Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management Management (I.P.M.)(I.P.M.)

PRESENTED BY-Juhi DhillonC.C.S. U Meerut, 250005

HISTORY OF I.P.M.HISTORY OF I.P.M.

Shortly after World War II, when synthetic Shortly after World War II, when synthetic insecticides became became widely available, widely available, entomologists in California developed the concept in California developed the concept of "supervised insect control.of "supervised insect control.

In the United States, IPM was formulated into national policy in In the United States, IPM was formulated into national policy in February 1972 when President February 1972 when President Richard Nixon directed federal directed federal agencies to take steps to advance the concept and application agencies to take steps to advance the concept and application of IPM in all relevant sectors. of IPM in all relevant sectors.

In 1979, President In 1979, President Jimmy Carter established an interagency established an interagency IPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development and IPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development and implementation of IPM practices.implementation of IPM practices.

Requirements for Requirements for I.P.M.I.P.M. Chemical pesticides can impact the human health and Chemical pesticides can impact the human health and

ecosystems. Example:- DDT, a pesticide, can accumulate in ecosystems. Example:- DDT, a pesticide, can accumulate in the fatty tissue of animals and affect bird reproduction.the fatty tissue of animals and affect bird reproduction.

Insects can become resistant to chemical pesticides. Insects can become resistant to chemical pesticides. Approximately 500 species of insects are resistant to one or Approximately 500 species of insects are resistant to one or more pesticides.more pesticides.

Due to exclusions it leads to transmit a large number of Due to exclusions it leads to transmit a large number of plant diseases worldwide.For eg.- plant diseases worldwide.For eg.-

Leaf rust of coffee, Late blight of potato etc.Leaf rust of coffee, Late blight of potato etc.

-Impact of overuse of chemical pesticides leading to endangered species of birds.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF BASIC COMPONENTS OF I.P.M.I.P.M.

An American I.P.M. system designed around 6 basic components and An American I.P.M. system designed around 6 basic components and these are as follows-these are as follows-

- Acceptable pest levels.Acceptable pest levels.- Preventive cultural practices. Preventive cultural practices. - Monitoring. Monitoring. - Mechanical controls. Mechanical controls. - Biological controls. Biological controls. - Responsible pesticides use.Responsible pesticides use.

What is IPM?What is IPM? Ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of Ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of

pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. practices, and use of resistant varieties.

It is also termed as I.D.M.(Integrated Disease Management).It is also termed as I.D.M.(Integrated Disease Management). 3 principle approaches incudes- 3 principle approaches incudes-

- Direct action against pathogen. - Direct action against pathogen. - Genetic modification of the host.- Genetic modification of the host. - Modification of environment to make it- Modification of environment to make it it unfavourable for the host. it unfavourable for the host.

How does IPM work?How does IPM work? It reduces the amount of chemical pesticides by using three possible It reduces the amount of chemical pesticides by using three possible

approaches:-approaches:-

1.1. Mechanical control Mechanical control – – It can be achieved through Eradication .It can be achieved through Eradication . - Quarantine also plays a vital role in this ,as it is a legal restriction on - Quarantine also plays a vital role in this ,as it is a legal restriction on

the movement of agriculture commodites. the movement of agriculture commodites. Other methods that are used for eradication purpose includes-Other methods that are used for eradication purpose includes- Crop rotation.Crop rotation. Field sanitation. Field sanitation. Chemical and heat treatment.Chemical and heat treatment. Eradication of alternate hosts.Eradication of alternate hosts. Protection.Protection.

Japanese Beetle Traps used for catching

Small scale eradication are carried out in local tracks to control various diseases like-

-Loose smut of wheat.-Covered smut of barley.-Red rot of sugarcane .-Wilt of arhar and many others.

Mechanically the insects and pests can be cotrolled by using the traps,for eg.-Catching of Japanese bettle by using traps.

2 . Biological control- As this method does not pose any environmental threat ,besides being inexpensive it has therefore, gained significant prominence.

-Viruses, bacteria , fungi and sometimes insects are also used for this purpose as- Mycoviruses, Mycoparasites and Myconematicide. - Besides this sowing Resistant varieties also plays a crucial role in the biological control. The 2 types of genetic resistant to pathogen in plants are- MONOGENIC and POLYGENIC.

A natural enemy of the pest Example – Lady bugs feeding on the Aphids.

Microbes as biological Microbes as biological control-control-a.a. MYCOVIRUSES- MYCOVIRUSES- Few viruses present in fungi successfully Few viruses present in fungi successfully

attack fungi. For eg.- attack fungi. For eg.- Penicillium stoloniferum Penicillium stoloniferum filterate destroys filterate destroys Agaricus bisporusAgaricus bisporus..

b.b. MYCOPARASITES- MYCOPARASITES- Few soil fungi and bacteria effectively Few soil fungi and bacteria effectively reduces the infection of pathogenic fungi on the host plant. For reduces the infection of pathogenic fungi on the host plant. For eg.- eg.- Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma harzianum reduces the infection of reduces the infection of SclerotiumSclerotium..

c.c. MYCONEMATICIDE- MYCONEMATICIDE- Few fungi feed on nematodes .Genera of Few fungi feed on nematodes .Genera of fungi such as- fungi such as- ArthrobotrysArthrobotrys,,DactylariaDactylaria etc. are predacious on etc. are predacious on nematodes and kill them.nematodes and kill them.

3. Chemical control-

- The chemicals used in the plant protection can be classified as-a.Eradicants.b.Surface protectants.c.Systemic protectants.

-Bordeaux mixture was discovered accidentally in France by the Millardet in 1882.-Burganday mixture is generally formed by replacing lime with the sodium carbonate and it was discovered in 1987.-Sulphur is the earliest known fungicide and it is useful against Powdery Mildew.-Copper is one of the best known fungicide ,and it is present in the Bordeaux Mixture.

Some Systemic fungicide includes-

AVAX- It controls Basidiomycotina besides Verticillium,Monilia etc.

PLANTVAX- It controls Basidiomycotina besides Dueteromycotina, Curvularia, Botrytis and also toxic for the diseases like – Smut of Wheat.

VITAVAX- It is highly toxic to Basidiomycotina.

BENLATE- It is a broad spectrum fungicide and effective against –Rice blast,Powdery mildew, Apple scab etc.

BAVISTIN- It controls both Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina effectively.

BENOMYL- It affects DNA synthesis of microbes and protein synthesis.

Essential requirements during chemical Essential requirements during chemical control-control-

SAFENER- SAFENER- It reduces the phytotoxicity of another It reduces the phytotoxicity of another chemical.Glyceride oils are good safeners.chemical.Glyceride oils are good safeners.

SPREADER- SPREADER- It improves the contact between the fungicide and It improves the contact between the fungicide and sprayed surface.Mineral oils and soaps are commonly used for this.sprayed surface.Mineral oils and soaps are commonly used for this.

STICKER- STICKER- It is a substance added to spray or dust which improves It is a substance added to spray or dust which improves the adherence to plant surfaces. Gum arabic ,dextrins,oils etc.are the adherence to plant surfaces. Gum arabic ,dextrins,oils etc.are commonly used as stickers.commonly used as stickers.

Sticker.

WHAT IS QUARANTINE ??WHAT IS QUARANTINE ?? It is defined as a legal restriction on the movement of agriculture It is defined as a legal restriction on the movement of agriculture

commodities for the purpose of exclusion ,prevention or delay in the commodities for the purpose of exclusion ,prevention or delay in the establishment of plant pest s and diseases in the areas where they are establishment of plant pest s and diseases in the areas where they are not known to occur.not known to occur.

Quarantine laws are formulated and implemented either by the fedral Quarantine laws are formulated and implemented either by the fedral or state government.or state government.

The first quarantine regulation was promulgated in France in 1660The first quarantine regulation was promulgated in France in 1660

The first Fedral Plant Quarantine Act was passed in U.S.A.in 1912.The first Fedral Plant Quarantine Act was passed in U.S.A.in 1912.

In India the Destructive Insect and Pest Act was passed in 1914.In India the Destructive Insect and Pest Act was passed in 1914.

Pheromones and IPMPheromones and IPM Pheromones can be utilized to catch or detect insects.Pheromones can be utilized to catch or detect insects. Pheromones are chemicals emitted by an animal that Pheromones are chemicals emitted by an animal that

signals another animal of the signals another animal of the samesame species. species. Example: female gypsy moths emit a pheromone to attract a male. Example: female gypsy moths emit a pheromone to attract a male.

Bag with pheromones.

Advantages of IPMAdvantages of IPM To the agricultural producers- By reduction in the producer economic risk, by the promotion of low cost of carefully targeted pest management practices.

To the environment- By the promotion of sustainable bio based pest management alternatives.

To pest management professionals and organizations- As a result of demand for new ,innovative and marketable products and services.

To the general public- Assurance of safe, reliable, low cost pest control through improved pest management.

Disadvantages of IPMDisadvantages of IPM Integrated Pest Management systems are extremely complex and Integrated Pest Management systems are extremely complex and

require a higher level of understanding to utilize.require a higher level of understanding to utilize.

An IPM system of pest control involves a lot more time and is An IPM system of pest control involves a lot more time and is sometimes more costly than the traditional method of spraying sometimes more costly than the traditional method of spraying pesticides to eliminate pests. pesticides to eliminate pests.

In order for an IPM to work effectively, it needs constant monitoring.In order for an IPM to work effectively, it needs constant monitoring.

Also, the natural enemies of pests used in some IPMs can later Also, the natural enemies of pests used in some IPMs can later become pests themselves.become pests themselves.

References:References: http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/urban/cropsci/c11struc/sip

m.html..

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/about.html..

http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAA/ipm..pdf http://en.wikipedia org /wiki/Integrated pest org /wiki/Integrated pest

management.management. http://www.ehow.com/info 8059906.drawbacks

integrated pest management.ipm. html.integrated pest management.ipm. html. http://www.sdstate.edu/ps/extension/ipm/http://www.sdstate.edu/ps/extension/ipm/

benefits.cfn.benefits.cfn.