Integrated assessment of the water-energy-land-food nexus in Indian Punjab

Summer School 2013

Session 3.D The Punjab Case study

Cristina MadridWed, September 10th 2014

Contents

1. Why the nexus2. Punjab: Main Issues3. System description in MuSIASEM4. Integrating the Punjabi Metabolism

Water

Soil

Energy

ChallengeIndustry Cereal

ProductionAgriculture

Fracking

Vegetables

Pasture Coca-ColaMetal

3b Metabolism3a Description2 Issues1 Nexus

1,500 500 500 1,500

5-9

15-19

25-29

35-39

50-59

70-79

Thousand people

Age groups

RURAL

WomenMen

1,500 500

5-9

15-19

25-29

35-39

50-59

70-79

Thousand people

Age groups

URBAN

WomenMen


• No change in the

living patterns

• Remmitances


0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

tho

usa

nd

ha

Wheat

Maize

Rice

Gram

Cotton

Groundnuts

Sugar cane

Rapeseed andmustard

• Food security

•Strong

regulations from

India

•Access to 25% transboundary

surface waters

•Overexploitation of natural

resources

1,500 500 500 1,500

5-9

15-19

25-29

35-39

50-59

70-79

Thousand people

Age groups

RURAL

WomenMen

1,500 500

5-9

15-19

25-29

35-39

50-59

70-79

Thousand people

Age groups

URBAN

WomenMen

• No change in the

living patterns

• Remmitances

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

1980 1990 2000 2010

Tho

usa

nd

ha

Wells Government canals

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1980 1990 2000 2010

Tho

usa

nd

s

Electric Diesel

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1980 1990 2000 2010

Tho

usa

nd

To

nn

es

K2O P2O5 N

Evolution of Irrigated land by water source, number of wells, and fertilizer use.


Ecosystems

e+1

River basins

e-1

Sub-basins

e-2

Water cycle

e+2

Feasibilitycheck

International trade

India

s+1s+2

Agriculture

s-1

Cereal Production

s-2

Viability check

Water bodies/ Punjab

e/s (SES)

Issues Treatment:External ViewWatershedWater impacts

Issue Treatment:Internal ViewProblemshedVirtual Water


s-1Focal Level (e/s) s-2e+1

AgricultureWater Bodies

Ecosystem

e+2

Climate PunjabCereals

Production

Recharge Supply Availability Appropriation

Extraction Use UseAppropriation

Watershed perspective Problemshed perspective

Operationalization

Punjab:Considered in the analysis as an organMultiple scales of analysis for the delimitationStudy of the nexus from global to local


697

69 33 25

60224

50

5.2

-100%

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Food (1015 J) Energy (1015 J) Water (109 m3) GDP (109 USD)

Imports Internal supply Exports Internal Use


AG3%

PW*6%

HH91%

INTERNATIONAL (n+2)

INDIA (n+1)

PU

NJA

B (

n) Wheat

42%

Rice28%

Crops17%

Non Irrigated

2%

HUMAN ACTIVITY LAND USE

ECOSYSTEM FUNDS (e)

ECOSYSTEMS e

INTERNATIONAL n+2

INDIA n+1Remittances

0.26

Procurement 4

+

Subsidies 0.43Taxes

PUNJAB n

ELP 0.9 USD/hr

Agriculture n-2

LU

Households n-1

HA

Grains

Procurement

20

Gra

in E

xp

ort

s 3

Self-consumption 4

106 Tonne

Off-farm PW n-2

HA 7

HA 220

109 hours

HA 14

109 USD

PW* income 23

ELP 1.8 USD/hr

Expenditure

Begining of subsidizedpumping energy0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

1980

1982

198

4

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

199

8

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

Thousand ha

Surface Water

Groundwater

s-1Focal Level (e/s) s-2e+1

AgricultureWater Bodies

Ecosystem

e+2

Climate PunjabCereals

Production

Recharge Supply Availability Appropriation

Extraction Use UseAppropriation

Watershed perspective Problemshed perspective


ECOSYSTEMS e

INTERNATIONAL n+2

INDIA n+1

HA 7

HA 220

ELP 0.9

USD/hr

Self-consumption 4

Agriculture n-2Households n-1 PUNJAB n

LUHA

WMDGrain 9,700 m3/ha

WMDAG 7,000 m3/ha

hm3

0%

50%

100%

SW GW Salt Nitr Fluor

Impact

OK

GWU

56,000

SAW SAS

Loading106 Tonne 109 hours

ECOSYSTEMS e


hm3 Loading106 Tonne 109 hours

0%

50%

100%

SW GW Salt Nitr Fluor

Impact

OK

GWU

56,000

SAW SAS

Extraction Blue Green Total

Underground 31 0 31

Surface 15 0 15

Soil 0 26 26

TOTAL 46 26 72

Loses factor (Blue)

0

6

0

Use Blue Green Total

Underground 31 0 31

Surface 9 0 9

Soil 0 26 26

TOTAL 40 26 66

- =

Local use Blue Green WMR EPW

HH + PW* (n-2) 1 0 5 N/A

PW (n-1) 39 26 2,993 31

AG (n-2) 39 26 9,129 9

Rice & Wheat (n-3) 35 23 9,064 N/A

TOTAL Whole (n) 40 26 274 30

Imports 0 0 0 0

Domestic Use Blue Green

HH + PW* (n-2) 1 0

AG (n-2) 10 9

Rice & Wheat (n-3) 7 6

TOTAL SA (n) 11 9

Expeditions India 28 16

Expeditions % 71% 64%

Openness=

-68%(Net exporter)

Appropriation Rivers Aquifers

Extraction

Recharge (Km3) 21 21

Interntl. Use Rights 25% 100%

Dam Reserve (km3) 11 N/A

Blocks (no.) N/A 138

Extraction (km3) 15 31

Overexp. Blocks (no.) N/A 110

Lodging

RAMSAR in Risk 3/3 N/A

Regions Over Salinity N/A 6/25

Aquifer Over Nitrate N/A 16/25Aquifer . Over Metals N/A 10/25

Max BOD (mgL) 50 N/A

External view Internal view


Problemshed WatershedW

ate

r Ex

chan

ge

Water Flows (2010) (30 year pattern) Water Flows

Org

aniz

atio

n

Societal Funds Ecosystem Funds

Punjab Society

HA 241·109h

F 4·106 ton

India

F 20·106 ton

MI 0.2 USD/kg

Punjab Ecosystem

International

Market

F 3·106

ton

Other functionsCereal Production

HA 3 %

F 27·106 ton

HA 97%

ClimateRecharge

460 mmTransboundary

Recharge

?

Appropriation:

Erosion 45%

Appropriation

:

Ramsar in

Danger 100%

Appropriation:

Water table

-1 m/year

Surface

bodies

Soil

Aquifers

Supply

?

Supply

?

Supply

?

Groundwater

Soil

Moisture

Surface

Water

WFL 12 km3

WFL 26 km3

WFL 1·km3

Production Factor

Human right

Cultural

element

WMR

9·m3/h

WMR

3·m3/h

WMR

95 Lpd

WY

0.5 ton/m3

Summer School 2014

[email protected]

Integrated assessment of the water-energy-land-food nexus in Indian Punjab

Environment

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