Insect plant interactions
-
Upload
toby-bruce -
Category
Science
-
view
780 -
download
3
description
Transcript of Insect plant interactions
![Page 1: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Insect-Plant Interactions: a dynamic co-evolutionary struggle highly relevant to future food security
Toby BruceUniversity of Nottingham, 12 May 2014
![Page 2: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Modern agriculture:High yielding varieties (?)
![Page 3: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
High yield – only if there is adequate crop protection against pests
![Page 4: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Overview of talk:
•Vulnerability of agro-ecosystems to pest attackImplications for Food Security
• Insect-plant interactions
•Techniques for managing pests
•Future directions
![Page 5: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Vulnerability of agro-ecosystems to pest attack
Lush monocultures of high yielding varieties grown with fertiliser and irrigation are often more susceptible to pests
![Page 6: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Bruce (2011) J. Exp. Bot. 63: 537-541
fewer effective
pesticides
legislation
reduced discovery and
approval of new products
rapid evolution and
spread of resistant biotypes
short generation
time
high reproductive rate
easy dispersal
global trade
consumer demand to
replace pesticides
![Page 7: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
fewer effective
pesticides
reduced genetic diversity in crops
THRIVING PESTS AND HIGH CROP
LOSSES
climate change can make conditions better for pests
less intrinsic resistance to insects and
pathogens, and less competitiveness with
weeds
fertilised crops more nutritious to insects
and pathogens
broad spectrum pesticides kill
natural enemies of pests
Bruce (2011) J. Exp. Bot. 63: 537-541
![Page 8: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Impact of Pests, Weeds & Diseases
1965 – staple cereals
1992 – staple cereals
42% lost
36% lost
SOURCE: Oerke & Dehne (2004) Crop Prot 23:275–285
Crop losses caused by pests have not decreased since the 1960s, even with use of pesticides
![Page 9: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Resistance to agrochemicals worldwide
![Page 10: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
EC Directive 2009-128
A framework “Promoting the use of IPM and of alternative approaches”
![Page 11: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Research on “Alternatives” is urgently needed
Promoting IPM and use of alternatives
2009/128/EC on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides
Reducing risks and impacts of
pesticide use on human health
and environment
![Page 12: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Research on “Alternatives” is urgently needed
![Page 13: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
More complicated than just banning pesticides
Bees
![Page 14: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
“Impacts of pesticides on human health and the environment”
… BUT WAIT, some impacts are positive
![Page 15: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Human health ► increased affordability of
healthy food (e.g. fruit & veg)
► less mycotoxin contamination
Environment► more food can be
produced on less land with less water and fertiliser
► more efficient production – less GHG
![Page 16: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• EU yields decline
• Increased selection pressure for resistance to remaining pesticides
• Food price increase
• Food production companies move out of Europe
• More land used for agriculture
Unintended consequences
![Page 17: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
2018
2021
2024
2027
2030
2033
2036
2039
2042
2045
2048
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
9000000
10000000
Popu
lati
on
(1000s)
; C
ere
al
Pro
du
cti
on
(x 5
00
ton
nes)
Will future demand be met?
Source: FAOSTAT
human population
cereal production
Bruce (2010) Food Security 2: 133-141
To keep pace with growing demand,
global food production needs to increase by an estimated 70% by
2050 [United Nations]
![Page 18: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
New directions for Agriculture in the 21st Century
Royal Society: “There is a pressing need for the ‘sustainable intensification’ of global agriculture in which yields are increased without adverse environmental impact and without the cultivation of more land”.
Royal Society (2009) Policy document 11/09
A second green revolution which is knowledge intensive rather than input intensive?
![Page 19: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
So we need to learn more about insect-plant interactions…
…these are complicated and dynamic
![Page 21: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Insect-plant interactions
![Page 22: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The different timescales associated with insect-plant interactions
Bruce (2014) JXB in press
![Page 23: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
DNA code has evolved over millions of years - subject to mutations that are deleterious or advantageous according to context- gene expression is modulated by epigenetic ‘stress imprints’
![Page 24: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
INDUCED PLANT DEFENCE
![Page 25: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Insect effectors supress or induce plant defence (depending if insect or plant is ‘ahead’)
(image courtesy of Saskia Hogenhout)
![Page 26: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Plant defence changes over time
(image courtesy of Jurriaan Ton and Marieke van Hulten)
![Page 27: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Defences: traditionally divided into “constitutive” and “induced”
Primed defence
plant is ready to mount quicker or stronger defences when subsequently attacked
Induced defence
these traits are always expressed these traits
need a signal to elicit them
- attacking organism
- volatile surrogate (plant activator)
Constitutive defence
Bruce & Pickett (2007) Current Opinion in Plant Biology 10: 387-392
![Page 28: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
primed
not primed
Bruce et al. (2007) Plant Science 173: 603-608
![Page 29: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
primed
not primed
Bruce et al. (2007) Plant Science 173: 603-608
![Page 30: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
primed
not primed
Does priming leave an epigenetic mark?
AcAc AcAc
AcAc
AcAcMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMe
MeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMe
Bruce et al. (2007) Plant Science 173: 603-608
![Page 31: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
INSECT HOST LOCATION
![Page 32: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Rapid decisions by insects about plant colonisation, made in flight
Bruce (2014) JXB in press
![Page 33: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
How do insects recognise host plants?
1. Species-specific odour recognition:
taxonomically characteristic volatilesORN
Plant Volatile
CNS
ORN
Plant Volatile
CNS
Plant VolatilePlant Volatile
Plant Volatile
Plant VolatileORN
ORN
ORN
ORN
Bruce et al. (2005) TRENDS in Plant Science 10: 269
2. Ratio-specific odour recognition: specific combinations of volatiles, distributed generally among plant species
![Page 34: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
GC-linked electroantennography
• The insect antenna is used as a biological detector
• Delicate manipulation with microelectrodes to connect an antenna to an electrical circuit
• Volatiles (GC effluent) passed over electrophysiological preparation
• There is increased depolarisation when the insect responds
![Page 35: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Insect released in the centre
• Time spent in treated arm compared with time spent in control arms
• Insects released at downwind end• Upwind flight and source contacts recorded
Olfactometer
Wind-tunnel
Behavioural Bioassays
![Page 36: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Helicoverpa armigera
• highly polyphagous• specialises on flowers
![Page 37: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
H OH
CH3
CH2
H
O
benzaldehyde phenylacetaldehyde
limonene linalool
Bruce & Cork (2001) J. Chem. Ecol. 27: 1119
Helicoverpa armigera
![Page 38: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• host plants limited to wheat and a few related grasses
Sitodiplosis mosellana
![Page 39: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Birkett et al. (2004) J. Chem. Ecol. 30: 1319
3-carene(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate
acetophenone
Ubiquitous compounds!
Sitodiplosis mosellana
![Page 40: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Aphis fabae
• specialist on beans
• feeds in colonies
![Page 41: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
(E)-2-hexenal 1-hexanol (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol benzaldehyde 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one octanal (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate (R)-linalool methyl salicylate decanal undecanal (E)-caryophyllene (E)-β-farnesene (S)-(-)-germacrene (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene
Webster et al. (2008) J. Chem. Ecol. 34: 1153
![Page 42: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Webster et al. (2010) Animal Behaviour 79: 451
Aphis fabae
Tim
e sp
ent
(Min
)
0
2
- 3
9-comp synthet
ic blend
** * * *
*
* * *
*0
.1n
g(E
)-2
-h
exa
nal
1n
g
ben
zald
eh
yde 0
.01
ng
oct
an
al
0.0
1n
g (
Z)-
3-h
exe
nyl
ace
tate
0.1
ng
(R
)-li
an
lool
10
ng
meth
yl
sali
cyla
te
10
0n
g
deca
nal
0.0
1n
g (
S)-
germ
acr
en
e
D 0.1
ng
TM
TT
![Page 43: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Attraction to blends
Bruce & Pickett (2011) Phytochem. 72: 1605
![Page 44: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Right mix is needed…
Bruce & Pickett (2011) Phytochem. 72: 1605
![Page 45: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Bruce et al. (2005) TRENDS in Plant Science 10: 269
Spatio-temporal resolution of signals
![Page 46: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The challenge of host recognition
![Page 47: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Insect responses change over time
(image courtesy of Patrizia d'Ettorre and Mauro Patricelli)
![Page 48: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Techniques for managing pests
![Page 49: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
ORANGE WHEAT BLOSSOM MIDGE
![Page 50: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Orange wheat blossom midge• varies from year to
year
• was difficult to decide in time which fields needed treating
• difficult to control with insecticide
![Page 51: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
•Females lay eggs, but larvae die when they start to feed
•A wound plug is formed at the feeding site due to lignification
•Antibiotic action of phenolic acids by the grain
Resistant varieties
![Page 52: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Resistant varieties
Oakley et al 2005 HGCA Project Report No. 363
Now approx. 60% of UK wheat is resistant
Resistant varieties
![Page 54: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Yellow rust on wheat OWBM resistant cultivar (Robigus)
Need for multiple resistance
![Page 55: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
OCOC3H7
OCOC3H7
2,7-nonanediyl dibutyrate
Sex pheromone
![Page 56: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Monitoring systems
Bruce et al. (2007) Pest Man. Sci. 63: 49
• Allow rational use of pesticides
• Need based applications save costs and importantly slow down the development of resistance
• sex pheromone traps:
- provide a solution to the detection problem
- enable more accurate and effective spray timing
![Page 57: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Bruce et al. (2007) Pest Man. Sci. 63: 49
• Pheromone traps widely used by wheat growers in the UK
![Page 58: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Decision support system for OWBM
Bruce & Smart (2009) Outlooks Pest Management 20: 89-92
![Page 59: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
CIS-JASMONE
![Page 60: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
• Identified from winter host volatiles of lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribis-nigri
• Emitted by insect infested plants:– cotton plants damaged by Spodoptera– potato plants infested with potato aphid
• Biological effects observed >24h after spraying plants with cis-jasmone
• Non-toxic• No residue left as it is volatile
cis-Jasmone O
![Page 61: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
• aphids (Sitobion avenae) released at downwind end
• numbers settled on wheat seedlings recorded
• Fewer aphids colonised cis-jasmone induced plants
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-1 4 9 14 19 24
time after release (h)
% s
ettle
men
t
control
cis-jasmone
Settlement bioassay in simulator
![Page 62: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Bruce et al. (2003) Pest Management Science 59: 1031 – 1036
Field plot trial: spray application
![Page 63: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
28-May 8-Jun 16-Jun 24-Jun 6-Jul
Me
an
No
. Ap
hid
s /
Till
er
*
*
control
cis-jasmone
P = 0.036
Bruce et al. (2003) Pest Management Science 59: 1031 – 1036
Wheat Field Trial
![Page 64: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
significantly longer time spent on induced plants
0
5
10
15
20
25
Treated Control
min
Aphidius ervi foraging on cis-Jasmone treated wheat
![Page 65: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
CYP81D11• Insect responses to CYP81D11 OE plants are similar to
the responses observed with CJ treated plants
• We still do not know the function of this gene
Bruce et al. (2008) PNAS 105: 4553-4558
![Page 66: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
EGG ALERT
![Page 67: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Stemborers
(E)-caryophyllene
(E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene
![Page 68: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Collecting volatiles from plants with eggs
![Page 69: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Bioassay
• insect released in the centre
• time spent in treated arm compared with time spent in control arms
Response to volatiles collected from plants with and without eggs?
![Page 70: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Maize landrace lines
Tamiru et al. (2011) Ecology Letters 14: 1075
Parasitoid response - landraces
Attracted to plants with eggs
![Page 71: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Volatile profiles - landraces
(a) (E)-ocimene, (b) (R)-linalool, (c) (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7, nonatriene (DMNT), (d) methyl salicylate, (e) decanal, (f) methyleugenol, (g) (E)-(1R,9S)-caryophyllene, (h) (E)-β-farnesene, (i) (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT).
Tamiru et al. (2011) Ecology Letters 14: 1075
![Page 72: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
New Project: markers for egg induced volatile emission trait
![Page 73: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Diverse seeds
![Page 75: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
HIPV induced by eggs in improved line
Improved maize line CKIR12001 emits DMNT when stemborer eggs are laid on it.
![Page 76: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER ORGANISMS
![Page 77: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
New aphid repellents identified
• Volatiles from Fusarium graminearum infested wheat are repellent to grain aphid, Sitobion avenae
• EAG active compounds: ▫ 2-pentadecanone, ▫ 2-heptanone, ▫ phenyl actetic acid, ▫ α-gurjunene, ▫ 2-tridecanone, ▫ α -cedrene
![Page 78: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
• Key behaviourally active compounds: ▫ 2-pentadecanone ▫ 2-heptanone
natu
ral
2-trid
ecan
one
(1µg
)
α-gur
june
ne (1
µg)
phen
yl ac
etic a
cid
(1µg
)
α-cedr
ene
(1µg
)
2-he
ptan
one
(1µg
)
2-pe
ntad
ecan
one
(1µg
)
6-co
mp
blen
d
2-co
mp
blen
d
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
![Page 79: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
MYCORRHIZAL SIGNALlING…
![Page 80: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
- volatiles produced from vegetative parts and roots can change significantly following aphid attack
- repellent to subsequent herbivores
- signalling molecules attract natural enemies
Babikova et al. (2013) Ecology Letters 16: 835-43
Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles
![Page 81: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Common Mycorrhizal Networks
Hypothesis: Mycorrhizal fungal networks communicate pest defence between plants via signalling through mycelia
Babikova et al. (2013) Ecology Letters 16: 835-43
![Page 82: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
- arbuscular mycorrhizae are ubiquitous ancient plant mutualists -80 % of terrestrial plants
-due to lack of specificity of form CMNs connecting plants
- CMNs act as conduits of nutrients and water and also disease resistance signals
- role in transfer of signals released in response in insect damage in multitrophic interactions was unknown
Babikova et al. (2013) Ecology Letters 16: 835-43
Common Mycorrhizal Networks
![Page 83: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Donor plant with aphids
No barrier. Root and hyphal contact
Static 40 µm mesh. Hyphal contact, no root contact
0.5 µm mesh. No hyphal contact, no root contact
Rotated 40 µmmesh. No hyphal contact, no root contact
Roots
AM fungi
Babikova et al. (2013) Ecology Letters 16: 835-43
Experimental mesocosm
![Page 84: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
No hyphal connection
Receiver plants (no aphids)
0.5 µm 40 µm rotated
40 µmstatic
no barrier
Donor (with aphids)
Tim
e s
pen
t [
min
]
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Pea aphid Aphidius ervi
Hyphal connectionAttractive
Repellent
a
a
bb b
z
z
y yy
Response of pea aphid and its parasitoid wasp (Aphidius ervi) to volatiles in olfactometer bioassays: time spent in treated arm minus control (mean)
3
-2
-1
0
1
2
With MeS
Without MeS
Attractive
Repellent
Tim
e s
pen
t [
min
]
***-3
am
ount
of
meth
yl sa
licyla
te [
ng
/ m
l]
0
2
4
6
8
10
Meth
yl s
ali
cyl
ate
[n
g /
ml]
Response of pea aphid to volatiles in olfactometer bioassays: time spent in treated arm minus control (mean)
Babikova et al. (2013) Ecology Letters 16: 835-43
![Page 85: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Future directions
![Page 86: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
IMPROVING BIOCONTROL
![Page 87: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Biocontrol with natural enemies
• Natrual enemies of pests can be released to control them
• Successful in glasshouses e.g. Almaria in Spain
• Harder to use in open field environments
![Page 88: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
New Agri-tech Catalyst project: Lure-and-kill technology to manage beetle pests of field beans and peas
4-Methylheptane-3,5-dione
Beauveria bassiana spores adhering to Entostat particles
Sitona lineatus adults
♂ produced aggregation pheromone that attracts ♀s and ♂s
![Page 89: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The main non-chemical control of aphids is based on parasitoids - either by release in glasshouses or encouraging natural populations outside.
![Page 90: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Biocontrol in edible protected crops 2010/11 (UK)
Aphidius ervi used on 2072 ha: 350 ha tomatoes, 131 ha of cucumbers, 1511 ha of peppers
Data from Fera Pesticide Usage survey (ha are treated hectares and include repeat treatments)
Aphidius colemani used on 3160 ha:
2235 ha peppers, 487 ha of cucumbers, 426 other vegetables
![Page 91: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Aphidius
Aphelinus
Praon
Dendrocerus Alloxysta PachyneuronAsaphes
![Page 92: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Treated Control0
1
2
3
4
5
Tim
e (
min
s)Significant
Attraction inOlfactometerBioassay
*Attractant
![Page 93: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
IMPROVING CROP RESISTANCE
![Page 95: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Introgressing resistance?
![Page 96: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
at least 10,000 years ago
wild einkorn wheat (Triticum urartu)
wild goat grass related to Aegilops speltoides
Triticum diccocoides, wild emmer wheat
prehistoric times
goat grass (Aegilops tauschii)
Bread wheat, Triticum aestivum
![Page 97: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Blight resistant potato +Rpi-vnt1
5 fungicide sprays to protect
No pesticide needed
![Page 98: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Aphid resistant wild potatoes
0
40
80
% Nymph survival
(after 7 days)
0
4
8
Nymphs produced
(after 24h)
012345
Adults settled (after 24h)
Two of the ten lines tested were very resistant with 0% aphid survival after 7 days.
![Page 99: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Molecular recognition system in insects
![Page 100: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Molecular recognition system in plants
![Page 101: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Understanding resistance mechanisms
(image courtesy of Saskia Hogenhout)
![Page 102: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 103: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Intensified agriculture is more dependent on crop protection
Lush monocultures of high yielding varieties grown with fertiliser are often more susceptible to pests
![Page 104: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Value of Crop Protection – UK wheat
Oerke EC (2006) Crop losses to pests. The Journal of Agricultural Science 144:31-43.
Value of UK wheat production in 2011 (Defra - Agiculture in the UK dataset) £ 2 210 million
Crop losses with no crop protection (from Oerke 2006) %
weeds 23 £ 508 millionpests 8.7 £ 192 million
diseases 18.1 £ 400 millionTOTAL £1100 million
![Page 105: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
![Page 106: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
9000000
10000000
Popu
lati
on
(1000s)
; C
ere
al
Pro
du
cti
on
(x 5
00 t
on
nes)
Source: FAOSTAT
human population
cereal production
Will Future Demand be Met? Consider resources, planetary boundaries and climate change
![Page 107: Insect plant interactions](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062319/556d1a7ad8b42a540c8b490c/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Questions… ?