INTD 50A

light layers

light has four specific duties:

•decorative•accent•task•ambient

no single light source can perform all functions of lighting for a given space

the KEY to effective lighting design:

light should be “layered”

a number of light sources should be blended together in order to create a comfortable, inviting environment

light should be “layered”

decorative:

used to create the “sparkle” for a roomexamples: chandeliers, sconces, table lamps

decorative: chandeliers

decorative: sconces/table/floor lamps?

decorative: table lamps

decorative: sconces

decorative:

in the best designs, decorative light sources only create the illusion of providing a room’s illumination

decorative:

translucent vs. opaque shades

accent:

directed illumination that highlights objects within an environment

examples: track

accent:

recessed adjustable fixtures

accent: examples: recessed adjustable fixtures

accent:

used to highlight art, sculpture, tabletops, plants, etc…

accent:

if you only use accent light, you get the museum effect

accent:

thrives on subtlety—want to see the effect,but not how it is created

task: illumination for performing work-related activities, such as reading, cutting vegetables or sorting laundry

optimally located between your head and the work surface

task: fluorescent—for working

task: under counter fixture mount best for kitchens

ambient:

the soft, general illumination that fills the volume of a room with a glow of light

examples: •indirect wall sconces •torcheres•indirect pendants •cove lighting

ambient:

•torchieres

ambient:

•indirect wall sconces

ambient:

most important of the four functions—often left out of the design of a room or space

best ambient light comes from sources that bounce illumination off ceiling & walls

provides a subtle general illumination without drawing attention to them

ambient:

should not be used alone—“cloudy day effect”—everything in the space seems to have the same value, without any depth or dimension

INTD 50A

light sources

NATURAL LIGHT

affected by:•number and size of windows•type of treatments•orientation to sunlight

knowing the various properties of the lamps that are available will help in choosing your luminaires

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTfour categories:•incandescent•fluorescent•high-intensity discharge (HID) •light-emitting diode (LED)

lamps a.k.a. lightbulbs

thousands of lamps to choose from—find the ones that work well for your particular style

all lamps have their advantages and disadvantages—understanding them & informing your clients what those differences are is the keyelement to making intelligent selections

INCANDESCENT LAMPS

•what we are most familiar with•has been around since the 1800s•standard household bulbs•come in many sizes & shapes•come in many wattages & voltages•least efficient of the four categories•heating the filament to a visible glow generateslight—the hotter the filament, the brighter the light

INCANDESCENT LAMPS

standard incandescent lamps are:•a good point source with optical control•easily dimmed at a relatively low cost•very versatile in regard to shapes and wattages drawbacks:•short lamp life—750 – 2,000 hours•the least efficient of the four categories

HALOGEN LAMPS

is an advanced or improved incandescent lamp

“Just like standard incandescents but contain a halogen gas which recycles tungsten back ontothe filament surface. The halogen gas allowsthe lamps to burn more intensely without sacrificing life”

--GE lighting

HALOGEN LAMPS

•whiter than standard incandescent by 200 K•still 2000 K yellower than daylight•when dimmed becomes as yellow as standard incandescent•treat as basically a warm source of illumination

FLUORESCENT LAMPS

using electricity to energize a phosphor coating on the inside of a glass envelope creates fluorescent light

•inside the envelope are droplets of mercury and inert gases such as argon or krypton•at each end of the fluorescent tube are electrodes•when electricity flows, between electrodes they create ultraviolet light that causes the phosphor coating to glow or “fluoresce”

FLUORESCENT LAMPS

advantages

•longer lamp life—10,000 hours

•lower maintenance time & cost— replaced less often

•more lumen output—3-5 times more lumens for same watts

•cooler source—don’t give off as much heat

•color variety—huge number of color temperatures available

•dimming—do not change significantly in color temperature when dimmed

FLUORESCENT LAMPS

disadvantages

•lamp life and lumen output—halfway through its life, produces 20% less light

•hum—specify an electronic ballast

•relative inability to accent—must use reflectors to try and use for accent of any kind

•temperature restrictions—difficult to ignite in very cold temperatures

HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID)

holds the most mystery for designersand architects

•inside the glass envelope is a small cylinder (made of ceramic or quartz) called an “arc tube”•it is filled with a blend of pressurized gases•ballast directs electricity through the tube & charges the gases to produce light

HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID)

•best suited for exterior lighting•large in size•require a ballast•are not fully dimmable•have a limited number of wattages•typically have a 10,000-hour lamp life•very “high lumen output”

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

•emits light when an electric current is applied in the forward direction of the device•widely used as indicator lights on electronic devices •increasingly in higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting•low voltage light source•quality is the key

luminaires

luminaire is the industry term for “light fixture”

being familiar with the many types of luminaires that are available is as important as knowing what lamps should go into them

portable luminaires

•torchieres•uplights•table lamps•adjustable accent lights•picture lights•swags

surface-mounted luminaires

•track lighting•ceiling mounted•pendant•chandeliers

INTD 50A

title 24—lighting

the Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings were established in 1978

response to a legislative mandate to reduce California's energy consumption

new standards were adopted by the Commission in 2005 as mandated by Assembly Bill 970 to reduce California's electricity demand

kitchens

title 24•first switch in the kitchen must be fluorescent•efficiency of at least 40 lumens per watt•50% wattage MUST be fluorescent

kitchens

title 24

bathrooms

title 24 “forced energy efficiency”

•50% must be fluorescent•first switch as you enter bathroom•incandescent allowed in bathrooms as long as storage areas and garages are 100% fluorescent

(bathroom is defined as room with toilet in it)

2008 residential lighting requirements divide the home into 3 distinct zones•ZONE 1—kitchen•ZONE 2—bathrooms, garages, laundry rooms and utility rooms•ZONE 3—hallways, dining rooms, family rooms, home office and bedrooms

each zone is treated distinctly different

look for additional changes in the 2010 California Energy Code—adopted Jan 2011

lighting selection directions:…using the information from lecture and in your textbook, re-design your lighting plan (if necessary) to include appropriate light layers…make sure that you address lighting in your presentation boards—do not leave it as an afterthought