1. 1. Insects annd Diseases of MAP;s Through Good Agriculture Practices Former . Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province Allahdad52@gmail.com 03329221298 Mr Allah dad Khan
2. 2. Medicinal Plants Medicinal plants and herbs are used (or have been) by nearly all cultures to prevent or treat illness. The World Health Organization estimates that in many African and Asian countries, nearly 80 percent of the population depends on herbal medicine as the primary source of care.
3. 3. Pests of MAP.s 1. Medicinal plants are attacked regularly by insects, mites, nematodes, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Leaf and seed extracts in water (510%), seed cakes (250 kg ha1), crude oils (0.53%) or essential oils (3000 ppm) have been effectively used to control inter alia, the sap sucking pests, foliar diseases and root-knot nematodes. 2. Medicinal plants now a days are being cultivated in the fields to meet the increasing demand for pharmaceutical industries. Like any other plants, medicinal plants too have to bear the devastating attacks of injurious insect pests.
4. 4. Insects of MAPs Aphids - Aphids love the tender new leaves of herbs and, in large numbers, may cause curling of the foliage. The resulting honeydew secretion may promote sooty mold as well as attract ants. Aphids are most commonly found among crowded and rapidly growing herbs. Horticultural soaps and neem oil may aid in exterminating these pests Control 1 bulb of garlic 1 small onion 1 tablespoon cayenne (red) pepper 2 tablespoons liquid soap 1 quart water Spray bottle
5. 5. Whiteflies Whiteflies will also appear on the underside of the leaves. When infested plants are disturbed, great clouds of the winged adults fly the air. Both nymphs and adults damage plants by sucking the juices from new growth causing stunted growth, leaf yellowing and reduced yields. Plants become weak and susceptible to disease. Like aphids, whiteflies secrete honeydew, so leaves maybe sticky or covered with a black sooty mold. They are also responsible for transmitting several plant viruses.
6. 6. White Fly Control The Bug Blaster to hose off plants with a strong stream of water and reduce pest numbers. Natural predators of this pest include ladybugs and lacewing larvae, which feed on their eggs aYellow stictrapky s are helpful for monitoring and suppressing adult populations. If found,. Insecticidal soap, neem oil and botanical insecticides can be used to spot treat heavily infuse nd the whitefly parasite which destroys nymphs and pupae. For best results, make releases when pest levels are low to medium. If populations are high, use a least- toxic, short-lived organic pesticide to establish control, then release predatory insects to maintain controlested areas if population become intolerable.
7. 7. Leafhoppers Leafhoppers rarely do much damage but do feed on basil, oregano, and parsley. They are small, brightly colored insects that often feed on the stems and undersides of leaves for their sap, causing a mottled look. They can move very quickly when disturbed, making control difficult.
8. 8. Control of Leaf Hopper Some damage is tolerable, but when infestations are severe, apply dormant oil sprays to kill adults over-wintering on fruit trees. Wash nymphs from plants with a strong spray of water. Nymphs can also be controlled with insecticidal soap. Thorough coverage of both upper and lower infested leaves is necessary for effective control. Coverage of the fruit is of secondary importance. If pest levels become intolerable, spot treat with botanical insecticides as a last resort.
9. 9. Leaf miners Leaf miners will also attack succulent basil, leaving tunneling trails between the upper and lower leaf
10. 10. Parsley worms Black swallowtail caterpillars morph into spectacular butterflies. Hence, many gardeners refrain from eliminating them and simply plant plenty of the parsley, dill and fennel these guy love to munch on
11. 11. Flea beetles The flea beetle is just that again, chewing pinprick holes in the leaves of herbs but sustaining no serious damage.
12. 12. Diseases of MAPs 1. Very few herbs (mints and lemon grass) thrive in wet soil. Waterlogged soils encourage fungal diseases such as fusarium root rot. Symptoms appear as brown streaks on the herb stems with an end result often of the general collapse of the plant. 2. Rust plagues many members of the mint family and presents itself as rusty orange lesions on the underside of the leaves. 3. Defenses against diseases of herbs are proper growing conditions, sanitation, removal of weak or otherwise infested foliage and regular pruning. Raised beds will foster good drainage and watering in the morning to give the herb plenty of time to dry out will also retard the spread of fungal spores which could result in disease.
13. 13. Fusarium Wilt on Basil 1) Symptoms of fusarium wilt include: 2) stunted growth 3) wilted and yellowing leaves 4) brown spots or streaks on the stem 5) severely twisted stems 6) leaf drop
14. 14. Downy Mildew on Basil
15. 15. Powdery Mildew on Rose Mary
16. 16. GoodAgriculturePractices Guidelines for Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) of Medicinal Plants 1 Seeds and propagation material -Parent material used is to be certified as authentic. 2. Cultivation Standard Operating Procedures for cultivation (to be elaborated). 3. Soil and Fertilization -Medicinal and aromatic plants should not be grown in soils that are contaminated by slug. 4. Irrigation -Irrigation should be minimized as much as
17. 17. GoodAgriculturePracticescontd 5. Tillage should be adapted to the growth and requirements of plants. 6. Pesticide and herbicide application shoud be avoided as far as possible. 7. Harvest- Harvesting should take place when the plants are of best possible quality, according to their different utilizations. 8. Primary processing -Primary processing after harvest includes such processing steps as washing, freezing, distilling, drying, etc.
18. 18. Good Agriculture Practices 9.Packaging packaged in new, clean and dry sacks, bags or chests. The label must be clear, permanently fixed and be made of non-toxic material. 10.Storage and Transport -Fresh products (except basil) should be stored between 1C and 5C while frozen products should be stored below 18C (or below 20C for longer term storage). 11. Personnel and Facilities -Personnel should receive adequate botanical education before performing tasks that require this knowledge.
19. 19. Good Agriculture Practices Contd 12. . Documentation -All parent materials and processing steps, including the location of cultivation, have to be documented. Field records showing previous cropping and used inputs should be maintained by all growers. 13. Education -It is highly advisable to educate all personnel dealing with the crop or those engaged in the management of production, in production techniques as well as the appropriate use of herbicides and pesticides. 14. Quality Guarantee -Consultation between producers and buyers of medicinal and aromatic plants, with regard to quality questions, e.g. active principles and other characteristic ingredients.
20. 20. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
21. 21. Reasons for IPM Chemical pesticides can impact the human health and ecosystems Example: DDT, a pesticide, can accumulate in the fatty tissue of animals and affect bird reproduction
22. 22. Reasons for IPM 1. Insects can become resistant to chemical pesticides 2. Approximately 500 species of insects are resistant to one or more pesticides
23. 23. Insect Control Cultural Mechanical Biological Beneficial Chemical
24. 24. Cultural Control 1. Soil Preparation 2. Plant selection 3. Rotation 4. Planting dates 5. Interplantings 6. Trap crops
25. 25. Healthy soil encourages healthy, unstressed plants. Proper pH and fertilization are important. Uncomposted organic matter can encourage pests. Soil Preparation
26. 26. Plant Selection Use disease- and insect free- plants. Buy plants from reputable sources and choose resistant cultivars when possible.
27. 27. Rotation Planting similar crops in successive years tends to increase pest problems.
28. 28. Planting Dates Some pests can be avoided by planting a crop before a pest moves into the area. Some root rot and germination problems can be avoided by later plantings.
29. 29. Interplantings Avoid placing all plants of one kind together. Alternate groups of different plants within rows or patches.
30. 30. Trap Crops Plant a crop that is more attractive to a pest than the one you intend to grow. Then treat the pest on the infested decoy plants.
31. 31. Mechanical Control A. Handpicking B. Traps C. Barriers D. Pruning
32. 32. Handpicking Inspect plants for egg clusters, beetles, caterpillars, or other pests. Squash them or drop them in sudsy water.
33. 33. Traps Insect traps can be useful for detection and sometimes management. There are many kinds. Be sure that you are not attracting more pests into an area.
34. 34. Barriers Mechanical barriers such as collars, cages, netting, or sticky barriers can be very effective against specific pests.
35. 35. Pruning & Raking Some pests can be controlled by pruning out infected twigs or raking fallen twigs or leaves in which the insects overwinter.
36. 36. Biological Control Biological control uses predators, parasites, or disease organisms to attack unwanted pests.
37. 37. Use of Biological Pest and Disease Control . They may be microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, virus or bigger life forms like insects, worms, reptiles, mammal and birds. You can learn to increase the beneficial insects, microorganisms and other animal and plant life in your farms to counter pests and diseases harming your crops. Let us protect and increase these beneficial enemies of pests.
38. 38. Beneficials Beneficial organisms such as lady beetles, lacewings, wasps, and syrphid flies, can be protected, encouraged, or introduced in the garden.
39. 39. Chemical Control a. Botanicals b. Soaps c. Horticultural Oils d. Synthetic Insecticides e. Biologicals
40. 40. Botanicals Botanical insecticides are naturally occurring chemicals extracted from plants. Some examples are nicotine, neem, rotenone, and pyrethrum.
41. 41. Soaps Commercial insecticidal soaps work well against soft bodied insects. They do less damage against the parasites and predator of some pests.
42. 42. Horticultural Oils These oils work best on soft-bodied insects and disrupt metabolism. They have low toxicity to humans. Be sure to read the label to use them correctly.
43. 43. Synthetic Chemicals These are chemicals made in a laboratory. Some kill insects by contact, some through ingestion, and some through inhalation. Always follow label
44. 44. Biologicals Biological insecticides use other living organisms to attack pests. It is similar to giving them a disease. Examples are the bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) and parasitic nematodes.
45. 45. The biologicalagents Predators such as ladybird beetle, spiders, dragonflies and mites. Parasites such as Trichogramma, Braconids Pathogens such as bacteria and fungi which cause diseases to pest.
46. 46. SOME ENENIES OF INSECT PESTS 1. Trichogramma 2. Braconid 3. Pirate bug 4. Spiders 5. Praying Manthis 6. Birds 7. Frogs etc.
47. 47. Types of Biopesticides Microbial pesticides consist of a microorganism (e.g., a bacterium, fungus, virus, or protozoan) as the active ingredient. Microbial pesticides can control many different kinds of pests, although each separate active ingredient is relatively specific for its target pest[s]. For example, there are fungi that control certain weeds, and other fungi that kill specific insects. Example BT Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms. Conventional pesticides, by contrast, are generally synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate the pest. Biochemical pesticides include substances, such as insect sex pheromones Plant pesticides are pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic material that has been added to the plant. For example, scientists can take the gene for the Bt pesticidal protein and introduce the gene into the plant's own genetic material
48. 48. Used of Organic Pest and Disease Control Herbal preparations to control pest and diseases can easily be made by farmers themselves since we have abundant plants in the country that are suitable ingredient.
49. 49. Here is a short list of plants that can be effective against a wide range of insect pest. 1. GOAT WEED (Aegaratum conisoides) Leaves 2. DAMONG MARIA (Artemesia vulgaris) Leaves mango tip borer. 3. LANTANA (Lantana camara) Flowers 4. DITA (Derris philippinensis) Roots 5. WILD SUNFLOWER (Tethornia diversifolia) Leaves 6. MARIGOLD (Targetes erecta) Roots 7. BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum) Fruits 8. HOT PEPPER (Capscium frutesens) Fruit 9. CUSTARD (Annona aquamosa) Seeds 10. NEEM (Azadiracta indica) Seeds 11. Tobacco Leaves 12. GARLIC (Allium sativum) Cloves 13. AMARANTH (Amaranthus gracilis) Leaves 14. PAPAYA (Carica papaya) Leaves 15. GINGER (Zingiber officianale) Rhizome 16. RED ONION (Allium sepa) Bulb
50. 50. Integrated Weed Management Certain weeds are difficult to remove or control, like grasses. Planting vines and crawling crops like sweet potato and cover crops will help suppress weeds.
51. 51. Integrated Nutrient Management inm
52. 52. Integrated FarmManagement Integrated Farm Management (IFM) involves: a commitment to good husbandry and animal welfare efficient soil management and appropriate cultivation techniques the use of crop rotations minimum reliance on crop protection chemicals and fertilisers careful choice of seed varieties maintenance of the landscape and rural communities enhancement of wildlife habitats a commitment to team spirit based on communication, training and involvement.
53. 53. CONCLUSION We can now grow our crops, following the natural law and adopt Natural Organic and Biological Farming Systems that are self sustaining, production cost reduction, and healthful organic food crops that are very much in demand in the domestic and export market today.