Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In...
Transcript of Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In...
![Page 1: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Intelligent Transport Systems
development In Japan
November 6, 2012
Takaaki Segi
![Page 2: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Achievements of Automobiles
Greater mobilityFreedom and convenienceMobile private space
Development of mobility supportseconomic growth, as well as social and cultural expansion.
1
![Page 3: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Environmental Protection
Traffic Safety Efficiency
Challenges for Sustainable Mobility
Infrastructure: Roads and RailwaysTechnologies: Intelligent Transport SystemsPeople: Changes in Behaviors
2
![Page 4: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. Car Navigation3. Driving Safety
2. ETC
9 Areas of ITS Development in Japan
4. Traffic Management 5. Road Management 6. Public Transportation
8. Pedestrian Support9. Emergency Vehicle Operation
7. Commercial Vehicle Operation 3
![Page 5: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
4
Mill
ion
units
Market Penetration of On-board Units
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
On-board units sold ( as of September, 2011)Car Navigation: 47.3 million unitsVICS : 31.7 million unitsETC : 35.7 million units
ETC
VICS
Car Navigation
7years 5years15years
Years required for 10 million units to penetrate in market
![Page 6: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
VICSVehicle Information and Communication System
Police Department
FM MultiplexFM Multiplex
Radio Beacon
Infrared Beacon
Road Operator
Traffic Information Center
Regional traffic information is broadcast through FM radio station.
Highway traffic information up to 200km ahead is sent through DSRC beacons.
Local traffic information up to 30km ahead is sent at major intersections.
VICS Center
5
![Page 7: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
VICS Display
: Vehicle breakdown : Construction : Limited access: Congestion
: Road narrows: Obstacle : Road closure: Heavy traffic
: Accident : Road work : No entry : Alternative control
6
![Page 8: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Entrance
Exit
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
Height Sensor
Vehicle Detector
Vehicle Detector
DisplayBarrier
Vehicle Detector
BarrierVehicle Detector
Display
Electronic Toll Collection
Highway tolls are electronically collected through radio communication without stopping at toll gates.
7
![Page 9: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Social Benefit from Widespread Use of ETC
Reduction of CO2Reduction of congestion
at Tokyo Interchange
130,000 t /Year
0
100
200
300
400(CO2 emission 1,000 t-/Year)
Without ETC With ETC
Reduction of 130,000 t-CO2/Yearby 34%Congestion ETC Ratio
(Km·h) (%)
0
120
200
80
40
160
0
30
50
20
10
40
2003 2004 2005
18.1%
34.0%
55.7%230.2
71.9
4.7
8
![Page 10: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
9
Universal Traffic Management SystemTraffic Signal
Integrated Traffic Control System
Infrared Beacon
PedestrianInformationand CommunicationSystems
PublicTransportationPrioritySystems
AdvancedMobileInformationSystems
MobileOperationControlSystems
FastEmergencyVehiclePreemptionSystems
Help system for emergency Life saving and Public safety
Environment Protection Management System
Driving Safety Support Systems
Source: Universal Traffic Management Society of Japan
![Page 11: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Traffic Management
Vehicle Detectors
Traffic Signals
For safety and smooth flow, traffic signals are systematically controlled by measuring and predicting traffic flow.
VariableMessageSigns
Traffic Control Center10
![Page 12: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
11
Infrastructure light implementation
Fixed sensor data
Probe Data
Source: Pioneer Corporation
Central Tokyo
Central Tokyo
Traffic Control Center
GPS
LocationTime
Traffic Information
Conventional Traffic Information System
Mobile Device based System
![Page 13: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
12
Urban Transport System
Traffic Management System with Probe Data Collection
Source: COSE
![Page 14: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Probe Data Collected by Private Sector
Collected in 24 hours
by 4 service providers3 taxi consortia
13
![Page 15: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Road Network Planning
Traffic Management
Vehicle Tracking Road Traffic Monitor
CO2 Emission Monitor
Eco-driving Assist
Emergency Vehicle Priority
Logistic Operation
Damage Assessment
Anticipated Services
Concept: - Shared database and interface- Ubiquitous and high speed network connection- Vehicles as network terminals with physical mobility
14
![Page 16: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Source: Haruo HAYASHI, SS65, ITS World Congress 2011, Orlando
Lessons learned from the disaster
15
![Page 17: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
16
Probe Data for Rescue and Recovery
Probe Car DataSource:Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,Transport and Tourism
Road Closure Information
Source: Honda, Pioneer, Toyota, Nissan
![Page 18: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Probe Data with Road Closure Information
17
![Page 19: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Smart-Way Services (ITS Spot)
18
Nationwide installation of roadside equipment (1,630 in 2010)
Tokyo Metropolitan area
32: installed by 2009149: added in 2010
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
![Page 20: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
On-board Equipment already available
19
PioneerND-DSRC1(2009.10)
Mitsubishi ElectricEP-409DSB(2009.10)
PanasonicCY-DSRC1000D (2010.3)
Mitsubishi Heavy IndustriesMOBE-1000 (2009.10)
ToyotaLexus LS600h(2009.10)
NissanFuga (2009.11)
![Page 21: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
20
Tokyo Metropolitan ExpresswaySan-gu-bashi curve (up stream)
Radius: 88mTraffic volume: 46,000 / day
Field evaluation testIn March to May, 2005with 259 participants
Positive data and responses by drivers obtained
Beep! OBEdisplay
Year Accidents2002 75
2003 1352004 141
Number of accidentsat San-gu-bashi
Source: AHSRA
Vehicle to InfrastructureCommunication in Tokyo
![Page 22: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Vehicle to InfrastructureCommunication in Tokyo
Reduction of accidents by 70%
Period Total Fatality / Injury Property damageBefore installation 44 3 41After installation 12 2 10
April 23, 2005 at 15:54 – 15:55
with OBE
without OBE
without OBE with OBE
Entry at higher speed Entry at lower speed
Safe Distance
Large fluctuation
Smooth transitionRealize situation
Source: AHSRA 21
![Page 23: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication
Information on Dangers Ahead
Live Image Feed
Congestion Ahead
LIVE1Km ahead
Vehicle from the Left
Merging Assistance22
![Page 24: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dynamic Route Guidance with Real-time Information
Highway NetworkSurrounding Tokyo
Dynamic Route Guidance- Real-time information & analysis- Vehicle - Infrastructure communication
Origin
Destination
Source: Ministry of Land Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism 23
![Page 25: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
IR Beacon
VehicleDetector
StopSign
Stop Sign Recognition Enhancement
DSRC
Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication
Traffic Signal
Crossing Collision Avoidance Signal Recognition Enhancement24
![Page 26: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Reduction of Traffic Congestion
Real-time Information Provision
by On-board Unit
Communication
Advanced Traffic Flow Sensing
Occupancy on passing lane is getting higher.
Let’s stay on this lane.
Source: Ministry of Land Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism 25
![Page 27: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication
Emergency Vehicle Approaching Alert
26Rear-end Collision PreventionIntersection Collision Prevention
![Page 28: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Automated Platoon
Source: Japan Automobile Research Institute 27
Laser RadarMillimeter-wave Radar
Headway control with radar and vehicle to vehicle communication
GPS / Inertial Measurement Unit
CCD Cameras
Antenna
CCD Cameras
Lane keeping by painting recognition
![Page 29: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Estimation of CO2 Reduction by Platoon
Aerodynamics Simulation of the platoonVehicle speed:80km/h , Gapdistance:4m
Cp Contours (longitudinal center section) Relative Cd value rate(100% for Single vehicle)
Vehicle 3 Vehicle 2 Vehicle 1
Speed Contours (longitudinal center section)
15% CO2 Reductionby 3 vehicles
Source: Japan Automobile Research Institute 28
![Page 30: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Automated Platoon of Heavy Vehicles
Conducted by Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI)at National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Source: Japan Automobile Research Institute 29
![Page 31: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Community Energy Management
- Dependence on electricity for lower emission- Increase of locally generated electricity- Energy management within a community- Large scale field tests involving citizens’ daily life
Fuel Cell Vehicle
Solar Battery
Solar Battery
Hydrogen- Adjustment of generation and consumption- Hydrogen productionfrom natural gas, petroleum, electrolysis
Energy Management Center
OfficeHome
BatteryBattery
30
![Page 32: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Smart Community Initiative in Japan
Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industries 31
![Page 33: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
R&D, Deployment, and New Challenges
First Stage(Development and Field Evaluation)
Car Navigation
ETC
Driving Safety
Traffic Management
Road Management
Public Transportation
Commercial Vehicle Operation
Pedestrian Support
Emergency Vehicle Operation
Com
preh
ensi
ve IT
S Pl
an
1995Yokohama WC
2004Nagoya WC
2013Tokyo WC
Second Stage(Accelerated Deployment)
ITS
Prom
otio
n G
uide
lines Road Traffic Safety
Smoother Traffic Flow
Convenience
Stimulation of Economy
Platform / Standardization
Sustainable Mobility
Stra
tegi
c IT
S Pl
an (I
TS J
apan
)
New Challenges(ITS for Sustainability)
ITS
Visi
on 2
030
(ITS
Japa
n)
32
![Page 34: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
New Challenges for Sustainability
Road Traffic Safety
Smoother Traffic Flow
Convenience
Stimulationof Economy
Platform and Standardization
Diversity in City Design
Barrier-free Mobility
Comfortable and Safe Mobility
Efficient Logistics
Multi-modal Transportation
Robust Network against Natural Disaster
ITS PromotionGuidelines
ITS Vision 2030
2010 2015 20202005
Tourism
International CollaborationTraffic Information
Renovation of Urban Design with ITS
Network of Mobility, Energy, and InformationMulti-modal Network of Mobility
Information Provision NetworkEmergency
Cooperative SystemsSafety, Efficiency and Convenience
Efficient Logistic Operations
Platform and Standardization
VII for Safety
Digital Map
33
![Page 35: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cooperative Systems
Cooperative System
34
![Page 36: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Networked Vehicles and Infrastructure
Smart Community
35
![Page 37: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Open Platform for Integrated Services
Information Services
36
![Page 38: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ITS Japan: Organization
Honorary ChairmanDr. Shoichiro Toyoda
ChairmanDr. Hiroyuki Watanabe
Vice Chairmen
1994 Founded2005 Registered as Legal Entity
(NPO: Nonprofit Organization)
Professor Masao SakauchiMr. Kazumasa Fujie
Membership (268)・ Industries (167)・ Academia (40)・ ITS Related Organizations (26)・ Others (35)
37
![Page 39: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Memorandum of Understanding signers
ITS Organizations in Asia-Pacific
New Zealand
JapanChina
India
ThailandChinese Taipei
Singapore
Hong Kong SARMalaysia
Vietnam
Indonesia
Philippines
Partners
Australia
Korea
38
![Page 40: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The 11th ITS AP Forum: Kaohsiung 2011
39
Ko Yang WangCTO, Institute for Information Industry
John LeeChairman, ITS Taiwan
Chu ChenMayor, Kaohsiung
Chi-Kuo Mao Minister, MOT, Taiwan
Hermann MeyerCEO,ERTICO-ITS Europe
Chullho LieuPresident, Korean Expressway Corporation
Scott BelcherCEO, ITS America
Hiroyuki WatanabeChairman, ITS Japan
![Page 41: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Theme: Open ITS to the NextDate: October 14th – 18th,2013Venue: Tokyo International Forum (Opening
Ceremony)Tokyo Big Sight (Session & Exhibition )
ITS World Congress 2013, Tokyo
40
![Page 42: Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan · Intelligent Transport Systems development In Japan November 6, 2012 Takaaki Segi. Achievements of Automobiles Greater mobility](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b90b58309d3f22c258c7dbe/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Thank you !
November 6, 2012
Takaaki Segi