses and by the avoidance of the economic losses due to inter- ruption of productive activities by earthquake damage. These reasons have justified the elaboration

and enforcement in many countries of special codes for earthquake-resistant design and construction, despite the additional cost which their application implies. In order to reduce these costs to the minimum compatible with public safety, it is a general practice to divide each country into three or more seismic zones,

1. The dollars quoted throughout this text are United States dollars.

9

Introduction

according to the maximum seismic intensity to be expected, in order to ensure the application of effective but not excessive safety measures in each zone. The promulgation and enforcement of anti-

seismic building codes and regulations present problems of particular difficulty to developing countries : 1. The technical needs are not clearly defined, due to the fact that local and traditional building methods and materials have not been the subject of scientific study.

2. The detailed seismicity of many developing countries has to be investigated by seismologists, so it is not possible as yet to estimate the maximum seismic intensity to be expected in different areas.

3. Social and economic factors make it difficult to establish a reliable system of inspection and enforcement.

While the latter problem will, in most cases, disappear only with the general improvement of the standard of living and of education, the first two can be met and solved, provided that the country has at its disposal a nucleus of adequately-trained scientific and technical personnel.

The world demand for specialists in seismology and the need for international co-operation in training

In a number of developing countries, considerable progress has already been made. Earth- quake engineering is studied and taught in a number of university faculties of engineering, notably in Argentina, Chile, India, Mexico and Turkey. Such examples are, however, rare. In fact, it would probably be unrealistic and even unnecessary for each small country in the seismic zones to possess such institutions. Countries with populations ranging from 10 to 50 million probably require only one professional seismologist a year and one or two specialists in earthquake engineering. It would be uneconomic to set up an institution in each country for the training of such specialists. The world demand for specialists in seismology and in earthquake engineering may be met by a relatively small number of training centres, preferably located in countries which have already acquired substantial scientAc and technical experience in this field.

Quite apart from the purely economic aspect of the problem, it must be borne in mind that a larger institution, at which both professors and students from different countries meet and exchange ideas, provides a fertile meeting ground for ideas. The recent history of science and technology provides many examples of this, and the time spent at an international centre may be one of the most stimulating periods in the professional life of a young scientist or engineer. The contacts which he may form at such an institution are often of the greatest value to him when he returns to his own country to work in comparative isolation from his colleagues. These were the reasons which led the Govern-

ment of Japan to propose, and the United Nations to accept the idea of setting up in Tokyo an International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, intended to provide training in these subjects to young scientists and engineers from countries throughout the seismic areas of the world. As will be seen in the later part of this report, the institute has, during its five years of operation, to a large extent justified the hopes which were placed in it. One of the reasons for this success is that the Japanese Government and the persons responsible for the operation had, in the years previous to 1963, already acquired valuable experience in dealing with the special problems of training people from different countries, with widely different social and professional backgrounds.

History of the International Training Centre, Tokyo, 1960-63

The active growth of seismology and earthquake engineering in modern times has led a number of countries in the Middle East, South-East Asia and Latin America to send students to Japan to avail themselves of the special facilities offered by the various universities and institutions in that country. The reason for this is not hard to find. Japan is situated in one of the most active seismic zones of the world and its scientists and engineers have acquired a high reputation for the way in which they have tackled and to a great extent solved problems posed by rapid industrial and economic development in an area subject to destructive earthquakes. The continual increase in the numbers of such

students led the Japanese authorities, by the

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Introduction

beginning of 1960, to realize that more efficient training could be provided by creating a unified organization with a well-designed and comprehensive curriculum. Accordingly, an ad hoc committee was set up in April 1960 at the University of Tokyo; under its auspices the ‘International Training Centre of Earthquake Engineering’ was opened temporarily in co- operation with other institutions concerned. In the first period of training, from July 1960 to March 1961, fifteen students participated; one of these came under the United Nations Exten- ded Programme of Technical Assistance, while the remaining fourteen were supported finan- cially by the Government of Japan under the Technical Co-operation Plan for Near and Middle East and Africa, the Technical Co- operation Scheme under the Colombo Plan, and the Technical Co-operation Plan for Latin America. For the 1961-62 training project the govern-

mental institutions and agencies concerned met in conference; they came to an agreement to reorganize the centre, and to establish a new one on a permanent basis in the Building Re- search Institute of the Ministry of Construction. For this new training centre the Government of Japan allocated $95,500 in the 1961 fiscal year; this included the costs of a building of experimental facilities and of operating the centre. A division in charge of training was set up in the Building Research Institute. The new building for this project was completed in September 1962 within the precincts of the Building Re- search Institute. Twelve specialists from six countries participated in the 1961-62 course under the technical co-operation plans of the Government of Japan, while the 1962-63 course was attended by fifteen trainees from ten countries, twelve holding Japanese Government fellowships and three holding Unesco fellowships.

Reasons for the government’s request : objectives of the project Meanwhile, in July 1960, the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations adopted a resolution on ‘International Co-operation in the Field of Seismological Research’, requesting the Secretary-General to secure the co-operation of the United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization and of other Specia-

lized Agencies concerned, in studying the possi- bilities of reducing to a minimum the damage resulting from earthquakes. Encouraged by this resolution, and after informal consultations with Unesco and the Special Fund, the Govern- ment of Japan submitted an official request to the Managing Director of the Special Fund in June 1961, for assistance in establishing an International Institute of Seismology and Earth- quake Engineering (IISEE), by expanding and strengthening the existing training centre. This request was supported by the Governments of Chile, Indonesia, the Philippines and Turkey. It was made clear in this application that the principal object of this request was not to help Japan, which clearly did not need any such assistance, but rather to make available to developing countries in the seismic zones the experience acquired in Japan and in other advanced countries. The Governing Council of the United Nations Special Fund approved the Japanese request in January 1962. It authorized the Managing Director of the Special Fund to provide assistance to the project in the form of experts, fellowships and equipment during the period of five years, with Unesco as the Executing Agency and the Ministry of Construction as the Co-operating Government Agency. During these five years, the Special Fund, acting through Unesco, would provide expert services in seismology and earthquake engineering, would offer fellowships for students to attend the one-year courses at the institute, and would provide equipment and books. As its counterpart contribution to the project,

the Government of Japan would provide the land and buildings, the equipment and experimental facilities, the Japanese professional and teaching staff, and would contribute to the current expenses. It would also offer a total of seventy-eight fellowships during the five years. Detailed negotiations directed towards drawing

up a plan of operation were started in Novem- ber 1961, with a visit to Tokyo of a staff member of Unesco. However, the signature of the Plan of Operation could not take place until after the conclusion of a basic agreement between the United Nations Special Fund and the Govern- ment of Japan. This basic agreement required the approval of the Japanese Diet. Roth the basic agreement and the Plan of Operation were in fact signed on the same day, 31 October 1962. It had been envisaged that the project would

come into operation at the beginning of the

1 1

Introduction

academic year 1962-63, that is to say, in Sep- tember 1962. The enforced delay in the signature of the Plan of Operation made it necessary to reconsider this target date. In fact, after consultations between all parties concerned, it was decided that the project should come into operation at the beginning of the academic year 1963-64. Adequate time would thus be available for the recruitment of experts, and for the announcement and award of the fellowships. The Plan of Operation was therefore revised so that the project should run for a period of five years from 1 September 1963 to 31 August 1968.

The Plan of Operation and its amendments The Plan of Operation is reproduced as Appen- dix A to the present report. The allocation from the United Nations Spe-

cial Fund was $761,700, which included payments by the Government of Japan to the United Nations Special Fund of $51,975 towards local operating costs. This was matched by a government counterpart contribution estimated at $1,001,920. For the development and working of the

institute, the United Nations Special Fund, acting through Unesco, agreed to provide the services of two experts in seismology (total 96 man-months), two experts in earthquake engineering (total 72 man-months) and three short- term consultants (total 12 man-months) ; these would be recruited by Unesco and, with the approval of the government, one of the experts would be chosen as Chief Technical Adviser. The Special Fund would award a maximum total of sixty-seven fellowships (total 804 man- months) in seismology and earthquake engineering to candidates from Member States of the United Nations or its Specialized Agencies in order to enable these candidates to pursue the course of study at the institute. Further, equipment to a total value not exceeding $140,000, as well as certain miscellaneous expenses not exceeding in all $19,500 would be provided. Roughly matching this expenditure, the

Government of Japan would make the counterpart contribution of a site, occupying an area of 2,100 square metres, within the precincts of the Building Research Institute, for a building to house this institute; the value of this was estim-

ated at $157,500. The institute would have a floor area of about 1,300 square metres and would cost about $94,510, which would be provided by the government. As regards equipment, the government would make provision up to $83,430, together with equipment, of estimated value $49,500, already in the Building Research Institute. Other facilities estimated at $9,830 a year would be made available. Corresponding to the Special Fund fellowships

the government would award seventy-eight fellowships for students from abroad ; the estimated vahe of these would be $280,000. Further, the government would meet the tuition costs of trainees who held Special Fund fellowships, to an estimated total of $44,890. The cost of the staff and consultants of Japanese nationality would in the five years of operation amount to $155,340, and to this would be added running costs totalling $86,000. According to the plan, the Special Fund and

the government would each provide the services of three senior consultants, who would meet in Tokyo three times during the course of execution of the project. The sequence of operations was outlined in the plan, and a detailed schedule of expenditure year by year was set out. Two important provisions were made with

a view to continuing the institute after the end of the period of assistance by the Special Fund. First, the government undertook to continue the activities of the institute at the same level: secondly, it was agreed that, after the successful conclusion of the project, the government, the Executing Agency and the Special Fund should consult with a view to transferring to the government (or to a designated agency) the title of the equipment which had remained the property of the Special Fund during the period covered by the Plan of Operation. Provi- sion was made for any revision of the plan that seemed advisable during this period. This change of project schedule caused by the

delay in signing the Plan of Operation is reflected in Amendment No. 1, signed in Octoberj1965. This amendment also reflects other changes in the project: there is a slight increase in the project costs for experts corresponding to the rise in costs; there are also slight increases in the budget provisions for equipment and for miscellaneous expenses. The principal change concerns the fellowships: in the original plan, budgetary provision was made for the award of sixty-

12

Introduction

seven fellowships at an estimated cost of $3,000 each. Because of the rapidly rising cost of fellowships both for travel and for living expenses, the number of fellowships to be awarded in the five-year period was reduced to fifty-three, although the total cost of these fellowships actually rose from $201,000 to $216,000. The continuing rise in costs during the period

of operation of this project made necessary a further revision of the budget, which is reflected in Adjustment Advice No. 2 signed on 16 No- vember 1967. The figures in this adjustment advice represented the final estimates of the Special Fund allocation to this project. Although the total of man-months of expert services was reduced in this final version from 180 to 169% expert months, the costs of expert services rose to $382,300. The provision for fellowships rose to $233,870, for equipment to $145,000, and for miscellaneous expenses to $32,330. The total Special Fund allocation was $865,900. In these amendments to the Plan of Operation no formal change was made to the government counterpart contribution in kind.

Summary of project implementation

The amended Plan of Operation has in fact been followed very closely in the execution of the project, by Unesco as the Executing Agency, and by the Government of Japan. For its part, the government has closely adhered to the Plan of Operation and has in fact in many cases exceeded

the provision, particularly as regards building and facilities. In Appendixes C, E and F attached to this

report, a list is given of the experts who served at the institute during the five year period, of the fellowships awarded by Unesco, and of the equipment provided. The main problem encountered by the

Executing Agency was in connexion with the recruitment of experts. Specialists in seismology and in earthquake engineering, with adequate teaching experience, are not numerous and are often heavily engaged in important work in their home countries. However, the Unesco Secretariat was greatly aided in its search for such specialists by the Director of the institute, and in fact, the experts who served at the institute during the project were of the highest quality. The fellowships awarded by the Special Fund

were announced by Unesco to all its Member States. The awards were made by open compe- tition between the candidatures received, regard being paid to geographical distribution. A most satisfactory feature of the project was the gradually increasing number of applicants for the fellowships during the four-year period during which they were available. In the fourth year, over seventy applications, coming from more than thirty countries, were received for the twelve fellowships which were awarded. This shows clearly that there is not only a great demand for training in these subjects throughout the world, but also that the institute has begun to meet this demand.

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II. Development of the project

Role of the Unesco experts

The fourteen experts who served at the institute during the five years of Phase I have played an essential part in developing its international character. They brought to the institute their experience of teaching and research in seismology and earthquake engineering from many different countries. They assisted in the planning of the curriculum and the time-table of the course, took part in the teaching, guided students in individual studies and lastly, in so far as time was available, undertook research on their own account in their special fields, sometimes in collaboration with the Japanese staff of the institute. Without exception, they carried out these tasks conscientiously and with great enthusiasm. The assignments of the experts were in no

way easy, in view of the various duties they had to assume. In addition to a substantial programme of lecturing, they interested themselves in the practical teaching, an activity that was to some extent hampered by the lack of facilities for experimental work. The experts accompanied students on a number of visits to universities, to engineering and construction works as well as to sites of earthquake damage. In addition, they took part in more extended visits to centres in the Kansai and Kyushu areas; in this way trainees greatly benefited by the contacts with experts that these excursions made possible. At the institute itself, experts were frequently consulted by trainees in connexion with matters arising in lectures or in practical work. Some of the experts wrote out their lectures in full for the benefit of trainees ; this was particularly helpful to those whose knowledge of English or whose lack of adequate previous training made following a lecturer a difficult matter. This method involves, nevertheless, the risk of retarding the initiative of students and of tending to stereotype the training that a student carries back to his own country.

Another valuable contact was the participation of trainees in individual projects under the advice of Unesco experts. The better equipped students were able to join with experts in research projects such as the study of the great Matsushiro swarm of earthquakes. The experts were able to give advice in connexion with the development of the institute library, and in putting forward recommendations for the purchase of apparatus for training in seismology and in earthquake engineering.

Role of the senior consultants

Three senior consultants were appointed by the government as counterparts of the three senior consultants appointed by Unesco. The function of the consultants, as stated in

the Plan of Operation, was ‘to advise the government, the Executing Agency and the Special Fund, throughout the duration of the project, with regard to: (a) the training programme of the institute (syllabus and curriculum of the training courses, the number of trainees, staffing); and (b) the research programme of the institute ’. To these ends the consultants, with represen-

tatives of Unesco staff, met in Tokyo in Decem- ber 1963, March 1965, and April 1967. By the courtesy of the Acting Director, his

staff and the Unesco experts, every facility was afforded to the consultants for becoming acquainted with all aspects of the operation of the institute, including its buildings, its staff, its curriculum (including some typical visits to co-operating institutions and to areas of seismic interest, such as the damaged area at Niigata); with opportunities of meeting the students informally after lectures given by the consultants. After a formal opening, the meetings began

with progress reports by the Acting Director, which provided a valuable basis of discussion.

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Development of the project

The first meeting (1963) had a special importance in that during the initial stages of the project certain difficulties had been encountered, concerning which discussion and advice were desired. An outstanding difficulty was the lack of library facilities for the satisfactory prosecution of teaching and for the individual research problems of the students. An urgent requirement was to build up a working library; such a service could not, of course, be provided at the very outset of the project, but, as a temporary expe- dient, arrangements had been made for trainees to have access to libraries in other institutions. The consultants considered this to be an urgent matter, and recommended that the purchase of necessary books proceed without delay. Prompt action was taken, and orders amounting to $8,000 were placed. For the requirements of the more advanced students, as well as for the teaching staff, the consultants recommended that an appeal should be made to institutions and to scientists of high repute for gifts of journals and offprints of original papers ; this recommen- dation was duly acted upon, and in consequence the size and quality of the library have been greatly enhanced. At this first meeting the consultants inquired

into the living conditions of the trainees and their working conditions outside lecture and laboratory hours. These appeared to be far from satisfactory, and appropriate recommendations were therefore made. By the time of the second meeting (1 965), they were pleased to note that a considerable improvement had been effected. At that meeting, too, the consultants noted with satisfaction the excellent way in which the project was developing, with the growth of an esprit de corps. Another difficulty in the earlier stages was

the extent of the curriculum and its lack of balance. The facilities for practical instruction were clearly inadequate, so that there was a preponderance of lecturing. Further, the scope of the teaching, particularly in seismology, had proved too ambitious in view of the limited total time available for instruction and the wide range in the attainments of trainees at the time of entry. The consultants recognized the wisdom of the Government of Japan in exercising caution in building up the permanent teaching staff and in supplementing the schedule of lectures by the employment of outside lecturers. They considered it an urgent matter to overhaul the syllabus of teaching, and particularly to improve

the opportunities for practical instruction. At subsequent meetings it was seen that these difficulties had been met to a great extent, but there was still scope for more extended practical work. The third meeting (1967) reviewed the progress

of the project since its inception and discussed plans for a possible continuation after 1968. They appreciated that the project had been developing entirely satisfactorily. A considerable proportion of the time of this meeting was devoted to a detailed examination of the way in which a ‘second phase project’ could be carried out. It was recognized, of course, that this would be a new project enlarged and deepened in comparison with the existing project; it would include the creation of an advanced course, with students devoting themselves for the most part to research problems, both in seismology and in earthquake engineering. Having satisfied themselves of the desirability and the feasibility of such a second phase, the consultants strongly and unanimously recommended that steps be taken to put the scheme into operation. At this final meeting they expressed their apprecia- tion of the support given by the Government of Japan to the founding, the running, and the development of the institute, and they paid a tribute to the devoted labours of the Director of the project, the Acting Director, the Japanese staff and the Unesco experts. At the 1967 meeting of consultants, a morning

session was set aside so that the whole body of trainees could meet the Acting Director and some members of his staff, along with the consultants and the Unesco experts, and give their views on the merits and the deficiencies of the training. In addition, those trainees who wished were able to talk privately with individual members of the panel. The reports of the senior consultants are

attached as Appendix K to this report.

The curriculum and its successive modifications

The curriculum consists of lectures, practical work in the laboratory and visits to observa- tories, universities and institutes, as well as to building sites and localities of seismological interest, particularly where earthquake damage could be seen. The teaching is conducted in English which formed the only common mode of communication.

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The lectures are given by the Japanese staff and the Unesco experts, supplemented by a large number of shorter specialized courses given by lecturers from Tokyo University and co-operating institutions. In this way the trainees are brought into touch with many of the leading Japanese seismologists and earthquake engineers. In order that the best available members could be secured for the whole-time Japanese staff, the agreed complement of staff members was not fully made up at the commencement of the project. Thus, in the early stages there was over-emphasis on lectures, somewhat to the detriment of practical work. At their first meeting the consultants expressed the hope that this shortage of staff would be remedied as soon as feasible; in fact, the lack of balance was gradually overcome, and practical teaching has been facilitated by the supply of equipment from UNDP(SF). The academic year begins in September and

ends the following August. Except for the winter and spring vacations, of two weeks each, training is conducted for five days each week; the morning hours (increased in 1964 from two hours to three hours daily) are devoted to lectures, so that the afternoons are free for exercises and laboratory practice, and for visits. The first five weeks or so of the course are

devoted to general lectures, in order to give to trainees in earthquake engineering a general knowledge of seismology, and vice versa. These are followed, from the beginning of October until the beginning of June, by basic lectures and specialized lectures, with separate programmes for seismology and earthquake engineering. In the advanced lectures, special emphasis is placed on laboratory work, and the curricula are drawn up so as to concentrate on the more important and basic subjects rather than to spread the teaching over too wide a field. In February or March, a two-week observation tour of Kansai and Kyushu is arranged for the two sections jointly. The last eight weeks of the course are devoted

to individual study, to which great importance is attached; during this period each trainee prepares a report on a subject chosen by himself in consultation with the Unesco experts and the staff of the institute. These reports of individual studies are published by the institute. The detailed curricula of the general course

and the courses in seismology and earthquake engineering are given in AppendixH to this report.

Building, equipment and facilities The building was completed in September 1962. It comprises a ground floor with offices, a small lobby and laboratories and two lecture rooms, a library, a drawing office and various other offices for the Director and staff on the two upper floors (see Appendix G). The essential furnishings were supplied by the government. The instrumental equipment of the institute,

both for training and research, has been progres- sively augmented throughout the duration of the project. A list of the equipment provided by UNDP(SF)/Unesco is given in Appendix F. The installation of observatory-type seismo-

graphs has presented a difficult problem. In addition to those furnished by UNDP(SF), the institute possesses a set of six Standard seismographs donated by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. For teaching purposes, it was desirable that some seismographs of an experimental kind should be installed at the institute, and this has been done, but it was strongly felt from the beginning that the institute should have its own seismological station. This need was emphasized by the consultants at their first meeting. A site within the built-up area of Tokyo would be unsuitable on account of the general background of man-made distur- bance, but efforts to secure a suitable site away from the city have so far been unsuccessful. The instruments were at first temporarily housed at the institute; at present, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey instruments, intended for a Standard seismological station, are installed in the Inuyama Observatory of Nagoya Uni- versity, from which records are sent regularly and are used in training. Although the government’s contribution has considerably exceeded that foreseen in the Plan of Operation, there is still a need for improvement in the facilities for practical work in seismology. In connexion with the training in earthquake

engineering, it should be recorded that IISEE is affiliated to the Building Research Institute of the Ministry of Construction, and that there has been close co-operation with this institute. By the end of 1967 the equipment ordered

under the Special Fund totalled $125,037, of which equipment to the amount of $120,665 had been delivered to the project. The sum of approximately $1 5,000 remaining from the allocation of $140,000 agreed in the Plan of Oper- ation has been earmarked for equipment and

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books. All the equipment delivered has been properly installed and is in use. In any institution the building-up of a library

is a gradual process. In the early stages of IISEE, students were hampered by the lack of library facilities. This was a matter of serious concern to the staff and the Unesco experts, so much so that mimeographed copies of selected lectures were supplied to the students as a substitute for books. Also, arrangements were made for students to have access to libraries in other co-operating institutions. The question was discussed in detail at the meeting of senior consultants in 1964, and the steps taken, described above, have greatly improved the situation. The library now possesses over 4,000 books and journals, and has a collection of more than 5,000 offprints of relevant papers. As the library expands, the need of increased staff and library space will call for consideration.

Fellowships

The genesis and development of the training programme in Japan have been described earlier. Details are given in Appendix E. The fellowships awarded by the government

included the cost of travel to and from Japan, living expenses, tuition costs and incidental expenses, amounting in all to an estimated cost of $3,600 for each fellow. The number of fellowships to be awarded was advertised early in each calendar year, and applications for fellowships were made through the Japanese diplo- matic missions and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Japan. The fellowships awarded by UNDP(SF)/

Unesco carried similar benefits, but the tuition costs were met by the Government of Japan, and the fellowships were administered in accordance with the fellowship regulations of the Executing Agency. For these fellowships, Mem- ber States of the United Nations or its Specialized Agencies that are signatories of a Special Fund Agreement were invited to submit candidatures, which were examined by the Executing Agency in consultation with the Director of the project. The minimum qualification for an applicant

was that he should be a university graduate, or the equivalent. Since instruction is given in English it was essential that a fellow should have a good command of that language. Expe-

rience has shown that the lack of a reasonably good training in mathematics is a serious draw- back to a trainee’s progress. In view of the wide range in the previous

education and occupations of the trainees, as well as in their age and interests, the process of adaptation to courses of study in seismology and in earthquake engineering necessarily presented difficulties to newcomers. The shortage of suitable textbooks and the inability of students to spend much on their purchase constitu- ted difficulties in the earlier stages of the project, and the perseverance of the trainees in settling down to a programme of hard work is much to be commended. It may at first have been some disappointment to trainees whose ambition it was to learn to tackle the problems of building construction in their own countries, that they had to devote time to understanding, at least in outline, a large proportion of theoretical seismology; however, lectures, demonstrations and visits to construction work and areas of earthquake damage led trainees to realize that the various aspects and topics of instruction were all parts of one very large subject. The growth of an institution must in general

be by a process of successive approximation; the imperfections of the original scheme of instruction have already been indicated. To some extent it has been possible to adapt this scheme to meet more nearly the requirements of the trainees in relation to the problems of their own countries. The hours of lecturing have been somewhat shortened, and up to the limits of the facilities of the institute more attention has been paid to practical instruction. The need for a working seismological observatory, as recommended by the consultants, has been continually kept in mind and there is every hope that this important development will soon be achieved. There are considerable advantages in con-

fining the instruction to a rather small community. Although the number of applications for fellowships indicates perhaps a need somewhat greater than can be met by IISEE under the present project, small numbers (of the order of twenty-five at any one time) enable a close relationship to be maintained between the staff and students, in sharp contrast to the impersonal kind of lecturing with which large classes have to be content in many institutions: that is to say, a kind of informal tutorial system is in effect built into the structure of this close- knit community. This facility of communications

17


makes more easy the problem of mutual adaptation of staff and students, of syllabus and study. The complete list of fellows who studied at

the institute during the period from 1963 to 1968 is given in Appendix E.

Activities of trainees after return to their respective countries

The institute and the Executing Agency have made a point of keeping in touch with trainees after they have returned to their home countries. In Appendix E a list is given of the present occupations of these trainees. It will be seen that with few exceptions the trainees are either actively engaged in research or teaching in seismology or earthquake engineering or they are employed in posts of responsibility in which the knowledge and experience acquired at the institute is directly applied to the field of building or public works.

Advisory services of the institute During the period of the project, the institute was called upon to provide advisory services on a number of occasions including visits of members of the staff (both Japanese and Unesco experts) to several countries. Details of these activities are given in Appendix J.

Publications

In spite of their heavy teaching commitments, the staff and the Unesco experts published a number of papers setting out the results of their own researches. Such research work is important for the institute in enhancing its reputation both in Japan and abroad: the trainees are thus made aware that they are in contact with the latest developments of their science, and indeed some of the researches published by the institute were the work of trainees. In addition, the individual studies of the trainees contain valuable material for further research. Apart from individual studies by participants

at the institute, which are published annually, and other occasional works, the main publications of the institute are: Bulletin of the International Institute of Seismo-

logy and Earthquake Engineering. Published annually, it contains reports on research by the staff, Unesco experts and trainees.

Prospectus of the Institute. Published annually, it contains general information, list of persons holding teaching assignments, number of participants, analysed according to country and academic year.

Year Book. Published annually, it contains home address and profession of all trainees who participated in the course, with their photo- graphs, list of staff and Unesco experts.

Progress Report. Published occasionally. Con- tents : Brief history of IISEE, organization, training curriculum, research activity of teaching staff, list of equipment, publications and other items of interest.

18

III. Conclusions

Assessment of the project The project achieved its main purpose and provided training to 155 engineers and scientists from the developing countries in seismology and earthquake engineering. Besides training, the institute has also contributed to the advance- ment of knowledge in these fields through its research activities. Its staff has co-operated in surveying and making recommendations for reconstruction of areas damaged as a result of earthquakes. Staff members have been sent to developing countries to advise on educational programmes and measures to be introduced to minimize the effect of earthquake damage. The institute decided to publish annual bulletins on its research activities, the first of which was issued in 1965. This bulletin, in addition to containing papers prepared by staff members, experts and trainees, contains reports of individual studies for the benefit of other researchers and institutions throughout the world. The institute is therefore serving not only as a training centre for engineers and scientists from the developing countries but also as a world- wide centre of information in seismology and earthquake engineering. One of the principal difficulties facing the

Director of the institute and the Unesco experts and consultants has been in devising a training curriculum to meet the needs of students from many different countries with widely differing academic and social backgrounds. Much can be done by a careful selection of trainees, and this is relatively easy when there are a large number of applicants from whom to choose for the award of fellowships. The Unesco Secre- tariat has always paid great attention to this aspect of fellowship selection and has attempted to choose for each annual training course a group of students who are as homogeneous as possible with regard to age and academic attainment. Before proceeding to the award of fellowships, Unesco has always requested and

obtained the advice of the Acting Director of the institute. This arrangement has worked well on the whole, but it appears that the government agency responsible for the selection of candidates for the Japanese fellowships has not always followed the same procedure and that the Acting Director has had little say in the selection of candidates for these fellowships. The result has been that a great deal of individual attention has had to be given to each trainee at the outset of each training course, and in some cases the better-qualified trainees have had to be held back in order to allow the less-qualified ones to catch up with them. Problems of this kind are, of course, inevitable in an international training programme and can be dealt with if the ratio of staff to students is kept at a high level. With regard to the staff of the institute,

Unesco is still rather concerned by the high proportion of the teaching which is done by visiting, part-time lecturers. The fact that these lecturers come from universities in Tokyo and are often leading authorities in their respective fields does not disguise the fact that they are unable to give the persona1 attention to the students which a training course of this kind requires. A similar remark can be made about the

Unesco experts. During the first phase, the government requested that experts remain at the institute for a period of no more than one year. The reason given for this was that the government wished, at the beginning of the institute’s development, to call upon as wide a variety as possible of individual skill and experience. Unesco believes that this decision was perfectly justified, but it has meant that the experts have not always been able to give of their best, because it inevitably took them some time to adapt to new surroundings and to the particular problem presented by the international nature of the institute. The only serious and recurring criticism of

the training curriculum that has been received,

19

Conclusions

both from Unesco experts and trainees, is that insufficient time and facilities are provided for practical training. In the field of seismology, the situation will undoubtedly improve when the institute has been able to install its own seismological observatory. The government has indicated that it will provide funds for the building of this observatory in 1969. On the earthquake engineering side, the situation is rather better because the institute is situated in the grounds of the Building Research Institute of the Ministry of Construction and the students are able to visit the laboratories of this latter institute and to see experimental work in progress. However, even here, the practical instruction is limited to demonstrations of experi- ments and the students have few opportunities to operate equipment themselves and thus to acquire practical experience in experimental work. The panel of senior consultants, in its various reports, has drawn the attention of the Director of the institute and of the government to this problem, and there has indeed been considerable improvement during the latter years of the first phase of the project. Another subject of preoccupation has been

the library of the Institute, which, at the outset, was quite inadequate for the students. Arran- gements were made for the exchange of publications with other institutes, and also through the use of equipment funds for the purchase of books, so that the library is now adequate for the purposes of the regular course. However, considerable expansion is still needed in order that it may meet the requirements of the participants in the advanced course, who will devote a much greater proportion of their time to individual study and research. From the beginning of the project up to the

present time, the institute has been administered, on behalf of the Ministry of Construction, by the Director of the Building Research Institute. This has been, on the whole, a very satisfactory arrangement and has assured the institute of effective financial and material support. However, when the participation of UNDP(SF) and Unesco comes to an end in 1972, the question will arise as to the form in which the institute shall continue its activities and the way in which its international character can be preserved. Furthermore, with the introduction of the advanced course, the need will arise for the institute to be given some academic sta- tus in order that the work carried out by the

advanced trainees may be recognized by one or more universities as qualifying for the award of a university degree or diploma. It seems therefore both inevitable and desirable that the institute seek a greater degree of autonomy provided that this can be achieved without com- promising its financial situation. This is, of course, first and foremost a matter for study and decision by the Japanese authorities. How- ever, Unesco naturally feels concerned with the future of the institute, and is ready to assist in any way it can.

Follow-up

The panel of senior consultants appointed by Unesco and the government reviewed the results, progress and deficiencies of the institute and concluded that the institute, in order to better meet the needs of developing countries for engineers and scientists specializing in seismology and earthquake engineering, should rein- force and expand the curriculum to reflect more fully the widely varying academic leveIs of the trainees. They recommended further that instruction be given in future at two levels, namely in regular and advanced training courses. The government accepted the consultants’

recommendations and accordingly requested further assistance from UNDP(SF) to help establish a higher-level course in seismology and earthquake engineering at the institute as well as to expand the advisory services it can provide to developing countries. This application for further support was endorsed by the governments of Chile, Indonesia, Iran and Venezuela and each country agreed to avail itself continually of the facilities! for the training of its nationals. At its meeting in June 1968 the Governing

Council of the United Nations Development Programme agreed to provide further assistance for a four-year period beginning 1 Septem- ber 1968. The new elements of the second phase are: 1. The creation of an advanced course, in which participants will devote themselves mainly to research work on problems most urgently needing solution in their own countries. They will also be called upon to assist in the teaching programme for the trainees of the regular course.

20

Conclusions

2. The creation of new curricula in the present regular training course. In seismology, the course will be divided during the second half of the academic year into two options: (a) an improved course along the present lines, but with greater emphasis on seismic zoning, seismotectonics, research and independent study; and (b) a new course in instrumentation and data processing, with emphasis on practical training in techniques important for seismological observatory personnel. Correspondingly, for earthquake engineer-

ing, the second part of the year will contain options mainly for building and civil engineering construction ; this will supersede the

present practice of teaching these subjects in series throughout the year, and participants will thus be able to make a selection from two parallel courses according to their specialized fields. Individual study will begin much earlier than at present.

3. Improved communication between seismologists and earthquake engineers, with the object of closing the gap between the two fields.

The minimum qualification for advanced level participants will be a Master’s degree or its equivalent. The institute should attract participants not only from developing countries, but also from advanced countries, including Japan.

21

IV. Recommendations

The following specific recommendations rep- resent an attempt to summarize the lessons learnt from the experience gained in carrying out the first phase, that may be applied during the operation of the second phase: 1. Special care should be taken, both by the Executing Agency and by the government, in the selection of trainees for the regular courses in order to reduce to a minimum the difficulties caused by disparity in the professional levels of the trainees.

2. The institute should continue and intensify its efforts to provide more scope for individual practical work with seismological instruments and engineering laboratory equipment as part of the regular courses. The institute urgently needs to have its own seismological observatory installed, for preference in a rural area within easy reach of Tokyo, so that trainees may be given detailed practical instruction in the operation and maintenance of such observations.

3. Despite recent acquisitions, the institute’s library still requires enlargement and improvement, and substantial funds should be allocated to the purchase of books and period- icals during the second phase.

4. In view of the inevitable differences in the background qualifications and experience of trainees coming from many different countries, the institute should be prepared to provide an unusual degree of personal attention and supervision of their studies; this implies a further strengthening of the permanent teaching staff of the institute and a gradual reduction in the proportion of lectures given by visiting professors from other Japanese institutions.

5. While the institute itself has undoubtedly gained from the participation of a large number of foreign specialists serving as Unesco/UNDP(SF) experts for periods of one year or less, it is recommended that the Executing Agency and the Government explore the possibility of engaging foreign specialists to serve for more than one year at the institute during the second phase; this would tend to ensure a greater degree of continuity and would enable the foreign specialists to adapt themselves more fully to the special demands of the institute.

6. The proposal to initiate an advanced course for more highly-qualified trainees is wel- comed.

7. From the point of view of the trainees, and particularly of those who will be taking the advanced course, it is desirable that the institute endeavour to make arrangements with appropriate universities, either in Japan or in other countries, whereby the trainees’ study or research at the institute would be recognized as fulfilling, wholly or partly, the requirements for a university degree or diploma. The academic level of the work already carried out by some trainees during the first phase of the project is sufficient to justify the institute in seeking such an arrangement.

8. Finally, it is recommended that the government give early consideration to the question of establishing the institute on a permanent basis, ensuring its international character, after the end of the second phase project in 1972.

22

Appendixes A Plan of Operation

PROJECT DATA SUMMARY

Special Fund allocation: $761,700.1 Government of Japan counterpart

Duration : Five years. Executing Agency: United Nations

(estimated): $1,001,920. contribution

Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco).

Construction. Co-operating Government Agency : Ministry of

1. For the purpose of the project for an International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering in Tokyo, Japan, to be undertaken by the Government of Japan and by Unesco acting as Executing Agency for the United Nations Special Fund, this Plan of Operation shall be the Plan of Operation provided for in Article I, paragraph 2 of the Agreement between the Government of Japan and the United Nations Special Fund concerning assistance from the Special Fund for the establishment of an Interna- tional Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering signed in New York on 31 October 1962.

I. PURPOSE AND D E S C R I P T I O N OF THE PROJECT

2. The purpose of the project is to establish an International Institute of Seismology and Earth- quake Engineering, whose main function will be to offer advanced training in seismology and earthquake engineering, particularly to scientists and engineers from those countries lying within the main seismic zones of the world, where the science and applications of seismology are as yet not fully developed. The institute will also undertake research in earthquake engineering and related seismological problems.

3. The institute will draw on the facilities for training and research in these subjects offered by existing Japanese institutions, including those which have collaborated in recent years in the international training courses held under the auspices of the Uni- versity of Tokyo. The international character of the institute will be reinforced by the participation of

experts from other countries in the teaching and research activities, and by an increase in the number of trainees coming from abroad.

4. The institute will thus be in a position to respond to the need for specialists in seismology and earthquake engineering, the lack of whom is one of the main factors retarding progress in alleviating the destructive effects of earthquakes in many parts of the world.

II. WORK PLAN

A. PARTICIPATION AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIAL FUND

Experts 5. The Special Fund, acting through the Executing Agency, shall provide the services of the following experts and consultants: (a) two experts in seismology (total 96 man-months); (b) two experts in earthquake engineering (total 72 man-months) ; and (c) three short-term consultants (total 12 man- months). In the recruitment of experts and consultants, the Executing Agency shall follow its normal procedure. One of the experts shall be selected as Chief Technical Adviser by the Executing Agency in consultation with the government (see paragraph 33).

6. The expert services to be provided by the Special Fund are summarized in Appendix I: attached to this Plan of Operation.2

Fell0 wshìps 7. The Special Fund, acting through the Executing Agency, shall award a maximum total of sixty-seven fellowships (total 804 man-months) in seismology and earthquake engineering, to enable persons from other countries to pursue the course of study offered by the institute.

1.

2.

This figure includes the government’s payments towards local operating costs. The appendixes referred to were included in the original document but have not been reproduced in the present text.

23

Appendixes

8. Member States of the United Nations or its Specialized Agencies, which are signatories of the Special Fund Agreement, shall be invited to present candidatures for the fellowships, which shall be examined by the Executing Agency in consultation with the project Director. Fellowships awarded to the successful candidates shall be administered in accordance with the normal fellowship regulations of the Executing Agency.

9. Appendix I sets out the estimated cost of these fellowships.

Equipment 10. The Special Fund, through the Executing Agency, shall furnish equipment to the project of value not to exceed $140,000.

11. The detailed list of equipment shall be established by the Chief Technical Adviser in consultation with the project Director and submitted by him to the Executing Agency. The Executing Agency shall finalize the list and order the equipment in accordance with its normal procedure, bearing in mind the fact that equipment shall be delivered to the project site only after buildings are ready to house it.

12. Appendix I sets out the estimated cost of the equipment.

13. The Special Fund shall meet the cost of transportation and insurance of the equipment from the country of purchase to the port of entry.

Miscellaneous expenditure 14. Miscellaneous expenses to be borne by the Special Fund in connexion with the project shall not exceed $19,500; the anticipated yearly expendi- tures are set out in Appendix I attached to this Plan of Operation.

B. PARTICIPATION AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE GOVERNMENT

15. The government shall, on the basis of its relevant and applicable laws and in accordance with its annual budgetary appropriations, contribute to the project in kind and in cash as follows:

Governinent counterpart contribution in kind 16. Land. The government shall allot to the institute an area of 2,100 square metres, located within the precincts of the Building Research Institute, for the construction of a building to house the institute. The estimated value of this land, at $75 per square metre, is $157,500.

17. Building. The government shall construct a

building to house the institute, having a floor area of approximately 1,300 square metres, at a cost of $94,510. In addition, the government shall provide the necessary furniture and fittings for this building.

18. Equipment. The government shall supply directly to the institute equipment to a value of $56,370 in 1962 and of $27,060 in 1963, making a total of $83,430.

19. In addition, the government shall transfer to the institute training equipment, at present installed in the Building Research Institute, whose value is estimated at $49,500. It shall also make available to the institute, for its training programme, certain laboratory, workshop and library facilities, located in the Building Research Institute and other institutes in Tokyo; the value of these facilities is estimated at $9,830 per year.

20. Fellowships. The government shall award, during the period of operation of the project, seventy- eight fellowships to enable persons from countries other than Japan to undertake the course of studies offered by theinstitute. The value of these fellowships, which will include tïavel to and from Japan, living expenses and tuition costs, is estimated at $280,800 (78 Y $3,600).

21. In addition, the government shall meet the tuition costs of the persons attending the institute with fellowships awarded by the Special Fund. These costs are estimated at $670 per fellowship, and the total contribution of the government under this heading will thus be $44,890 (67 Y $670).

22. The provision for these fellowships by the government is shown in Appendix II attached to this Plan of Operation.

23. Participants from Japan may be admitted to the courses but their number shall not exceed one-third of the total number of trainees.

24. Stuf. The government shall provide to the project the following staff and consultants of Japanese nationality : a project Director (see paragraph 32); an assistant project Director; eight experts in seismology and earthquake engineering (forming the professional staff); eight other staff, including research assistants, a librarian, a chauffeur, a guard, etc. ; three consultants as counterparts to those provided by the Special Fund (see paragraph 34).

25. The cost of salaries, allowances, overtime and other staff expenses is estimated at $28,680 during the first year of operation. Making allowance for an annual increase of 4 per cent in these costs each year, the total contribution of the government under this heading will be $155,340.

24

Appendixes

26. Riming costs. The government shall meet the running costs of the institute, including the costs of training excursions, the remuneration and transportation of visiting lecturers, expenditure on research, etc. The contribution of the government under this heading is estimated to be $21,300 during the first year of operation and $16,360 during each subsequent year, making a total of $86,800 for the duration of the project. 27. Internationnl transport, installation and maintenance of equipment contributed by the Special Fund. The government shall designate a responsible agent or authority to receive the equipment at the port of entry and to deliver it to the project site.

28. The government shall meet the cost of clearance through customs of project equipment, its transportation from the port of entry to the project site as mel1 as its insurance, handling and storage within the country, and related expenses.

Government contribution towards local operating

29. With reference to the payments to be made by the government under Article V, paragraph 1 (a) to (d) of the Agreement referred to in paragraph 1 of this Plan of Operation, excepting the cost of transport within the country of project equipment, which is a counterpart contribution (see paragraph 28 above), the government shall pay to the Special Fund the equivalent of $51,975 at the rate of exchange applicable on the day of payment towards local operating costs. This amount represents 15 per cent of the total estimated cost to the Special Fund of foreign project personnel (see paragraph 5 above). The above amount shall be deposited by the Govern- ment to the credit of the Special Fund account, in the Mitsui Eank, Mead Office, Tokyo in accordance with the following schedule: Equivalent of $1,730 on signature o€ this Plan of

Equivalent of $9,820 on 1 May 1963 Equivalent of $11,550 on 1 May 1964 Equivalent of $10,395 on 1 May 1965 Equivalent of $10,395 on 1 May 1966 Equivalent of $8,085 on 1 May 1967

costs

Operation

Payment of the above amounts, on or before the dates specified above is a prerequisite to operation.

C. SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS

30. The Executing Agency shall commence execution of the project on receipt of written authorization to do so from the Managing Director of the Special Fund.

31. The operation of the project is expected to commence in September 1962. The anticipated sequence of subsequent operations is as follows :

1962 The Executing Agency will appoint the first two experts, in seismology and in earthquake engineering, who are expected to take up their posts towards the end of the year or early in 1963. Ten fellowships will be awarded to trainees from other countries for study at the institute (see footnotes to Table I). The government will allot the land and will

complete the building to house the institute. It will provide the project Director, the assistant project Director and most of the professional and other Japanese staff of the institute. It will award fifteen fellowships to trainees from other countries for study at the institute in 1962-63 and will supply the institute with equipment and facilities to a value of $115,700.

1963 The Executing Agency will arrange the first meeting betwcen its consultants and their Japanese counterparts in Tokyo in the secund quarter of the year. The second expert in earthquake engineering will

be appointed and will take up his duties in July or August, in time to prepare for the commencement of the courses in September. In April the Executing Agency will invite applica-

tions for fifteen fellowships to be awarded in June for study at the institute in 1963-64. The experts in seisniology and in earthquake engi-

neering will draw up, in consultation with the project Director, a list of equipment for purchase by the Executing Agency and will forward this list to the Agency Headquarters before mid-year. All or most of the orders will be placed, and it is expected that equipment to a value of $15,000 will be despatched to the institute by the end of the year. The government will provide the full professional

and other Japanese staff of the institute throughout the year. It will also award fifteen fellowships to trainees from other countries for study at the institute in 1963-64, and will supply equipment and facilities to the institute to a value of $36,890 in the course of the year.

1964 The expert in earthquake engineering appointed in 1963 will terminate his mission at mid-year and the Executing Agency will appoint the second expert in seismology, who will take up his post in July or August, in time to prepare for the course beginning in September. The second meeting of the Executing Agency’s

consultants with their Japanese counterparts will take place in Tokyo in September or early October.

1. Not included in the present text.

25

Appendixes

In April the Executing Agency will invite applications for fifteen fellowships to be awarded in June for study at the institute in 1964-65. It is estimated that equipment to a value of

approximately $75,000 will be delivered to the institute in the course of the year, as a result of orders placed by the Executing Agency in 1963. By mid- 1964, the remaining orders, if any, will have been placed for all the equipment to be furnished by the Executing Agency to the institute. The government will continue to meet the local

staff and running costs of the institute throughout the year. It will award fifteen fellowships to trainees from other countries for study at the institute in 1964-65, and will provide to the institute facilities to a value of $9,830.

1965 The Executing Agency will continue to supply the services of three experts (two in seismology and one in earthquake engineering) throughout the year. In April applications will be invited for fifteen

fellowships, to be awarded in June, for study at the institute in 1965-66. The remainder of the equipment ordered by the

Executing Agency in 1963 (and in 1964, if any) will be delivered to the Institute in the course of the year, bringing the total value of equipment supplied up to $140,000. The government will continue to meet the local

staff and running costs of the institute throughout the year. It will award fifteen fellowships to trainees from other countries for study at the institute in 1965-66, and will provide to the institute facilities to a value of $9,830.

1966 The Executing Agency will continue to supply the services of three experts throughout the year. In April, it will invite applications for twelve

fellowships, to be awarded in June, for study at the institute in 1966-67. The government will continue to meet the local

staff and running costs of the institute throughout the year. It will award eighteen fellowships to trainees from other countries for study at the institute in 1966-67, and will provide to the institute facilities to a value of $9,830.

1967 The third and last meeting between the executing Agency’s consultants and their Japanese counterparts will take place in Tokyo in the second quarter of the year. It will be concerned particularly with plans for the continuation of the work of the institute after the termination of this project. The three experts supplied by the Executing

Agency will terminate their missions between June and September.

By the end of September, the Executing Agency will have completed the execution of the Special Fund’s obligations under this Plan of Operation. The government will take steps to ensure that the

institute will continue to function as an international centre for training and research in seismology and earthquake engineering after termination of this project.

D. ORGANIZATION

32. The responsibility for discharging the government’s obligations under this Plan of Operation shall lie with the Ministry of Construction, represented by the project Director (see paragraph 24 above).

33. The Chief Technical Adviser (see paragraph 5 above) shall provide the direct channel of communications between the Executing Agency and the institute. H e shall be responsible for the satisfactory integration into the project of the Special Fund’s contribution, and to this end shall maintain close consultative relations with the project Director.

34. The three consultants appointed by the Execu- ting Agency (see paragraph 5) and the three Japanese consultants (see paragraph 24) shall meet in Tokyo three times during the period of execution of the project in accordance with the schedule set out in paragraph 31 of this Plan of Operation. Their function shall be to advise the government, the Executing Agency and the Special Fund, throughout the duration of the project, with regard to: (a) the training programme of the institute (syllabus and curriculum of the training courses, the number of the trainees, staffing), and (b) the research programme of the institute.

III. BUDGET

35. In addition to the services and facilities described in paragraphs 15-28 above to be provided in kind to the project by the government, estimated to cost a total of Japanese Yen 360,691,200, the equivalent of $1,001,920 as detailed in Appendix TI, the estimated total cash project budget amounting to the equivalent of $761,700 will consist of the following: (a) the gross cost of experts, fellowships, equipment and miscellaneous expenses, described in paragraphs 5-14 above, to be met by the Special Fund and amounting to a total of $707,000 which includes an amount estimated at the equivalent of $51,975 representing cash payments in local currency to be made by the government to the Special Fund towards local operating costs described in paragraph 29 above; (b) the overhead costs of the Executing Agency ($54,700) to be met by the Special Fund.

26

Appendixes

IV. REPORTS

Reports by the government 36. At the end of each fiscal year (31 March), or during the first quarter of the following fiscal year, the government shall submit to the Executing Agency a report on the government's expenditure in connection with the project. The report shall be set out in the form of a comparison with the expected expenditure under this Plan of Operation.

37. At the end of each calendar year, the Chief Technical Adviser and the project Director shall jointly establish and certify an inventory of the equipment supplied to the project since its commencement with the funds allocated by the Special Fund. This inventory shall be submitted by the Executing Agency to the Special Fund.

v. CONCLUSION

Continuation of the project 38. After the period of assistance by the Executing Agency and the Special Fund has been completed, the government undertakes, on the basis of its relevant and applicable laws and in accordance with its annual budgetary appropriations, to continue the activities of the institute at the same level. Arran- gements for such a continuation shall be effected between the Executing Agency and the government in the course of the last year of programme operation.

Transfer of the title of property on equipment 39. Upon successful conclusion of the project, the government, the Executing Agency and the Special Fund shall consult with a view to effecting the transfer to the government or a designated agency of the government, the title of the equipment which remains the property of the Special Fund during the period covered by this Plan of Operation.

Visits to the project 40. In order to assess progress in the operation of the project, or to discuss its development with the experts or government authorities, representatives of the Executing Agency or the Special Fund, including the liaison officer of the United Nations Technical Assistance Board and Special Fund, may visit the project at any time.

Supplementary assistance from other sources 41. The receipt of assistance from the Special Fund to the project shall not prevent the government from receiving assistance from other sources (through United Nations programmes, bilateral programmes, private foundations). The government agrees to furnish the Executing Agency with information on any such assistance.

Revision of the Plan of Operation 42. If, in the course of the implementation of the project, one or more of the parties concerned should consider a revision of this Plan of Operation advisable, such a revision shall be discussed by the three parties concerned, and any necessary changes shall be a matter of agreement between them, subject to their respective legal procedures. Agreed on behalf of the Parties by the undersigned.

Amendment No. 1'

PROJECT DATA SUMMARY

Special Fund allocation: $818,740 Consisting of Special Fund contribution: $73 1,940. Government contribution towards local operating

Government counterpart contribution in kind :

Duration : Five years. Executing Agency : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco).

Co-operating government agency : Ministry of Construction.

costs: $86,800.

$1,001,920.

The Plan of Operation signed on 31 October 1962, shall, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 42 thereof, be amended as follows:

1. The attached Appendix 12, Plan of Expenditure- United Nations Special Fund Allocation, shall be amended in accordance with the attached revision to reflect minor adjustments in the Work Plan. 2. The attached Appendix IV, Schedule of Opera- tions, indicating the main features of the revised Work Plan shall be newly added.

3. In Section IV (Reports) of the Plan of Operation a new paragraph on the final report shall be inserted, worded as follows:

Final report Within three months following the conclusion of project operations the Executing Agency will submit a final comprehensive report on the project to the Managing Director of the Special Fund for presenta- tion to the government.

Agreed, on behalf of the parties, by the undersigned.

1. October 1965. 2. The appendixes referred to were included in the original

document but have not been reproduced in the present text.

27

Appendixes

Adjustment Advice No. 2 This Plan of Operation, signed on 31 October 1962, adjusted according to Adjustment Advice No. 1, and amended according to Amendment No. 1, has been further adjusted as follows: 1. Corrigeitdum. The amount of Governnient rontri- bution towards local operating costs, which was erronously shown at $86,800 in Amendment No. 1

should read $51,975. Payments equivalent to $51,975 have been effected by the government at this date.

2. The attached Appendix 12-Dlan of Expenditure- Special Fund allocation, has been revised as indicated to reflect adjustments in the Work Plan.

3. The attached Appendix IV-Schedule of Opera- tions-indicates the main features of the revised Work Flan.

1. November 1967. 2. The appendixes referred to were included in the original

document but have not been reproduced in the present text.

28

B Project finance

Plan of Operation1 Actual2 __ UNDP(SF) Unesco contribution

Expert services Fellowships Equipment Miscellaneous Executing Agency costs

0 Q 382 299 398 948 233 871 232 588 145000 132841 32 330 31 001 72 400 72 400 865900 867778

~~

Government of Japan contribution

Counterpart staff 55 922 400 77 941 800 Buildings, furnishings and equipment 99572400 196115580

Fellowships, including salary payments to counterpart staff on fellowship leave 117248400 134462400

students’ subsistence and miscellaneous services 31 248 O00 34055 280

303991200 442575060

Yen3 Yen3

Recurrent operating costs,

1. Adjustment Advice No. 2 (November 1967). 2. Figures up to 31 July 1968. 3. $1 = 360 Yen.

29

C Unesco experts

~~ ~

Academic Name and year nationality

Field of competence From To

1963-64 Bruce H. Falconer, N e w Zealand Earthquake engineering, Chief Technical Adviser

1964-65 J. Penzien, United States of America Earthquake engineering, Chief Technical Adviser

Vit Karnik, Czechoslovakia Seismology

K. E. Bullen, Australia Seismology G. P. Gorshkov, U.S.S.R. Seismology

1965-66 E. E. Vesanen, Finland Seismology, Chief Technical Adviser

R. M. S. Teisseyre, Poland Seismology I. Alpan, Israel Earthquake engineering

1966-67 C. Kisslinger, United States of Seismology, America Chief Technical Adviser

I. E. Gubin, U.S.S.R. Seismology S. Cherry, Canada Earthquake engineering R. Flores, Chile Earthquake engineering

Chief Technical Adviser Earthquake engineering

1967-68 L. Egyed, Hungary Seismology,

N. Norby Nielsen, Denmark K. E. Bullen, Australia Seismology

15.11.63

14.9.63 22.8.64

13.8.64 5.10.64 11.8.65

15.8.65 22.8.65 14.8.66

24.8.66 13.8.66 9.1.67 20.8.67

3.9.67 6.10.67

14.1 1.64

13.9.64 21.8.65

3.3.65 20.7.65 10.8.66

14.8.66 21.8.66 13.8.67

23 A67 12.8.67 23.6.67 19.8.68

2.9.68 31.5.68

30

D Counterpart staff

Name Title ~-

Dr. T. Hisada Director of the Building Research Institute and Project Director of IISEE' Acting Director of IISEE Dr. S. Omote

Research and teaching sfaff

Dr. K. Nakagawa Dr. T. Santo Mr. T. Okubo Mr. N. Nakajima Dr. M. Izumi Dr. M. Ozaki Dr. M. Watabe Dr. A. Terashima

Senior consirltants

Professor Kiyoshi Muto Professor Nobuji Nasu Dr. Kiyoo Wadati

Research assistants Mr. H. Murata Mr. H. Asaba Mr. Y. Hanabusa Miss H. Yamagishi

Librarian Miss M. Ohta

Chief Research Engineer Chief Research Seismologist Chief Research Engineer Research Seismologist Research Engineer Research Engineer Research Engineer Research Seismologist

1. International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering.

31

E Fellowships

Name Nationality

UNDP(SF) fellowships Boen, T. T. Banijamali, M. Taningco, P. E.

Chang, H. H.

Sauter, F. F.

Correa, C. A. Rathi S. N. Ingco, G. C.

Lechuga, M. P.

Zapanta, S. L.

Jankovic, M. AIlam, A. M.

Song, H. S.

Janakiramiah, B. Nag, S. K.

Sinha, S. B. Park, S. H.

Syed, A. A. Poobrasert. S.

ocal, N.

Lee, M. H. A.

Chen, W. Y.

Escallon, A. S.

Cepeda, C. J. M.

Henaku, N. O.

Prakash, A.

Period of study Present function __

Indonesia Iran Philippines

Republic of China

Costa Rica

Mexico Nepal Philippines

Philippines

Philippines

Yugoslavia United Arab Republic

Republic of China

India India

India Republic of Korea

Pakistan Thailand

Turkey

Chile

Republic of China

Colombia

EI Salvador

Ghana

India

1962-63 1962-63 1962-63

1963-64

1963-64

1963-64 1963-64 1963-64

1963-64

1963-64

1963-64 1963-64

1963-64

1963-64 1963-64

1963-64 1963-64

1963-64 1963-64

1963-64

1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

Staff Member, Regional Housing Centre.

Senior Civil Engineer, Designing Division, Bureau of Public Highways. Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Provincial Chen Kung University, Taiwan. Professor of Advanced Structural Design, University of Costa Rica, and Manager in charge of engineering, Productos de Concreto, S.A. Partner, Diseños de Ingenieria Civil. Civil Engineer, Public Works Department. Supervising Civil Engineer, Designing Division, Bureau of Public Highways. Supervising Civil Engineer, Chief, Investigation Section, National Power Corporation. Supervising Civil Engineer, Designing Division, National Power Corporation. Seismological Station Manager. Assistant Researcher, Department of Geophysics, National Research Centre, Ministry of Scientific Research. Assistant Seismologist, ANPU World Wide Stan- dard Seismograph Station, Geophysical Division, Taiwan Weather Bureau. Lecturer in Geophysics, Andhra University. Assistant Meteorologist, Seismology Section, Indian Meteorological Department. Lecturer, Indian Institute of Technology. Junior Member of Observation Section in charge of seismometers, Ministry of Transportation. Abroad on further study. Lecturer in Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University. Assistant Director, Kandilli Observatory in Istanbul and collaborating with the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey. Chief Engineer, Lee & Lozano Co. Ltd., Engineering Construction. Professor, Chen-Kung University, Architecture Department, Tainan, Taiwan. Engineer, Institute of Fomento Mpal, National Administration Centre. Seismologist, Geotechnical Research Institute, Ministry of Construction. Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, Kwame Nkruma University of Science and Technology. Reader, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Roorkee.

-

32

Appendixes

~- Name Nationality Period of study Present function

Ghassemlou, D. A.

Galtazar, 2. F. Borcena, A. C.

Özcicek, B.

Skoko, D.

Satchanski, S. V.

Amaya, G.

Aytun, A.

Dao-Trong-Hung Giuliani, H.

Khatri, V. D.

Can, R. Dutta, T. K.

Hedayati, A.

Kebeasy, R. M.

Santa Cruz, J. T. Singh, R. Bercovici, N. Dabija, F. E.

Sen, R. Miladinov. V. D.

Rames, M. R. H. Orruma, J.

Aparicio, L. J.

Gupta, H. K.

Jeong, B.

Feidler, B. G. E.

Rezayee, M. A.

Calero, H. C. B.

UNDP (TA) fellowship Tun, U. K.

Iran

Philippines Philippines

Turkey

Yugoslavia

Bulgaria

El Salvador

rurkey

Vietnam Argentina

India

Turkey India

Iran

United Arab Republic

Bolivia India Israel Romania

Turkey Yugoslavia

United Arab Republic Argentina

Bolivia

India

Republic of Korea

Venezuela

Afghanistan

Ecuador

Burma

1964-65

19644-65 1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1965-66

1965-66

1965-66 1965-66

1965-66

1965-66 1965-66

1965-66

1965-66

1965-66 1965-66 1966-67 1966-67

1966-67 1966-67

1967-67 1966-67

1966-67

1966-67

1966-67

1966-67

1966-67

1966-67

1967-68

Chief, Architecture Department, Ministry of Housing and Development. Civil Engineer, National Power Corporation. Senior Civil Engineer, Bureau of Public Highways, Designing Division. Seismologist, Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey. Assistant Professor, Geophysical Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zagreb. Scientific Collaborator, Scientific Institute of Building, Construction Section. Chief, Soil Mechanics Engineering, Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Geotecnicas, Ministerio de Obras Públicas. Civil Engineer, Research Board, General Directorate of Natural Disaster Affairs, Ministry of Housing. Architect. Professor and Research Engineer, Faculty of Engineering, University of Cuyo. Assistant Professor in Structural Engineering, Sardar Patel College of Engineering, University of Bombay. Assistant Seismologist, Kandilli Observatory. Senior Scientific Officer, Regional Research Laboratory. Jorhat. Research Staff, Geophysical Institute, Teheran University. Assistant Research, Supreme Council of Scientific Research, Helwan. Engineer, Instituto Geofisico Boliviano. Lecturer in Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University. District Engineer, Water Planning for Israel, Ltd. Engineer, Chief of Project, Institute for Studies in Architecture, Building and Construction and Town Planning. Structural Designer, Ministry of Housing. Assistant for Soil Mechanics and Foundation at the Technical Faculty, University of Skopje. Researcher, Building Research Centre. Professor, Economic Geology, Topography and Cartographic Geology. Responsible for Seismic Stations, Desaguadero and Sicasica. Scientist Grade B, National Geophysical Research Institute, Osmania University. Professor, Second National University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Seoul National University. Chief Geophysicist, Venezuelan Navy, Government of Venezuela Observatory. Instructor in Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University. Technical Adviser and Professor, Director of Excutive Committee, University of Guayaquil.

Executive Engineer, Board of Management for the Port of Rangoon.

33

Appendixes

Name Nationality Period of study Present function

Government jellowships Rosenberg, V. L. A.

Sanchez, C. A. J. Latour, O. H. S.

Almeida, F. N.

Sandhawalia, P. S.

Jahanshahi, M. T.

Ito, G. I.

Coco, R. V. Santos, R. S. Garcia, C. J.

Khan, S. A.

Peña, O. Yoma, F. Y.

Carrasco, R. Kusdarjono

Rudiman

Jahanshahi, S. Rios, R.

Turel, Y. Careage, M. J. P. Sevilla, F. Q.

Valenzuela, R. G.

Bellosillo, S. Jr. Cassis, J.

Jain, C. S.

Hadiwidjojo, W. H.

Shibayama, K.

Montes, G. R.

Yumgullu, o. Welkner, M. P.

Soekarman

Moftakhar, K.

Hussain, M.

Sungchaya, L. I.

Ayatolahi, M. A.

Chile

Ecuador Guatemala

India

India

Iran

Peru

Philippines Philippines Mexico

Pakistan

Philippines Chile

Ecuador Indonesia

Indonesia

Iran Peru

Turkey Bolivia Philippines

Philippines

Philippines Chile

India

Indonesia

Mexico

Peru

Turkey Chile

Indonesia

Iran

Pakistan

Thailand

Jran

1962-63

1962-63 1962-63

1962-63

1962-63

1962-6 3

1962-63

1962-63 1962-63 1962-63

1962-63

1962-63 1963-64

1963-64 1963-64

1963-64

1963-64 1963-64

1963-64 1963-64 1963-64

1963-64

1963-64 1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1964-65 1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1964-65

1965-66

Research Engineer, Escuela de Ingenieria, Universidad de Chile. Professor, Guayaquil University. Director, Civil Engineering Office, Centre for Industrial Production and Development. Chief Technical Examiner, Ministry of Works, Housing and Supply. Executive Engineer, Construction Division, Central Public Works Dept. Acting Director of Development Department, and Director of Urban Development and Housing. Researcher, Engineering Dept., National University of Peru. Senior Civil Engineer, Bureau of Public Works. Associate Civil Engineer, Bureau of Public Works. Chief of Earthquake and Meteorological Observatory. Professional Assistant, Seismic Section, Meteorolo- gical Research Station. Volcanologist, Commission on Volcanology. Researcher, Structural Laboratory, University of Chile. Professor, University of Ecuador. Civil Engineer, Department of Public Works and Energy. Engineering Geologist, Geological Survey of Indonesia. Director, Housing Loan Corporation. Researcher, Faculty Civil Engineering, University of Peru. Structural Designer, Ministry of Construction. Geologist, Instituto Geofisico Boliviano. Geophysical Observatory, University of the Philippines. Geophysical Observatory, University of the Philippines. Geophysicist, Philippine Weather Bureau. Research Engineer and Professor, Laboratory of Structures, Engineering School, University of Chile. Assistant Executive Engineer, Central Water and Power Commission. Senior Official, Directorate of Irrigation, Ministry of Public Works and Power. Assistant Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Mexico. Civil Engineer, Structural Institute, National University of Engineering. Civil Engineer, Middle East Technical University. Head, Seismology Department, Institute of Geophysics and Seismology, University of Chile. Assistant Geophysicist, Meteorological and Geophysical Service. Researcher, Geophysical Institute, University of Teheran. Meteorologist, Pakistan Meteorological Department. Technician, Division of Meteorological Instruments, Meteorological Department. Expert responsible for Building Code and Building Materials.

34

Appendixes

Name Nationality Period of study Present function

Gupta, L. R.

Mazumder, P. S.

Mould, J.

Khatib Semnani, M. A. Lazo, L. L. E.

Mirzaghafoury, H. Aguirre, R.

Venkatramaiah, P.

Evoghli, F.

Martinez, M. O. Limeta, F. B. Vergel de Dios, R. S.

Rizkalla, R. I. Rodriguez, E. R. Soehardi,

Ai-Tamimi,

Deza, M. R. E.

Lazo, A. M. A.

Huda, S. Q. Noponen, I.

India

India

Peru

Iran Peru

Iran Chile

India

Iran

Mexico Philippines Philippines

United Arab Republic Bolivia Indonesia

Iraq

Peru

Peru

Pakistan Finland

1965-66

1965-66

1965-66

1965-66 1965-66

1965-66 1966-67

1966-67

1966-67

1966-67 1966-67 1966-67

1966-67 1966-67 1966-67

1966-67

1966-67

1966-67

1966-67 1967-68

Executive Engineer, Central Public Works Department. Executive Engineer, Central Public Works Department, Ministry of Works and Housing. Structural Engineer, Junta Nacional de la Vivienda. Researcher, Geophysics Institute. Seismology Assistant, Geophysics Institute, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa. Researcher, Geophysics Institute. Design Engineer and Inspector of Reinforced Concrete and Metallic Structures, Empresa Nacional de Electricidad S.A. Assistant Director, Central Water and Power Commission. Structural Engineer, Ministry of Development and Housing Construction. Investigator’s Assistant, Research Institute. Civil Engineer, Bureau of Public Works. Senior Structural Engineer, Office of the City Engineer, Building Construction Inspection Division. Assistant Researcher, National Research Centre. Assistant, San Calixto Observatory. Seismological Station, Meteorological and Geophysical Service. Head, Geological Survey Department, Ministry of Oil. Assistant in local seismology project, Geophysics Institute. Research Assistant, Institute of Geophysics, National University of San Agustin. Assistant Meteorologist, Meteorological Services. Seismologist, Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki.

35

F Equipment supplied by UNDP(SF)/Unesco

Contact-type strain gauge and accessories Seismograph retraction apparatus and accessories Cartographic stereo micrometer and accessories Seismographic equipment (donation from the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey)

Recorder of seismograph and accessories Galvanometers and accessories Seismometers and accessories Synchronic master clock Strong-motion seismograph and accessories Survey-type seismoscope Seismograph and accessories Reflection seismic amplifiers (12 channels) and

Electro-hydraulic vibration generator table Strong-motion accelerograph and accessories Filter galvanometers

accessories

cost : Publications : Total

Plan of Operation estimate:

$ 121,147 11,830 132,977

145,000

36

G Building plan

nternational Institute Of Seismology and rthquake Engineering

Plot Plan

r-- ; I _ _ I I isotope 1 laborator!

Building Research Institute

International

Location Map

37

South elevation

* 12m 12m L 12m I Electronic computer

c

U I I I I I

First floor

I I ¡Ea I l

East elevation

Seismic instruments Conference room

c Y

Second floor

38

North elevation

Third floor

~_ 36m c 12m I 12m 12m

T

432 mz

West elevation

Total

N

1,296 rnz

r

Third floor

First floor 432 mz

I Second floor1 432 mz I

39

H Curricula of courses

SEI SMOLO GY CO UR SE

General course

Elementary mathematics Earthquake damage Introduction to structural dynamics

Introduction to soil mechanics Introduction to earthquake resistant

Visit to Tokyo University

for building structures

design of civil engineering structures

Special course

Theoretical seismology Theory of elastic waves Elasticity theory Vibration and waves Bodily and surface elastic waves Reflection and refraction

Seismic rays and travel time Seismic ray theory Amplitude of seismic wave Travel time

Theory of earthquake mechanism

General course

Elementary mathematics Earthquake damage General seismology Visit to Tokyo University

25 days

(9) (4)

148 days

27 days (13)

Observational seismology 42 days Theory and practice of seismograph (1 5) Seismological instruments (10) Observatory seismology (10) Structure of the Earth (7)

Seismicity 29 days Destructive earthquakes (7) Magnitude and energy of earthquake (8) Seismicity and seismotectonics (7) Statistical seismology (7)

Special lectures 36 days Seismic prospecting (5) Geophysics (5) Volcanology (3) Crustal deformation (5) Experimental seismology (4)

earthquake damage (5) (4)

Ground characteristics related to

Internal constitution of the Earth Current topics in seismology and geophysics (5)

(4) Observation trip to Kansai and Kyiishu districts 10 days

Field study at Asaina and at Matsushiro 4 days

EARTHQUAKE E N G I N E E R I N G COURSE

Special course

Soil Mechanics and foundation engineering Fundamentals Dynamics of soil and foundation Design of Foundation Laboratory and field works

148 days

25 days (9) (3) (3) (10)

Earthquake-resistan t design of building structures

Structural dynamics Analysis of building structures Building code and regulations Various kinds of building structures Observation and special lectures

Earthquake-resistant design of civil engineering

Structures Harbour engineering Waterworks engineering Bridge engineering D a m engineering Special lectures

Observation trip to Kansai and Kyushu districts 10 days

40

J Advisory services carried out by the institute

The services listed below were carried out during the first phase of the project

Year Name Months Counw Subject

1963 T. Hisada' 1.2 Yugoslavia K. MutoZ S. Okamoto2

1964 N. Nakajima3 0.5 Indonesia

1965 M. 1"i3 15 Yugoslavia

1966 E. Vesanen3 0.3 1967 K. Nakagawa3 0.2

1967 S. Omote3 1.5

Republic of China Republic of China

Venezuela

Technical assistance, advice on reconstruction of the city of Skopje

Technical assistance, microtremor measurement Dr. Izumi was appointed to the post of a Unesco expert on earthquake engineering at the Institute of Seismology, Earthquake Engineering and Town Planning, Skopje Investigation on Taiwan seismic problems IAEA siting mission for the Taiwan Nuclear Power Station Technical assistance for seismic problems in relation to the Caracas earthquake

1. Building Research Institute. 2. University of Tokyo. 3. International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering.

41

K Reports and recommendations of the senior consultants

FIRST MEETING, DECEMBER 1963

The first meeting of the consultants took place in the building of the institute from 5 to 11 December 1963, and the following is the report based on the working sessions, meetings with staff and trainees, inspection of the institute and visits to associated institutions. There were five working sessions, attended by the six consultants, with the addition of Dr. Omote, Director of the institute, Dr. V. Karnik, who acted as secretary, and Dr. K. Billig as representative of Unesco. Three of the sessions were presided over by Dr. Stoneley and two by Dr. Wadati. During their visit, the consultants were able to

learn in some detail the work of the institute and to see the trainees at their lectures. The consultants are grateful to the Director for the readiness with which he afforded them all the facilities they needed. The consultants are impressed by the great efforts

that are being made by the Director and his staff to develop the institute along the lines specified in the agreement with Unesco. There are clearly some difficulties to overcome in the early stages of this project; of these the Director is well aware, and it is the wish of the consultants to give him every encour- agement in his task of enhancing the reputation of the institute. It is evident that the Director and his sta have had to put in a formidable amount of work to build up the institute to its present level, and it is a source of satisfaction that the Government of Japan has fully taken its agreed share in providing buildings and equipment. There is clearly good co-operation with the University of Tokyo, the University of Waseda, the Japanese Meteorological Agency, the Earthquake Research Institute and the Building Research Institute, under whose jurisdiction this institute is organized. Some of the difficulties may be stated explicitly: 1. Considering the number of trainees involved

and the dual emphasis on training and research, the staff is inadequate in numbers to carry out its task in the most desirable way, and is no doubt bearing a heavier burden than was originally envisaged. 2. One consequence of this first difficulty is that

there is less laboratory training than is desirable, and insufficient personal contact between staff and trainees. The accent thus tends to be placed on

lectures, which provide a group treatment, rather than on individual teaching in the laboratory.

3. The scope of the course had necessarily to be set out in the beginning somewhat speculatively, and it now seems to have been drawn up on a rather too ambitious scale, with the risk that trainees will return to their own countries with much of the course unassimilated. A deeper knowledge of a limited part of the present curriculum might well be more profit- able than a more superficial acquaintance with the existing extended syllabus. 4. The trainees, though evidently selected with

great care, have a considerable spread in ability and preparation. No doubt this will always be so, and the Director is to be encouraged to adapt the plan of teaching so that in all a better level of training may if possible be attained. There again the need for a larger staff is apparent. 5. In view of the differing backgrounds of the

trainees it may not be desirable to attempt to eva- luate their attainments by formal examination or numerical grading. Indeed, such a scheme, though stimulating towards concentration on the work, might be unacceptable to the candidates or to their countries. Yet, so far as shortage of staff allows, some appraisal by personal interviews or otherwise would furnish the institute with records of the quality of the trainees of the different years.

6. Owing to the shortage of staff, a high proportion of the lectures must be given by lecturers from other institutions. This could in fact be remedied by an increase of staff, so that trainees would be in closer contact with the staff; this would enhance the unity of the institute, with benefit to the trainees. None the less, the employment of a reasonable number of lecturers from outside should stimulate the trainees by bringing them into contact with distinguished workers in the fields concerned. 7. Because of the delay in the formal ratification

of the agreement between the Special Fund, Unesco and the Japanese Government, the project has been essentially delayed for one year so that 1963-64 is the first academic year of the Special Fund project and, hence, this is the first year that Unesco experts and Unesco fellows have been in residence. 8. The IISEE has been established as a section of

the Building Research Institute, which will be advan-

42

Appendixes

tageous in promoting experimental research in earthquake engineering. However, this will also create special problems in the areas of academic teaching and of seismological research as these activities have been traditionally associated with established universities. It will be necessary for the Director to give special attention to recruiting staff members so as to strengthen the academic instructional capa- bilities of the institute and to promote close working relationships in teaching and research with neigh- bouring universities. 9. The consultants note with satisfaction that the

Director is taking active steps to build up the collection of books, journals and offprints in the libraly. The importance to the trainees of ready access to an adequate library can scarcely be overestimated. 10. The conditions under which trainees can

pursue their studies outside curricular hours, whether in the institute or in hostels, compare unfavourably with those of working at most foreign universities; and these conditions are likely to prevent the trainees from deriving the maximum benefit from their course. The consultants welcome the efforts of the Director to overcome the difficulties that are at present hampering the provision of suitable places for study outside class-room or laboratory hours.

Recommendations

1. The consultants consider it essential to the efficient working of the institute that the teaching staff be substantially increased.

2. The consultants consider that the scope of the lectures could profitably be diminished, with greater emphasis on laboratory work. The Direc- tor is to be encouraged to review the plan of teaching accordingly.

3. The consultants recommend that certain distinguished seismologists and earthquake engineers from developing countries be invited to visit the institute for limited periods of time.

4. Noting the delay in the start of operation of the institute, the consultants recommend that the project should terminate in August 1968.

5. Noting the close co-operation between the Building Research Institute and the International Tnstitute of Seismology and Earthquake Engin- eering, and the specific interests of both institutions, the consultants recommend that this institute should concentrate on matters of training and research, with special emphasis on the conditions in developing countries.

4. The consultants emphasize the importance of building up an adequate library of books, journals and offprints, and of providing suitable textbooks.

7. The consultants recommend the setting up of a seismological station for teaching purposes.

8. The consultants consider that some improvement is desirable in the conditions under which trainees can pursue their studies outside regular curricular hours.

SECOND MEETING, MARCH 1965

Recommendations

1. The consultants note with great satisfaction the steps that have been taken by the Director to give effect, so far as has been practicable, to the recommendations made by the meeting of senior consultants in 1963. The suggestions have been accepted in their entirety by Dr. Omote with the greatest willingness, and the consultants record their pleasure at the manner in which these ideas have been incorporated in the func- tioning of the institute. The documents giving the requisite information to this meeting have been admirably prepared, and evidently embody much careful thought.

2. The consultants, noting the efforts made by the Director to secure approximate equality of numbers of trainees as between seismologists and earthquake engineers, record their satisfaction in learning that next year Unesco will award seven fellowships in seismology and five in engineering. They consider that the spread of trainees over some twenty-five countries is fully in accordance with the spirit of Unesco. They consider, however, that there is a case for asking Unesco to endeavour to secure a better repre- sentation from Africa.

3. The consultants approve the publication of a report on the individual studies by trainees; they consider that, in addition to helping to make known the work of the Government of Japan and the support of Unesco, such a publication will promote the esprit de corps of the institute. They greatly appreciate the action of the Japanese Earthquake Engineering Promo- tion Society in supporting this publication.

4. The consultants were pleased to see the considerable growth in the contents of the library, and its excellent arrangement. They suggest that the appeals to organizations for publications, including offprints, might be sent out on a still wider basis.

5. The consultants recommend, as a matter of immediate importance, the expenditure of a further $4,000 of the Special Fund contribution on the purchase of books for the library.

6. The consultants hope that the Government of Japan will feel able to increase its contribution towards the cost of library purchases, institute publications and strengthening laboratory work.

43

Appendixes

7. The consultants support the proposal that the Govemment of Japan be invited to set up a seismological observatory at a suitable location outside Tokyo. They consider that in addition to strengthening the Japanese network of stations it would provide a valuable aid in the training of seismologists at the institute.

8. The consultants note that approximately 5 per cent of the trainees’ time in earthquake engineering is spent in laboratory work and hope that as staff and facilities become available, this may be increased to IO or 15 per cent.

9. The consultants note the great effort of the institute to increase the number of full-time staff members. It is felt, however, that additional staff members will be required to implement the strengthening of the laboratory work.

10. The consultants consider that, within limits, lectures from foreign visitors are helpful in increasing the acquaintance of trainees with foreign investigations.

THIRD MEETING, APRIL 1967

Recommendations

1. The consultants, having reviewed the progressive development of the institute during the first five years, are strongly and unanimously of the opinion that the institute should, with the assistance of the Government of Japan and the United Nations Special Fund, embark on an enlarged and deepened programme for the period of five years after the conclusion of the present project in 1968. This new programme will be referred to in what follows as ‘The Second Phase’.

2. The consultants recommend that a general plan for courses at two levels be adopted, namely a regular course and an advanced course.

3. The consultants, in recommending theacceptance of the second phase project, express the opinion that an increase of full-time staff in the institute will be required, together with some new apparatus, as well as accommodation and facilities for research. In particular, as an aid to training of observatory seismologists, the provision of a teaching seismological observatory is strongly recommended.

4. The consultants consider that the minimum budget requirements of the second phase project approximate to the funds provided by the Government of Japan and the United Nations Special Fund during the present project, and recommend that this sum be made available.

5. The consultants consider that the operation of the institute could be improved by its reorganiza- tion as a more independent unit affiliated to the Building Research Institute.

6. In order that trainees and their countries may derive the maximum benefit from the training scheme, the consultants recommend that special care be given to the selection of candidates for the new programme. Accordingly they consider it advisable that the final selection should be made in consultation with the Director of the institute. The Director, at his discretion, could transfer candidates from one category to another. The consultants think it desirable that the selection should include some trainees from advanced countries. In addition, they recommend that more attention should be given to an evaluation of the progress being made by the trainees in the regular course.

7. The panel of consultants recommends that title of the equipment and books supplied to the institute and at present the property of the Special Fund, shall be transferred to the Govern- ment of Japan or to an agency designated by that government immediately on completion of the present project.

8. The consultants note with satisfaction that, in the event of the proposals for a new second phase project not being approved, it is the inten- tion of the Japanese Government to continue the operation of the institute at its present level. The consultants assume that this decision implies the replacement of Unesco experts by equivalent additional full-time IISEE staff in order to maintain the academic standards of the institute.

9. The consultants express their great satisfaction at the progress made by the institute in the last two years. They wish to pay tribute to the devoted service of the Director, Dr. S. Omote, and to the energetic and loyal support given to him by his staff, co-operating agencies and by the Unesco experts.

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