Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops

ATTRAATTRAATTRAATTRA // Integrated Pest Management for Gree // Integrated Pest Management for Gree // Integrated Pest Management for Gree // Integrated Pest Management for Gree

By Lane Greer and Steve DiverNCAT Agricultural Specialists

Abstract: This publication covers IPM forgreenhouse crops, both vegetable and ornamental.Monitoring, sanitation, biological controls,biorational pesticides, insect growth regulators, anddisease control methods are discussed. Tablesinclude information on the newest biorationalpesticides and biological control organisms.

General Greenhouse IPM

Insects and diseases are a major challenge togreenhouse production. IPM is an importanttool in the management of these pests. Theprimary goal of IPM is to optimize pest controlin an economically and ecologically sound way.IPM involves the integration of cultural,physical, biological, and chemical practices togrow crops with minimal use of pesticides. Monitoring, sampling, and record keeping areused to determine when control options areneeded to keep pests below an economicallydamaging threshold. Pest management, noteradication, is the goal of IPM.

800 -346 -9140

Appropria te Technology Trans fer for Rura l Area s

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

FOR GREENHOUSE CROPS

ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information cen

Index

General Greenhouse IPM // 1Greenhouse Insect and Mite Control // 2Crop Scouting & Trapping // 2Sanitation // 3Biological Control // 3Insect Growth Regulators // 5Biorational Pesticides // 6Greenhouse Disease Control // 6References // 10Resources // 12Biological Control Suppliers // 15Appendix I: Monitoring and Scouting Techniques // 19Appendix II: Beneficial Organisms // 22Appendix III: Biorational Pesticides // 29

PEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS GUIDE

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A Guide to Insects and Related Pests of FloriculturalCrops in New England: For Commercial Growers(1), a University of Massachusetts CooperativeExtension System publication, outlines the basicstrategy on greenhouse IPM:

IPM is a simple, practical, and, mostimportant, flexible way to manage insects,mites, diseases, weeds and vertebrates.

Integrated pest management is adaptable toall greenhouse-grown crops and involvesspecific techniques to manage pests. Thesetechniques are:

• Monitoring or scouting program- individual plant inspection- yellow, blue, and hot pink sticky cards- indicator plants

ter funded by the USDA�s Rural Business -- Cooperative Service.

ATTRAATTRAATTRAATTRA // Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops // Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops // Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops // Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops Page Page Page 222

• Pest identification and life stages• Record keeping to identify trends and

direction for your pest managementprogram

• Exclusion techniques to prevent pestsfrom entering the production area- Insect screens to exclude aphids,

whiteflies, and thrips from enteringthrough doors and ventilatingsystems

• Cultural practices to prevent problems- soil testing- sanitation

• Biological controls, living organismsused to reduce the incidence of pestorganisms

• Insect growth regulators, insecticidesthat interfere with normal insectdevelopment or the molting process

• Chemical controls- proper choice of pesticides- proper timing of pesticide application- proper application procedure

It is important to understand the life cycle andbehavior of insect pests in order to develop aneffective control strategy. Knowledge about theweak link in a pest�s life cycle can help growerschoose the most appropriate control strategy.

There are several practices that will increase thesuccess of an IPM program (2):

• Cover all soil floor surfaces with concrete,black plastic or weed barrier.

• Use resistant varieties of plants.• Keep people and �pet plants� out of crop

areas as much as possible.• Pasteurize growing medium.• Keep doors closed.

Greenhouse Insect and Mite Control

Major insect and mite pests of greenhouse cropsinclude aphids, thrips, whiteflies, fungus gnats,mealybugs, shore flies, spider mites, leafminersand scales. In addition to damaging the crop,some insects vector diseases like tomato spottedwilt virus.

This publication deals with general greenhouseIPM principles. ATTRA has more informationon specific greenhouse pests. RequestGreenhouse IPM: Sustainable Aphid Control,Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Whitefly Control, orGreenhouse IPM: Sustainable Thrips Control. ATTRA also has specific information on theother greenhouse pests mentioned above.

A selection of the better publications ongreenhouse IPM is listed in the Resourcessection below. The publications from AppliedBio-Nomics, The Green Spot, and CaliforniaEnvironmental Protection Agency are essentialreferences that every IPM grower should haveon his or her bookshelf.

Crop Scouting and Trapping

To detect early infestations, a crop scoutingprogram that includes both sticky trap cards(usually yellow) and visual inspection is critical.Scouting should be done once a week, and moreoften after an infestation is detected. Regularscouting is also necessary to monitor the efficacyof control measures. A hand lens is a useful toolto detect live pests as well as signs of pestactivity� e.g., frass (feces), cast skins,honeydew, etc.

Monitoring records can be kept on paper or in acomputer. (Computers are usually better forproducing graphs, which show trends moreeasily.) State and federal regulations will soonrequire that all greenhouses that applypesticides keep records on what was applied. Ifplant injury symptoms appear, the grower cansee quickly what chemicals or biocontrols havebeen used, and how the environment affectedthe crop (3). And, thorough records areinvaluable in negotiations with suppliers forcompensation for problems traced to receipt ofdiseased stock (3).

At a minimum, records should include:• Minimum and maximum temperatures for

each day• Counts from sticky cards, changed weekly• Counts of pests on the plants, including

stage of growth (egg, immature, adult)


• Plant growth and development based onmeasurements of selected, flagged plants

• Root health based on weekly check ofrandom plants

• Growing medium pH and soluble salts ofrandom plants

• Specific crop observation (height, leaf color,bud development, etc.)

See Appendix I: Monitoring and ScoutingTechniques for Greenhouse Plants for morespecific information.

Sticky Ribbons

Sticky ribbons are long sticky insect strips thatare hung throughout the greenhouse as a meansof reducing insect populations of whiteflies,leafminers, aphids, fungus gnats, and thrips. Unlike sticky traps that are used for monitoring,the primary purpose of sticky ribbons is toreduce the numbers of flying insect pests bysimply catching them.

Sanitation

Sanitation is key for controlling pests ingreenhouses. The goal of sanitation is toeliminate all possible sources of the pest. Weedsinside and near the outside of the greenhousecan harbor pests. It's best to pull the weedsinside the greenhouse rather than spray them,since insects may survive the spray and migrateonto crops. Bag all weeds and dispose of themoutside the greenhouse.

In addition, a 10�30 foot vegetation-free zonearound the outside perimeter of thegreenhouse�especially near vents andopening�can provide a dramatic decrease inpests. A heavy-duty geotextile weed barrier (e.g.,DeWitt Sunbelt® Weed Barrier) covered withbark mulch or gravel can provide a pleasantvegetation-free zone, and eliminate the need forherbicides.

Plant debris from previous crops can also be asource of both immature and adult pests. Cleanup all debris from previous crops and dispose of

infested plants, or any infested growth. Ideally,the greenhouse should be thoroughly cleanedand left empty for one week prior to beginningthe next crop. This enables removal of all peststages, and starves any remaining adults. Closing up the greenhouse when it is empty insummer will increase the temperature and helperadicate pests.

Inside the greenhouse, a clean stock programshould be in place. This includes temporaryquarantine and inspection of all plants uponarrival from other greenhouses, and regularmonitoring of stock plants used for propagation. If a separate section of the greenhouse can�t bededicated to this purpose, flag all incomingplants. All new plant material should bethoroughly inspected (with a 10X hand lens) forthe presence of pests to ensure that no infestedplants are introduced into the greenhouse. Workers in the greenhouse should avoidwearing yellow clothing, since many pests areattracted to this color and may hitch a ride onthe fabric from one greenhouse to the next.

Screening

Insect screens physically exclude the entry oflightweight, airborne insects like aphids,whiteflies, and thrips from the greenhousethrough doors, cooling pads, and ventilationunits. Although the tiny pores of insect screensprevent entry of insects, they can also impedethe flow of air. Some specialists say the area thescreen covers should be three times that of thearea covered (doors, ventilation) to facilitatesufficient air intake. To accomplish this, screenhouses designed to enclose both the coolingpads and greenhouse entranceway can beinstalled.

Biological Control

Biological control is the use of living organismsto control crop pests. Biological control ofgreenhouse insect pests can be achievedthrough release of biocontrol agents likepredatory mites, pirate bugs, soil-dwellingmites, and parasitic insects.


Implementing a biological control program in agreenhouse is management intensive andrequires more knowledge on the part of thegrower than do traditional pest controlprograms. Proper species identification is veryimportant before a control program usingpredators or parasites is initiated. Release rate,timing, placement, temperature, and pesticideuse also influence the success or failure ofbiological control efforts. Rigorous monitoringis necessary for proper timing of biocontrolagent releases, as is a reliable supply of thenatural enemies.

Knowing the lifespan of the beneficials selectedis important too, since fewer releases arerequired if sufficient numbers of parasites orpredators are maintained. Some species ofbeneficials live only a few days and thereforemust be released biweekly. Other species livefor several weeks; consequently, they arereleased less frequently.

The level of control provided by a naturalenemy will also vary with crop species. It istherefore more difficult for bedding and othercontainer-plant growers to implementbiocontrol, since they produce a wide variety ofcrops.

One of the most important things to keep inmind when using biologicals is that evenresidual insecticide can harm them. Thishappened to a grower who tried to use Encarsiaformosa, a parasitic wasp, on his poinsettias (4). The previous crop had been sprayed with apesticide two months before applying thewasps, but all the wasps were killed by theresidual.

Biologicals also allow more thorough coveragethan spraying and a more efficient use of labor,since workers don�t have to wait for re-entryinto the greenhouse (4).

Generally, the best time to release beneficials isat the first sign of a pest infestation. Earlymorning and dusk are the optimum releasetimes.

Suppliers of biocontrol agents can providetechnical assistance and help growers getstarted in a biocontrol program. Whenrequesting assistance or ordering beneficialsfrom a supplier, the grower should be able toprovide information such as: what the pest is,how much square footage is affected, croprotations, fertility programs, and pesticides thathave been used in the greenhouse.

The Canadian greenhouse vegetable industry�which is about four times the size of the U.S.industry�is largely based on biologicalcontrols. In 1995, tomato growers in BritishColumbia spent 50 cents per square meter perseason on biological control, primarily on theparasitic wasp Encarsia formosa (5).

There are several items to keep in mind whenusing biological controls (6):• No single pest control method is 100%

effective.• This method often involves more work at

first than chemical control, and it mayrequire changes in production methods.

• Biologicals are often highly susceptible topesticides. When choosing pesticides, selectthose with the shortest residual life and thehighest specificity.

• Since many biologicals work slowly, theyare best used when pest numbers are fairlylow.

• Most predators and parasites perform best atmoderate temperatures (65�85°F) andhumidities (60�90%).

• If the greenhouse is allowed a dormantperiod (either very hot or very cold), thebeneficials will die.

• If the pest level is very high whenbeneficials are first introduced, theyprobably will not provide enough control.

• The effectiveness of the same beneficial maybe different on different plants. Forinstance, beneficials are often less effectiveon hairy-leaved plants like tomatoes.

• If all the plants leave the greenhouse, so willthe beneficials.


• If all the pests are destroyed, the beneficialswill starve.

• Some plants exude substances toxic tobeneficials.

See Appendix II: Beneficial Organisms formore information on biological control agents.

Insect Growth Regulators

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are anotherleast-toxic pesticide control option for pests. IGRs typically kill insects by disrupting theirdevelopment. They have a complex mode ofaction that precludes insects from rapidly

developing resistance. IGRs can work in one ofseveral ways: 1) they can mimic juvenilehormones, so that insects never enter thereproductive stage of development; 2) they caninterfere with the production of chitin, whichmakes up the shell of most insects; or 3) theycan interfere with the molting process.

IGRs usually work through ingestion, so goodspray coverage is essential. They generallydon�t affect non-target species�such ashumans, birds, fish or other vertebrates. Formost IGRs there are minimal re-entryrestrictions. IGRs typically take several days tohave an effect on pest populations. Because

Table 1. Selected Insect Growth Regulators

Brand Name Supplier Active against

Adept Uniroyal Chemicals fungus gnats

Azatin Hydro-Gardens, OlympicHorticultural Products

whiteflies, leafminers, thrips, mealybugs,fungus gnats, aphids, cabbage loopers,diamondback moths, armyworms

Citation Novartis leafminers, fungus gnats, shore flies

Confirm Rohm & Haas caterpillars

Dimilin Uniroyal Chemicals beet armyworm, whiteflies, fungus gnats,shore flies

Distance Valent whiteflies, fungus gnats, shore flies

Enstar II Wellmark Intl. whiteflies, fungus gnats, aphids, soft andarmored scales, mealybugs

Insegar Novartis caterpillars, psyllids, scales

Neemazad Thermo Trilogy whiteflies, leafminers, thrips, mealybugs,fungus gnats, aphids, cabbage loopers,diamondback moths, armyworms

Neemix Thermo Trilogy whiteflies, leafminers, thrips, mealybugs,fungus gnats, aphids, loopers,diamondback moths, armyworms,cabbage loopers

Precision Novartis whiteflies, soft scales, fungus gnats, shoreflies, leafminers

Preclude Whitmore Micro-Gen whiteflies, thrips, scales, aphids

Pyrigro Whitmore Micro-Gen whiteflies, fungus gnats, scale

Trigard Novartis leafminers


IGRs do not affect mature insects, adultbeneficials released into the greenhouse after anIGR application are not likely to be affected. Use of IGRs is generally prohibited by organiccertification organizations because the productsare synthetic.

IGRs can sometimes be used in conjunction withbiological control efforts and may providegrowers with a �safety net� should beneficialsfail to keep the pests below economicallydamaging levels. Table 1 lists some well-knowninsect growth regulators. (See the Resourcessection for suppliers.)

Biorational Pesticides

The integration of biorational pesticides (alsoknown as least-toxic or biopesticides) ingreenhouses is often necessary in addition tocultural and biological control measures. Whenthe use of a pesticide is necessary, materialsshould be selected that are least harmful to thepredators and parasites released into thegreenhouse. Insecticidal soap, horticultural oils,and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis areexamples of insecticides that can be safelyintegrated into a biological control program. The advantages of biopesticides overconventional chemicals are their selectivity to atargeted pest, lower toxicity to beneficial insectsand greenhouse workers, and shorter re-entryintervals (REI).

Enhanced control with pesticides is achievedwith thorough spray coverage. Wider plantspacing and removal of dead lower leavesimproves pesticide coverage and pest control.

Beauveria bassiana

BotaniGard� (from Mycotech) and Naturalis-O� (from SePro) are the two commercialformulations of B. bassiana that are available forgreenhouse use. B. bassiana is a naturallyoccurring fungus that attacks a wide range ofpests�including aphids, whiteflies, thrips andspider mites. B. bassiana has been found to becompatible with predators such as Encarsia spp.,Eretmocerus spp. and Chrysoperla spp.

Spinosad

Early in 1999, Conserve SC� from DowAgroSciences was registered for use ongreenhouse ornamentals. The active ingredientcomes from the soil-inhabiting actinomyceteSaccharopolyspora spinosa. Conserve is effectiveagainst many different species of caterpillars,leafminers, and thrips. Experiments performedat the Ohio State University showed thatConserve provided excellent control of Westernflower thrips (7).

Hot Pepper Wax and Garlic Extract

These products are actually insect repellents. HotPepper Wax� contains paraffin (refined wax)and capsaicin (the �hot� in hot peppers). Another study at Ohio State showed that HotPepper Wax did not control Western flowerthrips, but was effective against two-spottedspider mite (7). Products containing garlic alsowork to repel insects.

See Appendix III: Biorational Pesticides forinformation on products formulated for specificpests.

Greenhouse Disease Control

The greenhouse climate is ideal for thedevelopment of plant diseases. An integrationof cultural practices, environmental control,biological control, and natural control productswill be needed to prevent widespread outbreak.

Many fungicides are also toxic to beneficialorganisms, and should be avoided if possible. Alternative disease control techniques includethe use of disease resistant varieties, disease-freeseeds and plants, well-drained soil, aircirculation, weed eradication, humidity control,sanitation, disease-suppressive composts,compost watery extracts, and microbialantagonists.

Disease control may be classified into twoapproaches: 1) those aimed at the rootenvironment, and 2) those aimed at the aerialenvironment.


The Root Environment

Soil disinfection (i.e., sterilization) is animportant part of soil-borne disease controlwhen raising vegetables by the ground culturemethod or when soil-based potting mixes areused. Soil-borne diseases include damping-off(Pythium and Rhizoctonia), black root rot(Thielaviopsis), and several other root rots andwilts caused by Fusarium and Phytophthera. Potting mixes based on compost, peat moss,vermiculite, perlite, and bark are typicallypathogen-free and do not require priorsterilization.

Sterilization involves heating the soil to 212°Ffor 30 minutes, a process that kills mostorganisms in the soil. Chemical changes alsooccur in the soil and may affect plant nutrientuptake to the following crop. Pasteurizationinvolves heating the soil to only 160°F for 30minutes. While most harmful pathogens arekilled at this temperature, many beneficial soilorganisms survive. Thus, pasteurization is thepreferred method in organic programs.

Chemical biocides, electrical heat, steam heat,and soil solarization are the primary methods ofsoil disinfection in greenhouse production. Afifth method of disease suppression is biologicalcontrol. Soil fumigants such as methyl bromideare, of course, restricted in organic production.

Electrical heat treatment, which is done inside asteel chamber surrounded by heating coils, islimited to treating about a cubic yard of soil at atime. Its primary use is in the pasteurization ofsmall batches of sand and soil for potting mixes.

Accordingly, steam pasteurization and soilsolarization are the two most viable options forsterilizing greenhouse soils or large volumes ofsoil-based mixes. Biological control iscomplementary to these two methods.

Steaming

Steam was the primary method of soilsterilization in the greenhouse industry prior tothe emergence of soil fumigants. Steam heat is

highly effective and environmentally safe. Equipment and fuel costs are expensive,however, and treatment between crops is laborand time consuming. These are the chiefreasons many growers shifted to soilless mixes.

There are three methods of steaming in commonuse today (8):

1) Tarping an area and piping in steam for6�8 hours, heating and sterilizing the top8 inches of soil;

2) Pumping steam into subsurface drainagepipes, sterilizing the top 2 feet of soil;and,

3) Negative pressure steaming, wherepumps pull steam applied at the surfacethrough pipes buried 2 feet deep and 10feet apart.

Solarization

Soil solarization is the process of tarping moistsoils with clear polyethylene to trap solarradiation and raise soil temperatures to levelslethal to most pathogens and weed seeds. Solarization is most effective when applied forat least 30 days in midsummer. Two layers ofpolyethylene, separated by fillers (i.e., pvc pipesor 2'x 4's) spaced every few feet to create an airspace, increases the efficiency of solarization.

Solarization in greenhouses is a proven meansof soil sterilization, and is practiced worldwidein Japan, Israel, Greece, France, Italy, Belgium,Portugal, and Spain (9�11), in addition to theUnited States and Canada.

Solarization can also be used to pasteurize sandor soil intended for potting media, or to treatused media (12). A simple technique developedin Florida (13) is to fill a black plastic trash bagwith media, which is then sealed in atransparent plastic bag. The double-wrappedmedia is placed in the open on asphalt orconcrete and spread to a uniform depth of 3inches.


As long as the trashbag received one full day ofsunshine from April through August, thetemperatures reached or exceeded 113°F formore than 2 hours. This temperature, whichwas monitored with a thermometer insertedinto the media, was considered the minimumtreatment period for plant-parasitic nematodes. This method yields about 24 liters of media.

Biological control of pathogens in greenhousesoils and potting mixes is accomplished throughnatural control via cultural practices, andsecondly, through applied biocontrols. Theintroduction of biocontrol agents, orantagonists, is the next form of biological soildisinfection. Biological fungicides are apromising alternative to synthetic fungicides.

There are several new biocontrols available forsuppressing root diseases (14). One product isRootShield�, a biofungicide that controls rootdiseases caused by Pythium, Rhizoctonia,Fusarium, and Sclerotinia. RootShield containsthe fungus Trichoderma harzianum and is soldeither as granules or a drench. SoilGard 12G�is another biofungicide that controls Pythium,Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora andThielaviopsis (when co-applied with sulfur). Theactive ingredient is the fungus Gliocladiumvirens. SoilGard is sold as granules that can beincorporated into the soil mix. Another productis MycoStop�, sold as a wettable powder. MycoStop contains the actinomyceteStreptomyces griseoviridis and controls Fusarium,although it may control other root diseases. SeeAppendix II: Biorational Pesticides for furtherinformation.

Deny� (from Stine Seed) contains thebacterium Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia andcontrols diseases caused by Rhizoctonia,Fusarium, and Pythium. It also provides somenematode control. Intercept� (from SoilTechnologies) also uses B. cepacia to controldisease.

Cultural practices that promote soil healthinclude crop rotation and use of tilled-in cropresidues and green manures or organicamendments brought in from off site.

The beneficial effect of crop rotation on planthealth and yield is probably due to changes insoil microflora. These shifts result in increasingnumbers of beneficial microorganisms(including nitrifying and other useful bacteria,antagonists of pathogens, etc.), and indecreasing numbers of noxious ones (pathogensand antagonists of beneficial microorganisms)(15).

In some greenhouses, a short-term break crop�such as annual ryegrass, oats, buckwheat, orrapeseed�may fit into the rotation and be usedto increase organic matter. Another option is torely on organic amendments or green leafmanures brought in from off site. Amendmentssuch as fresh residues, composts, and manuresresult in soil improvement through aproliferation of microflora.

Green leaf manures are field-grown cover cropsthat are chopped and harvested green, thentransported inside the greenhouse to beincorporated into the soil. Many studies haveshown that crucifer residues from rapeseed andoilseed radish cover crops produce toxic gasesthat suppress soilborne pathogens. Additionally, soil solarization, followingincorporation of cruciferous residues, increasesthe efficiency of soilborne pathogen control.

The role of composts as a slow-release nutrientsource in organic production is well established.Recently, the role of composts as amendmentsfor the control of soilborne plant pathogens hasincreased interest in similar use in conventionalagriculture. Much of the pioneering research onthis topic has been conducted by Dr. HarryHoitink (16�18) at Ohio State University.

In container production, disease-suppressive composts are commerciallyavailable in both peat and soil-basedmedia. Dr. Frank Regulski, who isPresident of BioComp, Inc., an Edenton,N.C., company that developed a series ofdisease-suppressive mixes, said thatsuppressive properties come from acertain composting technique that yieldsantibiotic (antagonistic) and competitive(saprophytic) responses (19).


Natural disease-suppressive potting mixes�based on composts�are available throughseveral commercial sources. These productsmay, however, contain starter fertilizers andwetting agents which would restrict their use inorganic certification programs. Contact themanufacturers for clarification on theseingredients. Some companies will blend aspecial batch that excludes restrictedingredients, therefore making them suitable fororganic production. For more information onthese companies, ask for ATTRA�s publicationDisease Suppressive Potting Mixes<http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/dspotmix.html>. This publication alsodiscusses how to inoculate potting mixeswith mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae colonizeplant roots and protect them againstcertain pathogenic fungi, includingvarious Pythium and Fusarium species(20).

The Aerial Environment

Foliar and stem diseases include gray mold(Botrytis), powdery mildew (Erysiphe spp.), earlyblight (Alternaria spp.), soft rot (Erwinia spp.),and several other fungal and viral diseasescaused by Xanthomonas, Fusarium, andPsuedomonas.

Greenhouse climates are warm, humid, andwind-free�an ideal environment for thedevelopment of many foliar and stem diseases. For the majority of pathogenic fungi andbacteria, infection usually occurs when a film ordrop of water on the plant surface persists. Unless temperature, humidity, and ventilationare well regulated, this surface water can remainin the greenhouse until infection becomesassured (21).

Integrated disease management, therefore, isbased on climate control for disease infectionand optimum crop yield and quality. Iteliminates inoculum through high standards ofhygiene (sterilizing soil or using soilless media,obtaining disease-free planting material,chlorine bleach rinses of footwear & equipment,vegetative-free floors, etc.), cultural practices for

limiting disease spread, biological and pesticidalcontrol, and, most important, when available,resistant germplasm (21).

Environmental Control

Temperature and humidity regulation�functions of heating and cooling, ventilation,vapor pressure, and structure�are increasinglybecoming computerized. Expert software thatreduces disease-infective conditions whilepromoting crop growth is available throughcommercial vendors.

Agricultural engineers at the Ohio AgriculturalResearch and Development Center (OARDC) inWooster, Ohio, are knowledgeable aboutcomputer environment controlled greenhousesand should be able to direct you to appropriatesystems. Contact:

Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center1680 Madison AvenueWooster, OH 44691-6900330-263-3700

Foliar Products

Greenhouse growers have fewer alternativecontrol products for diseases than for insects. Copper- and sulfur-based fungicides are theonly commercial fungicides acceptable incertified organic programs. Coppers exhibitboth fungicidal and bacterial control properties.Sulfurs are noted for control of mildews. Alternative disease control strategies, althoughbased more on grower's experience and limitedresearch, include compost watery extracts (seeATTRA�s publication Compost Teas for PlantDisease Control for more information),biodynamic herbal extracts (see ATTRA�spublication Biodynamic Farming and CompostPreparation) and foliar feeding (see next page).

Biofungicides for foliar disease control are alsoavailable. AQ10� contains the fungusAmpelomyces quisqualis and controls powderymildew. Trichodex� controls botrytis. TopShield� contains Trichoderma harzianum and


controls botrytis and powdery mildew. TopShield should become commerciallyavailable in 1999. See Appendix III: BiorationalPesticides for further information.

Foliar Feeding

Foliar feeding is used by many organic growersto induce resistance to foliar disease. Seaweedand fish emulsion are the two products mostcommonly applied. More sophisticated foliarprograms are being formulated in conjunctionwith refractometers and radionics instruments. Although the mechanism for resistance is notclear, modification of the leaf surface andenhanced plant nutrition is suspected. It hasbeen stated that foliar fertilization indirectlyprotects against plant pathogens by increasingnatural plant immunity through improvementof the plant's nutritional status (22).

Evidence is also strong that foliar feeding canhave a dramatic effect on the rhizospheremicroflora via changes in root exudates (15). Such changes in root exudates may lead to anincrease of antagonists and thus enhancebiological control of pathogens in the rootenvironment as well (15). Further informationon foliar feeding is available from ATTRA onrequest.

Baking Soda

Baking soda has for many years been used inEurope as a mild fungicide by rose growers andorganic gardeners. Recently, plant pathologistsat Cornell University confirmed throughresearch that baking soda exhibits fungicidalactivity against powdery mildew and severalother diseases on ornamentals (23). Theydetermined that a mixture of 0.5% baking soda(about 5 level teaspoons per gallon of water)and 0.5% horticultural oil showed the greatestactivity.

A new product containing baking soda, calledRemedy�, is now available for use as apesticide. Remedy is effective against blackspot, powdery mildew, leaf spots, anthracnose,phoma, phytophthora, scab, and botrytis.

Remedy should be applied at the first sign ofdisease and repeated at one- or two-weekintervals until the problem subsides. A six-ounce bottle (enough to make 12 gallons ofspray) is available for $15 from:

Gardener�s Supply Company128 Intervale Rd.Burlington, VT 05401800-955-3370

For more information on how to use bakingsoda, ask for ATTRA�s publication Using BakingSoda as a Fungicide.

Related ATTRA Publications:

Organic Potting MixesDisease Suppressive Potting MixesIntegrated Pest ManagementUsing Baking Soda as a FungicideCompost Teas for Plant Disease ControlBiodynamic Farming and Compost PreparationGreenhouse IPM: Sustainable Aphid Control Sustainable Thrips Control Sustainable Whitefly Control

References:

1) Gentile, A.G., and D.T. Scanlon; Revised byTina Smith. 1992. A Guide to Insects andRelated Pests of Floricultural Crops in NewEngland: For Commercial Growers. Universityof Massachusetts Cooperative ExtensionSystem. 36 p.

2) Kuack, David. 1995. Janet Bandy onimplementing an effective IPM program. Greenhouse Management and Production. April. p. 56�57.

3) Dutky, Ethel. 1995. Here�s how to cut yourlosses due to disease. GMPro. October. p. 63�65.

4) Aylsworth, Jean. 1993. Biological controls catchon with growers. Greenhouse Grower. December. p. 77�78, 80�81.


5) Gillespie, D.R. 1995? Development ofintegrated pest management and biologicalcontrol systems for the production ofgreenhouse crops. http://res.agr.ca/agassiz/studies/gill95.htm.6 p.

6) DeAngelis, J.D. 1991. Introduction to BiologicalPest Control in Greenhouses. Oregon StateUniv. Extension Service, Corvallis, OR. 6 p.

7) Lindquist, Richard K. 1998. Evaluations of non-conventional pesticides for insect and mitecontrol on greenhouse ornamental plants. Greenhouse Product News. July. p. 52�55.

8) Klassen, Parry. 1993. Mulling over methylbromide. Greenhouse Grower. August. p. 118 & 120.

9) Mahrer, Yitzhak. 1991. Physicalproperties of solar heating of soils byplastic mulching in the field and inglasshouses and simulation models. p.75, 81�86. In: Jaacov Katan James E.DeVay (ed.) Soil Solarization. CRCPress, Boca Raton, FL.

10) Garibaldi, Angelo, and M. LodovicaBullino. 1991. Soil solarization inSouthern European countries, withemphasis on soilborne disease control ofprotected crops. p. 227�235. In: JaacovKatan and James E. DeVay (ed.) SoilSolarization. CRC Press, Boca Raton,FL.

11) Horiuchi, Seizo. 1991. Soil solarizationin Japan. p. 215, 218�223, 225. In:Jaacov Katan and James E. DeVay (ed.) Soil Solarization. CRC Press, BocaRaton, FL.

12) Gamliel, A. et al. No date. Solarization for theRecycling of Container Media. The HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. Unpublished manuscript. 8 p.

13) Giblin, R.M., and S.D. Verkade. 1987. Solarization of small volumes of potting soil fordisinfection of plant-parasitic nematodes. p.174�176. In: Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. Vol. 100.

14) Chase, A.R. 1998. New bactericides andfungicides for disease control on ornamentals. Greenhouse Product News. December.p. 22�24.

15) Gindrat, D. 1979. Biological soil disinfection. p.253�287. In: D. Mulder (ed.) Soil Disinfection. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., New York,NY.

16) Dr. Harry Hoitink Department of Plant Pathology Ohio Agricultural Research and

Development Center The Ohio State University 1680 Madison Avenue Wooster, OH 44691-4096

17) Hoitink, Harry A., and Peter C. Fahy. 1986. Basis for the control of soilborne plantpathogens with composts. Annual Reviews ofPhytopathology. Vol. 24. p. 93�114.

18) Hoitink, H.A.J., Y. Inbar, and M.J. Boehm. 1991.Status of compost-amended potting mixesnaturally suppressive to soilborne diseases offloricultural crops. Plant Disease. September. p. 869�873.

19) Roberts, Dan R. 1992. Insect-,disease-suppressive mixers helpgrowers minimize crop losses. Greenhouse Manager. September.p. 68, 70�71.

20) Anon. 1992. Mycori-Mix containsbeneficial fungi, suppresses pythium. Greenhouse Manager. September.p. 68.

21) Jarvis, William R. 1992. ManagingDiseases in Greenhouse Crops. American Phytopathological Society, St.Paul, MN. p. 3, 5, & 220�221.

22) Nowosielski, O. et al. 1988. Abiological basis for the efficiency ofplant protecting foliar fertilizers invegetable production. ActaHorticulture. Vol. 222. p. 105�116.

23) Anon. 1990. Baking soda can ward off fungus. Greenhouse Manager. June. p. 24.


Resources:

Books:

Applied Bio-nomics, Ltd. (ed). 1993. BiologicalTechnical Manual. Applied Bio-nomics, Ltd., Sidney,B.C. 490 p.

A comprehensive text on the biology and use ofbeneficial insects and mites for biological control ingreenhouses. The manual includes biology, life cycles,release instructions, pesticide compatibilities, and cropprograms for greenhouse tomatoes, poinsettias,floricultural crops, and interior plantscapes. It hasbeen in revision for several years and is unavailable forpurchase. However, you might be able to obtain acopy through inter-library loan or at a used bookstore.

Casey, Christine (ed.) 1997. Integrated PestManagement for Bedding Plants. IPM No. 407. Cornell University Cooperative Extension, Ithaca,NY. 109 p.

Covers scouting methods, how to develop and evaluatea management strategy, case studies, key pests,diseases and disorders, and biological controls. Alsocontains sources of scouting supplies and scoutingforms. Available for $12.75 from:

Media Services Resource CenterCornell University7-8 Business & Technology ParkIthaca, NY 14850607-255-2080607-255-9946 fax

Cherim, Michael S. 1998. The Green MethodsManual: The Original Bio-Control Primer, 4th ed. Green Spot Publishing, Nottingham, NH. 238 p.

Excellent resource on biological controls. Alsoincludes information on cultural and mechanical pestmanagement methods. Available for $9.95 from:

The Green Spot, Ltd.Publishing Division93 Priest Rd.Nottingham, NH 03290-6204603-942-8925

Daughtrey, Margery and Christine Chase. 1992. TheBall Field Guide to Diseases of GreenhouseOrnamentals. Ball Publishing, Batavia, IL. 218 p.

Available for $67 from:Ball Publishing335 N. River St.PO Box 9Batavia, IL 60510630-208-9080http://www.growertalks.com

Gill, Stanton and John Sanderson. 1998. BallIdentification Guide to Greenhouse Pests andBeneficials. Ball Publishing, Batavia, IL. 244 p.

Available for $67 from Ball Publishing (see addressabove).

Green, Thomas A. (ed.) 1998. 1998 IPM Almanac. Gempler�s, Belleville, WI. 178 p.

Excellent source of IPM info. Introduces the growerto IPM techniques. Provides comprehensive checklistsfor specific crops and gives numerous resources. Available for $4.95 from:

Gempler�s100 Countryside Dr.PO Box 270Belleville, WI 53508800-382-8473800-551-1128 faxhttp://www.gemplers.com

Hunter, Charles D. 1997. Suppliers of BeneficialOrganisms in North America. PM 97-01. CaliforniaEnvironmental Protection Agency, Department ofPesticide Regulation. Sacramento, CA. 32 p.

The booklet lists 143 commercial suppliers of morethan 130 beneficial organisms used for biologicalcontrol, including a special section on greenhousebiological control. The booklet can be downloadedfrom their website, or free, single copies can beobtained from:

California Environmental Protection AgencyDepartment of Pesticide RegulationEnvironmental Monitoring and PestManagement BranchAttn: Beneficial Organisms Booklet1220 N. Street, Room 161Sacramento, CA 95814-5624916-324-4100http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/ipminov /bensuppl.htm

Hussey, N.W. and N. Scopes (ed). 1985. BiologicalPest Control: The Glasshouse Experience. CornellUniversity Press, Ithaca, NY. 240 p.

This book is a comprehensive work that explains thelife cycles of both pests and biological control agents. All of the major and minor greenhouse pests arecovered. This book is no longer in print, but you maybe able to get it through inter-library loan or at a usedbookstore.


Lindquist, Richard. 1998. Identification of Insectsand Related Pests of Horticultural Plants. OhioFlorists� Assocation, Columbus, OH. 44 p.

Illustrates the life cycle and crop damage of ten majorpests. The 20-page Appendix: Insect Cocktailprovides information on combining chemical andbiological tools for use against pests. Available for $27from:

Ohio Florists� Association2130 Stella Court, Suite 200Columbia, OH 43215614-487-1117

Malais, M. and W.J. Ravensburg. 1992. Knowingand Recognizing: The Biology of Glasshouse Pestsand Their Natural Enemies. Koppert B.V., Berkel enRodenrijs, Netherlands. 109 p.

This book includes photographs, drawings, and lifecycle diagrams for both pests and beneficials ofgreenhouse crops. In the U.S., it is available for $50through:

IPM Laboratories, Inc.P.O. Box 300Locke, NY 13092-0300315-497-2063315-497-3129 Fax

Meister, Richard T. (ed.) 1999. Insect and DiseaseControl Guide. Meister Publishing, Willoughby, OH.602 p.

Extensive annual listing of controls for insects anddisease for greenhouse and field crops. Available for$54 from:

Meister Publishing Company37733 Euclid Ave.Willoughby, OH 44094-5992800-572-7740Email: [email protected]://www.meisterpro.com

Jarvis, William. 1995. Managing Diseases inGreenhouse Crops. American PhytopathologicalPress, St. Paul, Minnesota. 228 p.

This is the definitive text on managing diseases ingreenhouses. Included are useful sections onbiological control and integrated disease management. The style is more akin to an academic book ratherthan a grower�s manual, yet little else has beenpublished on this topic. It lists for about $85 + $5s&h. Contact:

APS Press3340 Pilot Knob RoadSt. Paul, MN 55121-2097612-454-7250

Powell, Charles C. and Richard K. Lindquist. 1997. Ball Pest and Disease Manual. 2nd edition. BallPublishing, Batavia, IL. 426 p.

Features specific information on plant pathology andentomolgy in flower and foliage crops. Containsdetailed diagnostic and corrective information. Additionally, the Index of Host Plants, Diseases andPests is very helpful. Available for $63 from BallPublishing (see address above).

Steiner, Marilyn Y. and Don P. Elliot. 1987. BiologicalPest Management for Interior Plantscapes, 2nd edition.Alberta Public Affairs Bureau, Edmonton, Alberta,Canada. 32 p.

An informative booklet on pest management ininterior plantscapes. The authors detail life cycleinformation and provide cultural, biological andchemical control options for major greenhouse pests. Copies can be ordered for about $15 from:

Pauline ColemanAlberta Research CouncilCrop & Plant ManagementBag 4000Vegreville, ABCanada T9C 1T4 780-632-8211

Greenhouse Grower magazine publishes IPM manualson the control of greenhouse whiteflies and thrips. The two publications, Win the War on Whiteflies, andGet a Grip on Thrips, are an assortment of selectedarticles published in the magazine over the span ofseveral years. They are available for $12 each fromMeister Publishing Company (see address above).

Articles:

Greenhouse IPM in General:

Grossman, Joel. 1996. Entomological Society ofAmerica�s 1995 meeting--part 3: Nicotiana sugaresters vs. whiteflies. The IPM Practitioner. April.p. 14�15.

Willmott, Jim. 1998. Reduce disease by managingthe greenhouse environment. Northeast GreenhouseIPM Notes. October. p. 1�2.

Biological Control:

DeAngelis, J.D. 1991. Introduction to Biological PestControl in Greenhouses, EC 1376. Oregon State Univ.Extension Service, Corvallis, OR.


Gilkeson, Linda A. 1992. A pest-by-pest IPM primer.American Vegetable Grower. May. p. 46, 48.

Hoddle, M.S., R.G. van Driesche, J.P. Sanderson. 1998. Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoidEncarsia formosa. Annual Review of Entomology. Vol. 43. p. 645�669.

Kuack, David. 1995. What's it take to be successfulwith biologicals? Greenhouse Management andProduction. April. p. 22�26.

Lowe, Peter. 1993. How to get started withbiological control: Tips from a Danish grower. Greenhouse Manager. September.p. 92, 94, 96, 98, 100.

Matteoni, Jim, et al. 1993. Chemical effects ongreenhouse biological control agents. GrowerTalks. August. p. 81�83, 85.

Wardlow, Leslie R. 1998. IPM in ornamentals: Aguide to biocontrol. GrowerTalks. September.p. 78, 80, 82.

IGRs:

Immaraju, John and Timothy Wood. 1992. Insectgrowth regulators widen the pest-control window. Grower Talks. November. p. 55, 57, 59.

Biorational Pesticides:

Brownbridge, Michael. 1998. Making the most ofbiopesticides. Greenhouse Grower. July.p. 85�86, 88, 93�96.

Brownbridge, Michael, Margaret Skinner, and BruceL. Parker. 1998. Factors affecting the efficacy offungal preparations in ornamental pest management.Ohio Florists� Association Bulletin, No. 824. June.p. 14�16.

Miller, Fredric and Susan Uetz. 1998. Evaluatingbiorational pesticides for controlling arthropod pestsand their phytotoxic effects on greenhouse crops. HortTechnology. April-June. p. 185�192.

Diseases:

Menzies, J.G., and R.R. Belanger. 1996. Recentadvances in cultural management of diseases ofgreenhouse crops. Canadian Journal of PlantPathology. Vol. 18, No. 2. p. 186�193.

Periodicals:

Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC) is a leader in thefield of integrated pest management. BIRC publishesThe IPM Practitioner and Common Sense Pest Quarterly.In addition, they publish a directory of IPM productsand beneficial insects. BIRC also offers booklets andreprints on least-toxic controls for selected pests. Fora copy of BIRC's catalog & list of services, contact: Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC) P.O. Box 7414 Berkeley, CA 94707 510-524-2567

510-524-1758 faxEmail: [email protected]://www.igc.apc.org/birc/

Cornell and Rutgers Cooperative Extension publishNortheast Greenhouse IPM Notes, formerly titledGreenhouse IPM Update, a monthly newsletterdesigned to help growers incorporate IPM into theiroperations throughout the growing season. Thenewsletter reports on new products, publications,and current issues in greenhouse IPM, as well asproviding the most up-to-date information onindividual pests and crops. The hard copy versioncosts $30 a year for growers and $25 for educators,but the newsletter is free over the Internet. Contact:

Northeast Greenhouse IPM NotesCornell Cooperative Extension246 Griffing AvenueRiverhead, NY 11901-3086516-727-7850http://www.cce.cornell.edu/suffolk /greenhouse-notes/

Connecticut Greenhouse NewsletterContact: Richard J. McAvoyUniversity of ConnecticutDept. of Plant Science1376 Storrs Rd.Storrs, CT 06269-4067860-486-0627860-486-0682 fax

$9/year for 6 issues

Midwest Biological Control NewsDept. of EntomologyUniversity of Wisconsin1630 Linden Dr.Madison, WI 53706608-262-9914http://www.wisc.edu/entomology/mbcn /mbcn.html



Growing for MarketP.O. Box 3747Lawrence, KS 66046800-307-8949785-748-0605785-748-0609 fax


Trade Publications:

Greenhouse GrowerMeister Publishing Company37733 Euclid Ave.Willoughby, OH 44094440-942-2000440-942-0662 Fax

$29/year for 12 issues; Buyer�s Issue every summerhas lists of pest control suppliers

GMPro (Greenhouse Management & Production)Branch-Smith PublishingPO Box 1868Fort Worth, TX 76101800-434-6776817-882-4120817-882-4121 Faxhttp://www.greenbeam.com

12 issues/year; free to qualified greenhouse growers;$96/year for non-growers

Greenhouse Product NewsScranton Gillette Communications, Inc.380 E. Northwest Hwy.Des Plaines, IL 60016-2282847-298-6622847-390-0408 FaxEmail: [email protected]://www.greenhouseproductnews.com


GrowerTalksBall Publising Co.P.O. Box 9335 N. River StreetBatavia, IL 60510-0009630-208-9080630-208-9350 FaxEmail: [email protected] or [email protected]://www.growertalks.com


Web Sites:

http://www.canr.uconn.edu/ces/ipm/University of Connecticut�s web site on IPM andgreenhouse IPM

http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ipmnet/index.htmlIPM in the Northeast Region; web sitemaintained by Cornell University

http://www.barc.usda.gov/psi/bpdl/bioprod.htmCommercial Biocontrol Products for Use AgainstSoilborne Crop Diseases

Video:

Integrated Pest Management in Greenhouses. 27minutes.

Shows the unique problems and opportunitiesinvolved with managing pests in productiongreenhouses. Covers economic thresholds and how toapply an IPM program to coordinate physical,biological, cultural, horticultural, and chemicalcontrols. Comes with a 72-page book on greenhousepest problems. Available for $95 from:

San Luis Video PublishingPO Box 6715Los Osos, CA 93412805-528-8322805-528-7227 fax

Conference:

The Society of American Florists holds an annual PestManagement Conference in February. This is usuallya three-day event that focuses on pest management inornamental crops. Annual conference proceedingsare available for $17.95. For more information,contact:

Society of American Florists1601 Duke St.Alexandria, VA 22314800-336-4743

Biological Control Suppliers

A-1 Unique Insect Control5504 Sperry Dr.Citrus Heights, CA 95621916-961-7945916-967-7082 faxEmail: [email protected]://www.a-1unique.com


Abbott Laboratories1401 Sheridan Rd.Dept. 44C, Bldg. A1N. Chicago, Ill 60064800-323-9597847-937-3729 fax

ARBICO Inc.PO Box 4247 CRBTucson, AZ 85738800-SOS-BUGS520-825-2038 faxEmail: [email protected]://www.arbico.com

Beneficial Insectary14751 Oak Run Rd.Oak Run, CA 96069800-477-3715530-472-3523 faxEmail: [email protected]://www.insectary.com

BioLogic Co.PO Box 177Willow Hill, PA 17271Email: [email protected]/2922

BioWorks122 N. Genesee St.Geneva, NY 14456800-877-9443315-781-1793 fax

Caltec Agri-Marketing ServicesPO Box 576155Modesto, CA 95357209-575-1295209-575-0366 faxhttp://www.caltecag.com

Dow AgroSciences9330 Zionsville Rd.Indianapolis, IN 46268-1054800-258-3033317-337-7374 faxhttp://www.dowagro.com

Ecogen Inc.2005 Cabot Blvd. WPO Box 3023Langhorne, PA 17271-3023800-220-3326215-757-2956 fax

Florikan ESA Corp.1523 Edger PlaceSarasota, FL 34240800-322-8666941-377-3633 faxEmail: [email protected]

E.C. Geiger, Inc.Rt. 63, Box 285Harleysville, PA 19438215-256-6511215-256-6110 faxEmail: [email protected]

The Green Spot, Ltd.93 Priest Rd.Nottingham, NH 03290-6204603-942-8925603-942-8932603-942-5027 voice mailEmail: [email protected]

Harmony Farm Supply3244 Hwy. 116 No. FSebastopol, CA 95472707-823-9125707-823-1734 faxEmail: [email protected]://www.harmonyfarm.com

Hot Pepper Wax, Inc.305 Third St.Greenville, PA 16125888-667-3785724-646-2302 faxEmail: [email protected]://www.hotpepperwax.com

Hydro-Gardens, Inc.PO Box 25845Colorado Springs, CO 80932719-495-2266719-531-0506 faxhttp://www.hydro-gardens.com

IGENE Biotechnology, Inc.9110 Red Branch Rd.Columbia, MD 21045410-997-2599410-730-0540 fax


International Technology Services Inc.PO Box 19227Boulder, CO 80308-2227303-473-9141303-473-9143 faxEmail: [email protected]

IPM LaboratoriesPO Box 300Locke, NY 13092-0099315-497-2063315-497-3129 Fax

Koppert Biological Systems2856 Main St. SouthAnn Arbor, MI 48103313-998-5589313-998-5557 fax

M&R Durango, Inc.PO Box 886Bayfield, CO 81122970-259-3521970-259-3857 fax

Mycogen Crop Protection5501 Oberlin Dr.San Diego, CA 92121800-745-7476619-453-9089 faxEmail: [email protected]

Mycotech Corp.PO Box 4109Butte, MT 59702-4109800-383-4310406-782-9912 faxEmail: [email protected]

Natural Pest Controls8864 Little Creek Dr.Orangeville, CA 95662916-726-0855916-726-0855 faxEmail: [email protected]://www.naturalpestcontrol.com

Nature�s ControlPO Box 35Medford, OR 97501800-698-6250541-899-9121 faxEmail: [email protected]

Novartis Crop Protection, Inc.PO Box 18300Greensboro, NC 27419-8300800-334-9481336-632-2861 faxhttp://www.cp.us.novartis.com

Olympic Horticultural ProductsPO Box 1885Bradenton, FL 34206-1885800-659-6745888-647-4329 faxEmail: [email protected]://www.hortnet.com/olympic

Plant Health Care440 William Pitt WayPittsburg, PA 15238800-421-9051http://www.planthealthcare.com/

Praxis2723 116th Ave.Allegan, MI 49010616-673-2793616-673-2793 faxEmail: [email protected]

Rincon-Vitova Insectaries, Inc.PO Box 1555Ventura, CA 93002800-248-2847805-643-6267 faxEmail: [email protected]

Rohm & Haas Co.100 Independence Mall WestPhiladelphia, PA 19106800-523-0762215-592-2797 faxhttp://www.rohmhaas.com

SePRO Corp.11550 N. Meridian St., Suite 180Carmel, IN 46032-4562800-419-7779317-580-8290 faxEmail: [email protected]://www.sepro.com

Sespe Creek InsectaryPO Box 176Lindsay, CA 93247209-562-6464


Soil Technologies Corp.2103 185th St.Fairfield, IA 52556800-221-7645515-472-6189 faxEmail: [email protected]://www.lisco.com/soiltech

Stine Seed Co.2225 Laredo TrailAdel, IA 50003800-362-2510515-677-2716http://www.stine.com

Stoller Enterprises, Inc.8582 Katy Freeway, Suite 200Houston, TX 77024800-539-5283713-461-4467 fax

Thermo Trilogy Corp.9145 Guilford Rd., Ste. 175Columbia, MD 21046800-847-5620301-604-7015 faxhttp://www.thermotrilogy.com

Troy Biosciences2620 N. 37th Dr.Phoenix, AZ 85009602-233-9047602-254-7989 fax

Uniroyal ChemicalsBenson Rd.Middlebury, CT 06749800-243-2850203-573-3394 faxhttp://www.uniroyalchemical.com

Wellmark International1000 Tower Lane, Suite 245Bensonville, IL 60106800-842-3135630-227-6065 fax

Whitmore Micro-Gen3568 Tree Court Ind. Blvd.St. Louis, MO 63122800-777-8570

Wilbur-Ellis Co.191 W. Shaw Ave., Suite 107Fresno, CA 93704-2876209-226-1934209-226-7630 fax

By Lane Greer and Steve DiverNCAT Agricultural Specialists

March 1999

THE ATTRA PROJECT IS OPERATED BY THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY UNDER A GRANT FROMTHE RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THESE ORGANIZATIONS DO NOTRECOMMEND OR ENDORSE PRODUCTS, COMPANIES, OR INDIVIDUALS. ATTRA IS LOCATED IN THE OZARK MOUNTAINSAT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS IN FAYETTEVILLE AT P.O. BOX 3657, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72702. ATTRA STAFFMEMBERS PREFER TO RECEIVE REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION ABOUT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE VIA THE TOLL-FREENUMBER 800-346-9140.


Appendix I: Monitoring and Scouting Techniques for Greenhouse Plants *

AphidsPlantBugs

ShoreFlies

FungusGnats

Leaf-Miners

Mealy-bugs

BroadMites

SpiderMites

SoftScales

ArmoredScales Slugs Thrips

White-flies

Cater-pillars

Monitoring:

Hot pink sticky cards at top ofplant

X

Yellow sticky cards at top ofpot

X X X X X X X

Horizontal sticky trap at top ofpot

X X X X

Trap/Indicator plants X X X X

Place piece of potato on media X X

Scouting:

Inspect underside of leaf X X X X X X X X

Inspect upper surface forstippling/small white spots

X X

Inspect leaves for mineswithin tissue

X

Inspect new growth orterminal for feeding

X X X X

Lightly blow into flowers andlook for movement

X


AphidsPlantBugs

ShoreFlies

FungusGnats

Leaf-Miners

Mealy-bugs

BroadMites

SpiderMites

SoftScales


White-flies

Cater-pillars

Tap flowers over white surface& look for movement

X X X

Press lower leaf on white cardand look for spots on card

X

White or brown spots onflowers

X

Dark area on buds that are justopening

X

Check for leaves on media forfeeding & larvae beneath

X X

Observe for:

Honeydew or sooty mold onleaves

X X X X

Brown callused-like spots onstems/leaves

X X

White cottony mass onstems/leaves

X

Holes in leaves X X

Small clear skeletonized spoton leaf

X X

Cut edges of leaves X X

Frass on leaves X


AphidsPlantBugs

ShoreFlies

FungusGnats

Leaf-Miners

Mealy-bugs

BroadMites

SpiderMites

SoftScales


White-flies

Cater-pillars

Small black spots on leaves(fecal drops)

X X

Chlorotic (yellow) spots onupper leaf surface

X X X X X

Wilting of new growth X

Caste skins on leaf frommolting insect

X

Curling of leaves X X

Distortion of new growth X X X X X

Main stems of plants X X X X X

Slime trail on leaf X

Buds fail to open or unevenopening of flowers

X

Webbing on leaves or flowers X

Gnat-like insects flying amongplants

X X

* Source: Oetting, Ronald D. 1997. Table: Ornamentals - Greenhouse Plants. In: 1997 Insect Control Guide. Meister Publishing, Willoughby,OH. p. 354-355


Appendix II: Beneficial Organisms*

Organism Supplier Pests Controlled Application/Comments

Amblyseius degenerans or Intl. Technology aphids Iphiseius degenerans Services, IPM Labs., (predatory mite) Green Spot

Amblyseius fallacis or IPM Labs., Rincon- mites Release when pest levels are low. Prefer high humidity. Neoseiulus fallacis Vitova, Green Spot (predatory mite)

Anagyrus pseudococci Praxis mealybugs (parasitic wasp)

Aphidius colemani Florikan, IPM Labs., aphids Release.5-2/sq. yd.; humidity should be 70-85%, temp. 65-77°F. (parasitic wasp) Harmony Farm Release at first sign of pests and for 3 consecutive weeks

Supply, Praxis, thereafter. Sensitive to pesticides. Rincon-Vitova, Green Spot

Aphidius matricariae Arbico, Hydro- aphids 500-3000/A. Can be used in greenhouses all year long. (parasitic wasp) Gardens, Green Spot

Aphidoletes aphidimyza Nature�s Control, aphids 1-3/10 sq.ft.; humidity should be 50-90%, temp. 60-80°F. Release (predator midge) Intl. Technology when aphids are first observed; release lower numers for

Services, IPM Labora- preventive control; apply every two weeks. Active at night; tories, Hydro-Gardens, sensitive to daylength. Arbico, Praxis, Rincon- Vitova, Harmony Farm Supply, Green Spot

Aphytis melinus Arbico, Sespe Creek many scales 10,000-100,000/A; humidity should be 20-80%, temp. 65-95°F. (parasitic wasp) Insectary, Harmony,

Hydro-Gardens, IPM Labs, Natural Pest Controls, Praxis, Green Spot



Chilocorus spp. Praxis scales (beetle)

Chrysopa carnea Natural Pest Controls, aphids, caterpillars, 1 lacewing/5-30 aphids; 1000 eggs/200 sq. ft. Apply every 1-3 (predator) Beneficial Insectary, mealybugs, scales, weeks as needed. May arrive as eggs, immatures, or adults.

Caltec, Arbico, A-1 spider mites, thrips, Unique Insect Control, whiteflies Praxis, Rincon-Vitova, Hydro-Gardens

Chrysoperla rufilabris Arbico, Beneficial see above (predator) Insectary, IPM Labs.,

A-1 Unique Insect Control, Nature�s Control, Praxis, Rincon-Vitova

Chrysoperla spp. M&R Durango, see above (predator) Florikan, Green Spot

Coccophagus lycimnia Praxis scale (parasitic wasp)

Coleomegilla imaculata Arbico aphids, caterpillars, 1/sq. ft.; shipped as larvae and eggs. (pink ladybird beetle) mites, scales, thrips,

whiteflies

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Arbico, Caltec, Intl. aphids, mealybugs, 2-5/infested plant; humidity should be 70-80%, temp. 70-80°F. (predator beetle) Technology Services, soft scales Larvae are cannibalistic; repeat as necessary for control; do not

IPM Laboratories, wear white while distributing. Natural Pest Controls, Nature�s Control, Florikan, Harmony Farm Supply, Hydro- Gardens, Praxis, Rincon- Vitova, Green Spot



Dacnusa siberica Arbico, Intl. Techno- leafminers 500-1000/A; humidity should be 50-90%; temp. 60-85°F. Apply (parasite) logy Services, Natural at first appearance of pests. Pest Controls, Praxis,

Koppert, Green Spot

Deraeocoris brevis Green Spot aphids, whiteflies, (predator) thrips

Delphastus pusillus Arbico, IPM Labora- greenhouse whitefly, 2000/3000 sq. ft.; temperature should be 60-85°F. Will feed on (predatory beetle) tories, Nature�s sweetpotato whitefly spider mites if no whiteflies are available. Should be used along

Control, Harmony Farm with Encarsia formosa and traps. Supply, Hydro-Gardens, Rincon-Vitova, Praxis, Green Spot

Diaretiella rapae Arbico, Praxis aphids Release rates vary. (parasite)

Diglyphus isaea Arbico, Harmony leafminers Temps. should be 75-90% and humidity around 80%. (parasite) Farm Supply, Natural

Pest Controls, Praxis, Intl. Technology Serv., Green Spot

Encarsia formosa Arbico, Nature�s greenhouse whitefly, Release 1/sq. ft. weekly for 3 weeks when pest numbers are (parasitic wasp) Control, IPM Labora- sweetpotato whitefly, low. Release 2-4/sq. ft. when pest numbers are high.

Tories, Intl. Technology silverleaf whitefly Apply when pests are first observed. Should be used Services, Florikan, in conjunction with traps. May be used along with Harmony Farm Supply, other beneficials. E. formosa is very susceptible to Hydro-Gardens, Natural chemicals. Temps. should be at least 64°F. Re-apply Pest Controls, A-1 Unique every two weeks. Insect Control, Praxis, Rincon-Vitova, Green Spot

Encarsia luteola or E. deserti Hydro-Gardens whiteflies



Eretmocerus californicus or Beneficial Insectary, greenhouse whitefly, Capable of handling hot, dry temperatures. Introduce E. eremicus Hydro-Gardens, IPM silverleaf whitefly, when whiteflies are first observed. May be used in (parasitic wasp) Labs., Arbico, Praxis, sweetpotato whitefly combination with other beneficials such as green

Green Spot lacewings. Eretmocerus is more tolerant of pesticides than Encarsia formosa.

Euseius spp. Praxis scale, mites (predatory mite)

Harmonia axyridis Green Spot scale, whiteflies, Temps. should be 70-85°F; humidity around 70%. (Asian lady beetle) mealybugs, aphids

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora M&R Durango, fungus gnats, crown Application rate varies; 1 million/3000 sq. ft. is suggested. (beneficial nematode) Aribco, BioLogic, borers, thrips, cut- Nematodes need a moist environment to survive and move

Hydro-Gardens, worms, grubs, Jap. through soil. Apply in evening directly into growing medium. Harmony Farm Supply, beetles, black Plant Health Care, vine weevil Green Spot

Hippodamia convergens A-1 Unique Insect aphids, mites, Release at dusk near an immediate food source. Spray plants (lady beetle) (predator) Control, Arbico, whiteflies with water prior to release.

Caltec, IPM Labora- tories, Natural Pest Controls, Nature�s Control, Harmony Farm Supply, Hydro-Gardens, Praxis, Green Spot

Hypoaspis miles Nature�s Control, fungus gnats, mites, Use 5000/200 sq. ft. Live and breed in the top ½� of soil. (predatory mite) Arbico, Harmony springtails

Farm Supply, IPM Labs.

Hypoaspis miles Florikan, Harmony thrips 100-300/sq. meter (predator) Farm Supply, Green

Spot



Iphiseius degenerans or Intl. Technology aphids Amblyseius degenerans Services, IPM Labs., (predatory mite) Green Spot

Leptomastida enormis Praxis mealybug (parasitic wasp)

Leptomastix dactylopii Praxis, Arbico, IPM mealybug Labs.

Lindorus lophanthae or Harmony Farm armored scales 1-2/sq. ft. Release as soon as scales are detected. Rhizobius lophanthae Supply, Arbico, Temps. should be 59-77°F, humidity 20-90%. (black lady beetle) Green Spot

Lysiphlebus testaceipes Praxis aphids (parasitic wasp)

Mesoseiulus longipes or Arbico, Nature�s spider mites Introduce at first sign of pests. Can tolerate hot, dry conditions Phytoseiulus longipes Control, Harmony (humidity 40%, temp. 70-90°F). Tolerates extremes of temp. and (predator) Farm Supply humidity better than other mite predators.

Metaphycus helvolus Arbico, IPM Labs., scale Temps. should be 73-87°F; RH 50%. Do not overwinter in (parasite) Harmony Farm cold climates. They are attracted to lights and sticky traps.

Supply, Natural Pest Controls, Praxis, Sespe Creek Insectary, Green Spot

Neoseiulus spp. or Amblyseius spp. (predatory mites) N. barkeri IPM Laboratories, broad mites, thrips 10-30/plant per week.

Arbico

N. californicus Arbico, Beneficial spider mites Can tolerate hot conditions (humidity 60% min.; temp. 70-90°F). Insectary, Caltec, IPM Introduce at first sign of spider mites. Can survive absence of Labs., Nature�s Control, prey longer than other predator mites. Harmony Farm Supply, Hydro-Gardens, Rincon- Vitova



N. cucumeris Arbico, Natural Pest thrips, mites Humidity should be 70-90%, temp. 50-85°F. Introduce at first Controls, Nature�s sign of pests. Control, Intl. Tech- nology Services, Florikan, IPM Labs., Harmony Farm Supply, Hydro-Gardens, Rincon- Vitova, Green Spot

N. cucumeris and N. barkeri Hydro-Gardens thrips, aphids, mites 1 predator/sq. ft.; humidity should be moderate, temp. 70°F. Establish population early. Repeat every month during periods of warm, dry weather.

Neoseiulus fallacis or IPM Labs., Rincon- mites Release when pest levels are low. Prefer high humidity. Amblyseius fallacis Vitova, Green Spot (predatory mite)

Orius insidiosus Florikan, IPM aphids, caterpillars, 1/10 sq. ft. (preventive), 1 every 2 sq. ft. when pests are (minute pirate bug) Labs., Harmony Farm thrips, whiteflies, present. Temperature should be 70-90°F. Orius are (predator) Supply, Arbico, mites dormant September�April. Re-apply every 2-3 weeks.

Hydro-Gardens, Very susceptible to pesticides. Works well in combina- Praxis, Koppert, tion with Neoseiulus cucumeris. Intl. Tech. Services, Green Spot

Phytoseiulus longipes or Arbico, Nature�s spider mites Introduce at first sign of pests. Can tolerate hot, dry conditions Mesoseiulus longipes Control, Harmony (humidity 40%, temp. 70-90°F). Tolerates extremes of temp. and (predator) Farm Supply humidity better than other mite predators.

Phytoseiulus persimilis Arbico, Beneficial spider mites 2000 mites/3000 sq. ft. or 1/5 sq. ft. Apply at first sign of (predatory mite) Insectary, Hydro- spider mites. If pests persist, re-apply every 3-5 weeks.

Gardens, Intl. Techno- Can be used in combination with either Galendromus logy Services, Natural occidentalis or Neoseiulus californicus. May be used in Pest Controls, Nature�s combination with Bt or Enstar II. Also available in P. Control, Caltec, Florikan, persimilis Ht for higher temperatures. Humidity should IPM Labs., Harmony be 60-90%, temps. 65-80°F. Farm Supply, Praxis, Green Spot



Propylea quatuordecimpuncata Praxis aphids (predatory beetle)

Rhizobius lophanthae or Harmony Farm armored scales 1-2/sq. ft. Release as soon as scales are detected. Lindorus lophanthae Supply, Arbico, Temps. should be 59-77°F, RH of 20-90%. (black lady beetle) Green Spot

Stethorus punctillum Nature�s Control, spider mites 100 spider mite destroyers start a colony. These lady (spider mite destroyer) Green Spot beetles live 4-5 weeks.

Steinernema spp. Hydro-Gardens, cutworms, thrips, 1 million/3000 sq. ft.; temperature should be above 55°F. (beneficial nematodes) Nature�s Control white grubs, shore Apply in evening, directly to growing media. Water in

flies, fungus gnats, etc. in after application. Needs moist environment to

Steinernema spp.and Florikan, Green see above thrive.Heterorhabditis spp. Spot

Steinernema carpocapsae BioLogic, Thermo moths, borers, ear- 11,000-35,000/sq. ft. Work in moist soil at temps. from (beneficial nematodes) Trilogy , Arbico, worms, rootworms, 50-85°F. For best results, apply at dusk.

Harmony Farm beetles, cutworms, Supply, M&R fungus gnats, crickets, Durango, Hydro- grubs, shore flies, weevils, Gardens, IPM Labs., maggots, etc. Praxis, Green Spot

Steinernema feltiae BioLogic, Geiger, see above Apply when media temps. are 55-90°F. (beneficial nematodes) M&R Durango, IPM

Laboratories

Stethorus punctillum Praxis spider mites (lady beetle)

Thripobius semiluteus Arbico, Nature�s thrips (parasite) Control

* Source: Greer, Lane. 1999. ATTRA Technical Specialist. Compiled from magazine articles, Extension bulletins, and product literature.


Appendix III: Biorational Pesticides*

Abamectin � produced by the soil organism Streptomyces avermitilis

Brand Name Supplier Pests Controlled REI Application/Comments

Avid Novartis spider mites, leafminers 12 hours Many beneficials can be released one week after use.

Ampelomyces quisqualis � fungus that parasitizes powdery mildew


AQ10 Plant Health powdery mildew 4 hours Begin application as soon as host tissue emerges. Care Apply at least 2 sequential sprays 7-14 days apart.

Works best under conditions of high humidity.

Azadirachtin � extract of neem seed; IGR that works through contact or ingestion


Azatin Green Spot aphids, caterpillars, fungus 4 hours Apply when pests first appear. gnats, leafhoppers, leafminers,

Western flower thrips, whiteflies, psyllids

Neemazad Thermo aphids, caterpillars, thrips, 12 hours Cannot be applied through irrigation. Low rate can be Trilogy greenhouse whitefly, leafminers, used as a preventative.

sweetpotato whitefly, psyllids, leafhoppers

Beauveria bassiana � fungus that works through contact; exposure to non-target insects should be avoided


Naturalis-O SePro aphids, caterpillars, mites, 4 hours Apply when insects first appear and repeat every psyllids, thrips, whiteflies 7-10 days. Need good spray coverage. Not

compatible with other fungicides.


Beauveria bassiana (cont.)


BotaniGard Mycotech giant whitefly, green peach 12 hours See above. aphid, black vine weevil, other aphids and whiteflies, thrips, leafhoppers, psyllids, white grubs

Burkholderia cepacia � see Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) cepacia

Clandosan � dried material isolated from crustacean exoskeletons. Product acts in soils to stimulate growth of soil microorganisms and destroy nematodes.


ClandoSan 618 IGENE plant-pathogenic nematodes 12 hours Single annual application. Biotechnology

Garlic extracts


Garlic Gard Soil Tech- repels many insects nologies

Garlic Barrier Green Spot repels many insects 4 hours Use late in the day. Can be mixed with fish oil or horticultural oil. Do not use in combination with bumblebees or honeybees.

Gliocladium virens � naturally occurring soilborne fungus that attacks soilborne, plant pathogenic fungi


SoilGard Thermo Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, 4 hours Incorporate into soil before planting. Trilogy Pythium, Phytophthora,

Thielaviopsis


Herbicides � sustainble herbicides labeled for greenhouse use


DeMoss Mycogen mosses, liverworts Contains potassium salts of fatty acids. Avoid contact with desirable foliage. Apparently nonvolatile.

Scythe Mycogen nonselective Contains pelargonic acid and related fatty acids. nonselective post-emergence weed control in non- crop areas. Reportedly non-volatile. Avoid contact with desirable foliage and green stems.

Horticultural oil � includes dormant and summer superior oils


All Seasons Green Spot aphids, mealybugs, scales, 4 hours Use on sunny days to promote rapid drying and thrips, whiteflies, spider decrease chance of phytotoxicity. Not compatible mites with beneficials.

Hot pepper wax � contains capsaicin, paraffin, and mineral oil


Hot Pepper Green Spot aphids, loopers, beet army- 4 hours Also contains herbal essential oils. Not compatible Wax worms, mites, whiteflies, with beneficials.

thrips, mealybugs, etc.

Hot Pepper Hot Pepper see above Wax Wax, Inc.

Insecticidal soap � contains potassium salts of fatty acids


M-Pede Mycogen aphids, mealybugs, scales, 12 hours Phytoxicity is often a concern, esp. afterthrips, whiteflies, spider repeated applications. mites

Safer Green Spot see above 4 hours See above.

Insecticidal Olympic see above soap


Metarhizium anisopliae � not yet commercially available

Myrothecium verrucaria � biological nematicide


DiTera Abbott plant-pathogenic nematodes 4 hours Can be used before or after planting.

Neem oil � multi-purpose organic insecticide/fungicide/miticide; kills eggs, larval and adult stages of insects


Trilogy 90EC Thermo greenhouse whitefly, silver- 4 hours Apply at first signs of damage. Repeat every 7-10 days Trilogy leaf whitefly, sweetpotato as needed.

whitefly, thrips, whiteflies, leafminers, aphids, mites, psyllids, San Jose scale, scale, spider mites, downy mildew, powdery mildew, Alternaria, Botrytis, etc.

Triact 90EC Thermo see above 4 hours For ornamental crops only. Trilogy

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (PFR) � expected to become available in 1999; controls whiteflies, Western flower thrips, and spider mites

Prosper Nema � pathogenic fungi


Prosper Nema Arbico nematodes 0 hours Apply as needed to maintain control.

Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) cepacia � bacterium to control root rot diseases


Deny Stine Seed Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Pythium

Intercept Soil Tech- Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Nologies Pythium, nematodes


Saccharopolyspora spinosa � soil-inhabiting actinomycete


Conserve Dow Agro caterpillars, leafminers, Sciences thrips

Soybean oil


Golden Stoller aphids, fungus gnats, lace 12 hours Natur�l Spray bugs, leafminers, scales, Oil mealybugs, spider mites,

whiteflies

Streptomyces griseoviridis � naturally-occurring, soilborne bacterium


Mycostop Green Spot Fusarium, Alternaria, 4 hours Can be incorporated into medium or applied to seed. Phomopsis

Streptomyces lydicus � naturally-occurring, soilborne actinomycete


Actinovate Green Spot Pythium, Fusarium, Can be incorporated into medium or applied to seed. Phytophthora, Sclerotinia

Trichoderma harzianum - fungus


Bio-Trek HB Wilbur-Ellis Fusarium, Pythium, 12 hours Apply to seed. Rhizoctonia

Bio-Trek Wilbur-Ellis Fusarium, Pythium, 12 hours Nursery Drench Rhizoctonia


Trichoderma harzianum (cont.)


RootShield BioWorks Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia

Trichodex Abbott botrytis

TopShield BioWorks botrytis, powdery Mildew

*Source: Greer, Lane. 1999. ATTRA Technical Specialist. Compiled from magazine articles, Extension bulletins, and product literature.

Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops

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