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Transcript of Intelligence A.P. Psych Information adapted from: .
Intelligence
A.P. Psych
Information adapted from: http://www.lbusd.k12.ca.us/millikan/Teacher_folder/HawkinsS/AdPlPsychology2.htm
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Test a method of assessing an individual’s
mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance
devised by Binet chronological age that most typically
corresponds to a given level of performance child who does as well as the average 8-year-
old is said to have a mental age of 8
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Stanford-Binet the widely used American revision of Binet’s
original intelligence test revised by Terman at Stanford University Terman added items to measure adult
intelligence He also revised a method of scoring by
developing the IQ or intelligence quotient From this method of scoring came the IQ Test
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally the
ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and
use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a person’s future
performance aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a person has learned
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test subtests
verbal performance (nonverbal)
Assessing Intelligence
Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison with
the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that
describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
Getting Smarter?
The Normal Curve
Assessing Intelligence
Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent
results assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting
Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts
what it is supposed to
Reliability v. Validity
Reliability and Validity of IQ Tests
Reliability:Problem before age 7. For teenagers and adults, reliability is high.
Validity:Can only be assessed for specific purposes.Reasonably good for predicting success in
school and many occupations.
Assessing Intelligence
Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the behavior
that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion behavior (such as college grades) that a test
(such as the SAT) is designed to predict the measure used in defining whether the test
has predictive validity
Assessing Intelligence
Evidence about a test’s validity:Content validityCriterion validityPredictive validityConstruct validityConcurrent validity
Genetic Influences
Genetic Influences
Heritability the proportion of variation among individuals
that we can attribute to genes variability depends on range of populations and
environments studied
Genetic Influences
Understanding Intelligence
Psychometric Approach – emphasizes the products of intelligence (IQ scores)Spearman’s g: scores on almost all tests of cognitive
abilities were positively correlatedg = cognitive ability, s = special intelligences
Thurstone: factor analysis – found seven independent primary mental abilities
Cattell: two types of gFluid intelligence – reasoning & problem solvingCrystallized intelligence – specific knowledge gained as a
result of fluid intelligence
Understanding Intelligence
Information-Processing Approach – analyzes the process of intelligent behavior rather than the productApplies the basic mental processes of
perception, learning, memory, and thought to the concept of intelligence
Understanding Intelligence Triarchic Theory – Sternberg
3 kinds of intelligences:1. Analytic – problem solving, measured by IQ tests
2. Creative – composing music, art
3. Practical – survival skills
Broadens the concept of intelligence and emphasizes what it means in everyday life
Understanding Intelligence
Multiple Intelligences – Gardner1. Linguistic
2. Logical-mathematical
3. Spatial
4. Musical
5. Body-kinesthetic
6. Intrapersonal
7. Interpersonal
8. Naturalistic
Diversity in Cognitive Abilities
Creativity – the ability to produce new, high-quality ideas or products
Divergent thinking – the ability to think along many paths to generate many solutions to a problem
3 kinds of cognitive and personality characteristics necessary for creativity:1. Expertise2. Set of creative skills3. Motivation
No strong correlation b/w IQ and creativity scores Creativity requires divergent thinking and IQ tests
assess convergent thinking (the ability to apply logic to narrow down the # of possible solutions)
Unusual Cognitive AbilitiesGiftedness –
high IQsdon’t necessarily share same cognitive abilitiesHave more of the basic cognitive abilities seen in all
childrenMental Retardation
IQ less than 70 and who fail to display skill at daily living and communicationDown syndrome – extra chromosomeFragile X syndrome –defect on chromosome 23Environmental conditions – head injury, exposure to
alcohol or toxinsFamilial retardation
Deficient in metacognition
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Unusual Cognitive Abilities (con’t)
Learning DisabilitiesDyslexia – letters appear disjointed or jumbledDysphasia – difficulty understanding spoken
words or recalling wordsDysgraphia – problems with writingDyscalculia – difficulty with arithmetic