Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management Management

(IPM)(IPM)By By

Allah Dad KhanAllah Dad KhanAllahdad52@gmail.com

Sustainable Agriculture Sustainable Agriculture

The term sustainable agriculture means an integrated The term sustainable agriculture means an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long term:site-specific application that will, over the long term:

1.1. Satisfy human food and fiber needs;Satisfy human food and fiber needs;

2.2. Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agricultural economy depends;base upon which the agricultural economy depends;

3.3. Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls;biological cycles and controls;

4.4. Sustain the economic viability of farm operations; andSustain the economic viability of farm operations; and

5.5. Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole."whole."

Integrated Farm ManagementIntegrated Farm Management

Integrated Farm Management is a whole farm Integrated Farm Management is a whole farm system providing efficient and profitable system providing efficient and profitable production that is production that is environmentally responsibleenvironmentally responsible. . IFM works by integrating beneficial natural IFM works by integrating beneficial natural processes into modern farming techniques and processes into modern farming techniques and ensures that high standards of stewardship ensures that high standards of stewardship and environmental care are practiced.and environmental care are practiced.

Integrated Crop ManagementIntegrated Crop Management

Integrated Crop Management (ICM) is a pragmatic Integrated Crop Management (ICM) is a pragmatic approach to the production of crops, unlike Integrated approach to the production of crops, unlike Integrated Pest Management (IPM) which focuses on crop Pest Management (IPM) which focuses on crop protection, ICM includes more aspects. This can include protection, ICM includes more aspects. This can include such things as IPM, soil, social and environmental such things as IPM, soil, social and environmental management. Over recent decades the focus on crop management. Over recent decades the focus on crop production has moved from yields to quality and safety, production has moved from yields to quality and safety, then more recently sustainability. This results in new then more recently sustainability. This results in new challenges for farmers and growers each season. The challenges for farmers and growers each season. The Syngenta approach to ICM is aiming to combine all Syngenta approach to ICM is aiming to combine all aspects of crop inputs and management to achieve the aspects of crop inputs and management to achieve the needs of the producer and consumerneeds of the producer and consumer

Integrated Disease ManagementIntegrated Disease Management

Effective control of a particular disastrous Effective control of a particular disastrous disease, or all the common diseases of a disease, or all the common diseases of a plant can be achieved by using all plant can be achieved by using all relevant, appropriate methods of disease relevant, appropriate methods of disease control. Such an approach of disease control. Such an approach of disease control is called ''integrated disease control is called ''integrated disease managementmanagement

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• IPM is not just about management of pests alone; it is a sustainable Crop Production approach based on sound eco-system analysis.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

What is IPM?What is IPM? Ecosystem-based Ecosystem-based

strategy that focuses strategy that focuses on long-term on long-term prevention of pests or prevention of pests or their damage through a their damage through a combination of combination of techniques such as techniques such as biological control, biological control, habitat manipulation, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural modification of cultural practices, and use of practices, and use of resistant varieties. resistant varieties.

‘A pest management system that, in the context of the associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury’----- FAO

Aims of IPM:Aims of IPM:

Reduce pest populations to levels below Reduce pest populations to levels below those causing economic impact, using those causing economic impact, using multiple, compatible techniques;multiple, compatible techniques;

Reduce environmental impact of pest Reduce environmental impact of pest management.management.

The Principles of Integrated Pest The Principles of Integrated Pest Management Management

1.1. Sustainable agriculture requires that today's production needs are met while Sustainable agriculture requires that today's production needs are met while improving the production improving the production

2.2. resource base for future generationsresource base for future generations. . IPM, as a corner stone of sustainable IPM, as a corner stone of sustainable agriculture, seeks to improve agriculture, seeks to improve

3.3. farmer practices in order to create higher profits while not only protecting, but farmer practices in order to create higher profits while not only protecting, but improving environment quality improving environment quality

4.4. and community health. In order to do this IPM implementation is based on four and community health. In order to do this IPM implementation is based on four practical principles: practical principles:

A.A. Grow a healthy crop Grow a healthy crop

B.B. Conserve natural enemies Conserve natural enemies

C.C. Observe fields regularly Observe fields regularly

D.D. ••Farmers become expertsFarmers become experts

Economic injury levelEconomic injury level

Lowest number of insects that will causeLowest number of insects that will cause

economic damageeconomic damage..

Economic decision levels - thresholds

• Usually expressed as number of insects per area, plant, or sampling procedure

• Sometimes use extent of plant damage

• Include biological and economic information

Economic / Action Economic / Action threshold: threshold:

Number of insects that should instigate Number of insects that should instigate management actionmanagement action

IPM Philosophy IPM Philosophy

There are many variants of IPM philosophy. There are many variants of IPM philosophy. These differences form a continuum from These differences form a continuum from simply using knowledge of pest biology to simply using knowledge of pest biology to apply pesticides with timing that is optimal for apply pesticides with timing that is optimal for managing pests, while minimizing applications managing pests, while minimizing applications of pesticides, to the total exclusion of "hard" of pesticides, to the total exclusion of "hard" pesticides in favor of "soft" or naturally derived pesticides in favor of "soft" or naturally derived materials that are less disruptive to nontarget materials that are less disruptive to nontarget organisms and the environment ("bio-intensive" organisms and the environment ("bio-intensive" or "bio-based" IPM).or "bio-based" IPM).

1.Chemical Control2.Biological Control3.Cultural Control4.Mechanical & Physical Controls5.Host Plant Resistance6. Genetic Control7.Behavioral Control8.Regulatory Control

Tactics of Pest Management

Biological control:Biological control: Natural enemies of pests cause mortality;Natural enemies of pests cause mortality; Can maintain pest population at below-threshold levelsCan maintain pest population at below-threshold levels

PredatorsPredators

ParasitoidsParasitoids

PathogensPathogens

IPM = Sustainable Pest IPM = Sustainable Pest Management?Management?

Pest Management vs. Pest Pest Management vs. Pest ControlControl

Pest management aims to maintain insect Pest management aims to maintain insect populations below a threshold;populations below a threshold;

Emphasis is not on eradication.Emphasis is not on eradication.

Insects – prevalent features of our environment

• Number of species;• Interactions in

ecosystems and

with us;• Our major competitors.

Reasons for IPMReasons for IPM

1.1. Chemical pesticides Chemical pesticides can impact the can impact the human health and human health and ecosystemsecosystems

2.2. Example: DDT, a Example: DDT, a pesticide, can pesticide, can accumulate in the accumulate in the fatty tissue of fatty tissue of animals and affect animals and affect bird reproductionbird reproduction

Reasons for IPMReasons for IPM

1.1. Insects can Insects can become resistant become resistant to chemical to chemical pesticides pesticides

2.2. Approximately Approximately 500 species of 500 species of insects are insects are resistant to one resistant to one or more or more pesticidespesticides

How does IPM work?How does IPM work?

Reduces the amount Reduces the amount of chemical pesticides of chemical pesticides by using three by using three possible approaches:possible approaches: 1. Mechanical1. Mechanical 2. Biological2. Biological 3. Chemical3. Chemical

Mechanical approach:Mechanical approach:

1.1. Limits the pest's access to Limits the pest's access to food, water and harborage food, water and harborage sites (i.e. proper storage of sites (i.e. proper storage of food/water supplies or food/water supplies or installation or repair of installation or repair of physical barriers to future physical barriers to future pest intrusion use of pest intrusion use of mechanical devices (i.e. mechanical devices (i.e. traps) traps)

2.2. Example – Japanese beetle Example – Japanese beetle trapstraps

Biological approach:Biological approach:

1.1. Introduction of a Introduction of a natural enemy of natural enemy of the pestthe pest

2.2. Example – Lady Example – Lady bugs feed on aphids bugs feed on aphids and can be and can be introduced to introduced to reduce the aphid reduce the aphid population on cropspopulation on crops

Chemical approach:Chemical approach:

Pesticide Pesticide applications that applications that have minimal risks have minimal risks associatedassociated with their use with their use

Using the least Using the least amount of chemicals amount of chemicals that will still be that will still be effectiveeffective

Insects use of PheromonesInsects use of Pheromones

1.1. Pheromones are chemicals emitted by an Pheromones are chemicals emitted by an animal that signals another animal of the animal that signals another animal of the samesame species.species.

2.2. Example: female gypsy moths emit a Example: female gypsy moths emit a pheromone to attract a male pheromone to attract a male

Pheromones and IPMPheromones and IPM

1.1. Pheromones can be Pheromones can be utilized to catch or utilized to catch or deter insectsdeter insects

2.2. Example: Example: Pheromone “traps”, Pheromone “traps”, which contain the which contain the pheromone emitted pheromone emitted by the female gypsy by the female gypsy moth can be set to moth can be set to catch male mothscatch male moths

Advantages & Disadvantages of Advantages & Disadvantages of IPMIPM

Reduce chemicals Reduce chemicals being usedbeing used

May reduce # of May reduce # of pesticide resistant pesticide resistant insectsinsects

Only uses chemicals Only uses chemicals if necessaryif necessary

Long term benefits Long term benefits (lower cost for (lower cost for chemicals, better for chemicals, better for environment and environment and human health)human health)

Individual using IPM Individual using IPM must be educated must be educated about the optionsabout the options

Takes more time to Takes more time to initiate than simply initiate than simply “spraying for pests”“spraying for pests”

Must be closely Must be closely monitored for best monitored for best resultsresults

Natural enemies of Natural enemies of pests may become pests may become pests themselves pests themselves

Multiple Approaches to IPM Multiple Approaches to IPM

PAMS PAMS Prevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, SuppressionPrevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, Suppression

VS.VS. SeasonalSeasonal

Pre plant, At plant, In season, Harvest, Post harvestPre plant, At plant, In season, Harvest, Post harvest

VS.VS. DisciplineDiscipline

Weeds, Insects, Disease, Culture, etc.Weeds, Insects, Disease, Culture, etc.

Can couch IPM in various combinations or Can couch IPM in various combinations or formatsformats

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ToF Structure•

Participants•

30 – 36 Trainees•

4-6 Facilitators•

1 Coordinator•

Fully Residential•

2 ha. Land for raising cotton by trainees•

Training•

Season-long with 2 or 3 small breaks•

About 150 days (for cotton) on site excluding the breaks•

ToF covers all aspects of crop management

3838Season-long (seed to seed)

Training of Facilitators (ToF)

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• Discovery Based (“Learning by Doing”)

Contd…

4040• Non-formal education approaches used throughout

Contd…

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Practice FFS

Contd…

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• A community based, field study programme

Farmer Field Schools (FFS)

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Develop observation skills

Cont….

• Carry out simple field studies – to identify and count pests and beneficial insects (Defenders)

Cont….

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• Carry out studies to compare sprayed and unsprayed plots

Contd…

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• Learn how plant compensates for damage by pests

Contd…

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• Conduct Insect zoo studies and discover functions of organisms in the eco-system

Contd…

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• Make field observations, conduct Cotton Eco-system Analysis (CESA) and make informed crop management decisions

Contd…

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In the FFS:

The farmers are assisted in solving their problems by themselves; they are not provided with ready made solutions

The facilitators expose farmers to ideas and are not trying to convince the farmers to adopt a particular technology

The facilitators help them in analyzing the situation and make informed decisions

Contd…

Bacterial wilt symptoms on pumpkin

Striped cucumber beetles

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