PowerPoint Presentation

Internal Migration in India HS-201 (Economics)

Internal Migration : occurs when peoples cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum length of time.

Objectives 1. Reasons for migration 2. State to state migration flows. 3. Some insights on the determinants of internal migration in India.

Internal migration in India

Effects Where WhyIntroductionMigration in India is not new and historical accounts show that people have moved in search of work, in response to environmental shocks and stresses, to escape religious persecution and political conflict.

Although in recent years, growth has been unequal in India , characterized by industry in developed states drawing labour from agriculturally backward and poor regions.

High productivity agricultural areas (green revolution areas) continue to be important destinations.

Rural-urban migration is the fastest growing type of migration as more migrants choose to work in better paying non-farm occupations in urban areas and industrial zones.

Some facts about migrationSize and Growth Rates of Migrants by Migration Type, India, 1971-2001.

Migration Pattern in India

Reasons for internal migration

Push factors

1. Not enough jobs 2. Few opportunities 3. "Primitive" conditions 4. Loss of wealth 5. Natural Disasters 6. Death threats 7. Slavery 8. Pollution 9. Discrimination

PULL FACTORS

1. Job opportunities2. Better living conditions3. Political and/or religious freedom4. Enjoyment5. Education6. Security7. Family links8. Attractive climates

Benefits and Risks

BenefitsSharing and transferring skills

BenefitStrengthen economic integration in the region.

RiskRegion-wide exploitation of workers

RiskBrain Drain to other regions or within region

RiskSecurity and Public Health Concerns

Human Development Impacts of MigrationMigration has both positive and negative impacts on human development. On the positive side it brings in cash which may or may not result in an improvement in living standards. It can also result in the learning of new skills and an improvement in social status. On the negative side migration carries the risk of injury, exposure to life threatening diseases, loneliness and increased work burdens for women left behind. The overall outcome of migration depends on how these positives and negatives add up for the better connected and better educated, migration can result in rapid accumulation of assets and a faster escape from poverty.Economic Contribution of MigrationAll three sectors of the Indian economy namely agriculture (17.8%), industry (19.4%) and services (62.9%) employ very large numbers of migrant workers.

According to HDRP(Human development research paper) , there are roughly 100 million migrants in India contributing 10% to the national GDP.textiles, construction, stone quarries and mines, brick-kilns, small scale industry (diamond cutting, leather accessories etc.), crop transplanting and harvesting, sugarcane cutting, plantations, rickshaw pulling, food processing including fish and prawn processing, salt panning, domestic work, security services, sex work, small hotels and roadside restaurants/tea shops and street vending.

major subsectors using migrant labour.We piece together these sectors, available information on the numbers of workers involved and their contribution to the economy. The Economic Contribution Of Migrant Workers By Sector

Conclusion

The push and pull factors have dominated much of the understanding of migration. Push factors like low income, low literacy, dependence on agriculture and high poverty are cited as some examples associated with place of origin. On the other hand, high income, high literacy, dominance of industries and services, are the pull factors associated with place of destination.

It has been found in this study that both in and out- migration rates have significant positive association with per capita income, percentage of workforce and share of GSDP in the non-agricultural sector. This means that higher income and sectorial transformation of economy from agricultural to non-agricultural sector is associated both with higher in-migration as well as out-migration rates.

In other words, the areas which are experiencing higher in-migration are also the areas characterized with high out-migration rates. On the other hand, increased mobility of Indias population after liberalization of the economy in 1991 is confined to relatively better off sections who can better fit into the emerging areas of job opportunities.

References:http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19193/Internal Migration in India: Are the Underclass More Mobile? --Ram B.Bhagatwww.rbi.org.in Publicationswww.google.co.in/publicdata