International Health

International HealthDr Jayaramachandran SAsst. ProfessorDept. Of Community MedicineMGMC & RI

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The student shall be able toUnderstand the need for international healthDescribe the history of international healthDescribe about Word Health Organization (WHO)Enumerate WHOs objectivesList the work done by WHOExplain the structure of WHO8-Mar-16International Health2

Need for international health8-Mar-16International Health3

Need for international health8-Mar-16International Health4

Need for international health8-Mar-16International Health5

First International Sanitary Conference (1851, Paris)Countries participated: Austria, France, Great Britain, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Russia, Spain & 4 sovereign statesObjective: Introduce some order and uniformity into quarantine measures which varied from country to country6 months conference no lasting resultsInternational sanitary code: 137 articles dealing with cholera, plague, yellow fever (ratified only by 3 countries)Ended in failure 8-Mar-16International Health6

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Pan American Sanitary Bureau (1902, Americas)8-Mar-16International Health7

Office International DHygiene Publique 19078-Mar-16International Health8

The Health Organization of the League of Nations (1923)8-Mar-16International Health9

The Health Organization of the League of Nations (1923)8-Mar-16International Health10

The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (1943)8-Mar-16International Health11

Birth of WHO : 1945Origin : The Conference in San Francisco to set up the United Nations Brazil & china proposed : establish international health organisation and a conference to frame its constitution Single Worldwide Inter-governmental health agency

World Health Organization (WHO)Specialized, Non-political Health agency of the United NationHQ at Geneva1946 constitution (Rene Sand) approved in a international health conference by 51 nations in New YorkConstitution came into force on 7th April 1948Celebrated a World Health Day8-Mar-16International Health13

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Objectives The attainment by all peoples of the world a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life. WHO unique : among the UN specialized agencies its part of not subordinate to UN own constitution, own governing bodies, own memberships and own budget2 major policy developmentsAlma-Ata conference (1978)Global health strategy for Health for all by 2000More recently the MGGs and SDGs8-Mar-16International Health14

Membership of WHO

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Work of WHOAct as the directing and coordinating authority on all International health work. Identify collectively priority health problems throughout the world, to define collectively health policies and targets to cope with them, to devise collectively strategies, principle and programmes to give effect to the policies and attain the targets.It also has specific responsibilities for establishing and promoting international standards in the field of health.8-Mar-16International Health16

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The areas are:8-Mar-16International Health17Prevention and Control of specific DiseasesDevelopment of Comprehensive Health ServicesFamily HealthEnvironmental HealthHealth StatisticsBio-Medical ResearchHealth Literature and Information Cooperation with Other Organization

1. Prevention and Control of specific DiseasesCommunicable diseases : Almost all CD are sometime the subject of WHO activitiesEg. Global eradication of Small pox International health cooperationImportant work Epidemiological surveillance of CDWHO collects information and send it to International Health Regulations (IHR--to ensure the maximum security against the international spread of diseases with a minimum interference with world traffic)8-Mar-16International Health18

1. Prevention and Control of specific DiseasesNon-Communicable Diseases: Paid attention to NCDs Cancer, DM, CVD, Genetic disorders, mental disorders, drug addiction etcVector biology and control, immunology, quality control of drugs and biological products, drug evaluation and monitoring and health laboratory technology (Relevant to control CDs and NCDs)Immunization against common diseases of childhood8-Mar-16International Health19

2. Development of Comprehensive health servicesFunction is to promote and support National health policy development and the development of comprehensive national health programmes.This broad field of Endeavour encompasses a wide variety of activities such as

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2. Development of Comprehensive health services Organizing health system based on PHCDevelopment of health manpower and utilizationBuilding of long term national capability (Health infrastructure development) & managerial capabilities (monitoring & evaluation) and health service research. Appropriate Technology for health (ATH) ->New programme launched by WHO -> To encourage self sufficiency in solving health problems.8-Mar-16International Health21

3. Family healthMajor programme activities of WHO since 1970 Subdivided Maternal and child health care, human reproduction, nutrition, and health educationChief concern improvement of the quality of life of the family as a unit.8-Mar-16International Health22

4. Environmental health:Recent activitiesProtection of quality of air, water and foodHealth conditions at workRadiation protection andEarly detection of new hazards originating from new technological developmentsProgrammeWHO Environmental Health Criteria Prog.WHO Environmental Health Monitoring Prog.8-Mar-16International Health23

5.Health statisticsSince 1947 morbidity and mortality statistics are published in Weekly Epidemiological RecordsWorld Health Statistics quarterly and AnnualStatistics from different countries should be comparable hence WHO publishes International Classification of Diseases. The Tenth Revision of ICD came into effect from 1st January 1993. ICD 11 is being revised 2018 8-Mar-16International Health24

6. Bio Medical ResearchWHO Stimulates and coordinates research workWorld wide WHO collaborating centersFor promoting research Awards grants Researchers and research institutions Two committee Regional Advisory Committees define regional health prioritiesGlobal Advisory Committees deals with policy issues8-Mar-16International Health25

6. Bio Medical ResearchTarget of WHO special prog. For Research and Training Six diseases malaria, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, filariasis, leishmaniasis and leprosy

To develop new tools, training workers strengthen research institutions.

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7. Health Literature and InformationWHO library Satellite centres of Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) Fully computerized indexing system covering the whole of medicine on an international basis.It also has a public information service both at headquarters and each of the six regional offices.8-Mar-16International Health27

8. Cooperation with other OrganizationsCollaborates with UN and other specialized agencies and Also with number of international government organizationsMaintains working relationships.

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Structure1. World Health Assembly Health Parliament of Nations and the supreme governing body of the organization.Meets annually at headquarters Geneva.Functions:To determine international health policy and programmesTo review the work of the pastTo approve the budget for following yearTo elect Member States to serve for 3 yrs on the Executive Board

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Structure2.The Executive Board30-31 members designated as Member State. At least 3 persons from each WHO regionsMeets twice a yearTo give effect to the decision and policies of the AssemblyHas power to take decision emergencies eg. Earthquakes, floods etc.

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Structure3.The Secretariat Headed by Director General (chief technical and administrative officer of the organization)Function:To provide technical and managerial support for their national health development prog.On 31st December,1985, the WHO Secretariat comprised of 8-Mar-16International Health31

StructureDivision of epidemiological surveillance and health situation and trend assessmentDivision of communicable diseasesDivision of vector biology and controlDivision of environmental healthDivision of public information and education for healthDivision of mental healthDivision of diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative technology 8-Mar-16International Health32

StructureDivision of strengthening of health services, Division of family health,Division of non communicable diseases,Division of health man power development,Division of information systems support,Division of personnel and general services andDivision of budget and finance.

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RegionsSouth East Asia-New DelhiAfrica-Brazzaville CongoThe Americas-Washington D C (USA)Europe-Copenhagen (Denmark)Eastern Mediterranean-Alexandria (Egypt)Western Pacific-Manila (Philippines)SEARO: (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Korea, Maldives, Timor-Leste, Myanmar, Nepal, Srilanka, Thailand)8-Mar-16International Health34

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Thank you Nothing on earth is more international than diseasePaul Russel

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