1 Symbiosis Insect-Plant Interactions 3 rd Lecture.

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SymSymbiobiosissis

Insect-Plant Interactions

3rd Lecture

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First Discussion SessionFirst Discussion Session(This message had sent to you)(This message had sent to you)

The first discussion topic will be about The first discussion topic will be about symbiosissymbiosis

Date: Monday of next week, Date: Monday of next week, 30/3/200930/3/2009You should collect enough materials from You should collect enough materials from

primary references and books (but not primary references and books (but not from net), from net), write outline and noteswrite outline and notes..

In the end of discussion, you will submit your In the end of discussion, you will submit your notes and the copy of references that you notes and the copy of references that you would use. would use.

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Definition of SymbiosisDefinition of Symbiosis

The term The term symbiosissymbiosis (from the (from the GreekGreek: συμ, : συμ, symsym, ", "withwith"; and βίοσίς, "; and βίοσίς, biosisbiosis, ", "livingliving") ")

The term was first used in The term was first used in 18791879 by the by the GermanGerman mycologistmycologist, , Heinrich Anton de Heinrich Anton de BaryBary, who defined it as: "the living together , who defined it as: "the living together of unlike organisms".of unlike organisms".

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Symbiosis is simply defined as living Symbiosis is simply defined as living together. Scientists use this term to together. Scientists use this term to describe intimate relationships between describe intimate relationships between members of different species. By definition members of different species. By definition there are at least two species in a there are at least two species in a symbiotic relationship; it is unknown the symbiotic relationship; it is unknown the maximum number. maximum number.

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The relation between two different species The relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other each gains benefits from the other

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There is no single universally agreed upon There is no single universally agreed upon definition of symbiosisdefinition of symbiosis. . Some[Some[attribution attribution neededneeded] define symbiosis in the sense ] define symbiosis in the sense that that De BaryDe Bary intended, describing a close intended, describing a close relationship between organisms in which relationship between organisms in which the outcome for each is highly dependent the outcome for each is highly dependent upon the other. upon the other.

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The interdependent relationships between living things, called symbiosis

A general rule is that the partners must spend a significant amount of time together (part or all of their life cycles).

In this case…….some of

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TerminologiesTerminologies

SymbiosisSymbiosis

SymbiosesSymbioses

SymbioticSymbiotic

SymbiontSymbiont

HostHost

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Types (Categories) of SymbiosisTypes (Categories) of Symbiosis

It depends on the definition!It depends on the definition!must spend a significant amount of time together (part or all

of their life cycles).

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Species "A"Species "A"

++

00

--

-- 00 ++

Species "B"Species "B"

ParasitismParasitismCommensalismCommensalismMutualismMutualism

NeutralismNeutralismCommensalismCommensalism

CompetitionCompetition ParasitismParasitism

Types of SymbiosisTypes of Symbiosis

HM

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1-Symbiotic relationships1-Symbiotic relationships may involve an may involve an organism living on anotherorganism living on another((ectosymbiosisectosymbiosis),),

inside another (inside another (endosymbiosisendosymbiosis), ),

2-Symbiotic relationships2-Symbiotic relationships, may be either , may be either obligateobligate, which is to say necessary to the , which is to say necessary to the survival of at least one organism, or survival of at least one organism, or facultativefacultative, where the relationship is , where the relationship is useful but not vital useful but not vital

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EctosymbiosisEctosymbiosis, also referred to as , also referred to as exosymbiosisexosymbiosis, , is any symbiotic relationship in which the is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of or the ducts of exocrineexocrine glands glands HMHM

Examples of this include Examples of this include ectoparasitesectoparasites such as such as licelice, commensal ectosymbionts, such as the , commensal ectosymbionts, such as the barnaclesbarnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whalesbaleen whales, and , and mutualistmutualist ectosymbionts ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. such as cleaner fish.

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EndosymbiosisEndosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives within the tissues of the which the symbiont lives within the tissues of the host; either in the intracellular space or host; either in the intracellular space or extracellularly. Examples are nitrogen-fixing extracellularly. Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteriabacteria (called (called rhizobiarhizobia) which live in ) which live in root nodulesroot nodules on on legumelegume roots, single-celled roots, single-celled algaealgae inside reef-building inside reef-building coralscorals, and bacterial , and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects to about 10%–15% of insects

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LichensLichens

One example of beneficial symbiosis One example of beneficial symbiosis ((called mutualismcalled mutualism) ) is that found between is that found between algae and the fungus of lichensalgae and the fungus of lichens. . While While fungi provide vital protection and moisture fungi provide vital protection and moisture to algae, the algae nourish the fungi with to algae, the algae nourish the fungi with photosynthetic nutrients that keep them photosynthetic nutrients that keep them alivealive. . As a biology textbook puts itAs a biology textbook puts it: : ""Neither population could exist without the Neither population could exist without the other, and hence the size of each is other, and hence the size of each is determined by that of the otherdetermined by that of the other" "

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LichensLichens

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LichensLichens

So which came first, the alga or the So which came first, the alga or the fungus? Since neither could exist without fungus? Since neither could exist without the other, according to evolution for both the other, according to evolution for both to survive they had to evolve to survive they had to evolve independently of each other, yet appear at independently of each other, yet appear at exactly the same time and with precisely exactly the same time and with precisely the right functionsthe right functions..

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Bees and PlantBees and Plant

Consider next the relationship between bees Consider next the relationship between bees and plantsand plants..While collecting the precious nectar that While collecting the precious nectar that provides their hives with food, bees pollinate provides their hives with food, bees pollinate dozens of species of flowers and agricultural dozens of species of flowers and agricultural crops. Without this vital pollination, orchards crops. Without this vital pollination, orchards could produce little if any fruit, and fruit trees could produce little if any fruit, and fruit trees would not survive for long. How can these plants would not survive for long. How can these plants exist without first being pollinated by bees? On exist without first being pollinated by bees? On the other hand, how could bees exist without first the other hand, how could bees exist without first being provided with the necessary nectar as being provided with the necessary nectar as food?food?

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Bees and PlantsBees and Plants

In addition, the bee has to carry out In addition, the bee has to carry out pollination in a precisely specific way for pollination in a precisely specific way for the process to workthe process to work. . If the bee visited If the bee visited other species of flowers at random, other species of flowers at random, pollination could not occur, since the pollination could not occur, since the pollen of one species of flower does not pollen of one species of flower does not fertilize another speciesfertilize another species. . Somehow the Somehow the bee knows to visit only one plant species bee knows to visit only one plant species at a time and at the right seasonat a time and at the right season..

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Yucca plant and the yucca mothYucca plant and the yucca moth

One of the most amazing examples of One of the most amazing examples of symbiosis is that between the yucca plant symbiosis is that between the yucca plant and the yucca mothand the yucca moth. . The yucca plant is The yucca plant is incapable of pollinating itself to grow more incapable of pollinating itself to grow more seeds and perpetuateseeds and perpetuate. . The yucca moth The yucca moth ((Tegeticula,Tegeticula, formerly formerly PronubaPronuba) pollinates ) pollinates the yucca plant while laying its eggs inside the yucca plant while laying its eggs inside the plant.the plant.

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After hatching, the moth larvae feed on the After hatching, the moth larvae feed on the seeds of the yuccaseeds of the yucca. . Remarkably, the moth Remarkably, the moth carefully calibrates the number of its carefully calibrates the number of its larvae growing inside each flower so the larvae growing inside each flower so the larvae will not consume all the seeds of larvae will not consume all the seeds of the yucca—because if they ate all the the yucca—because if they ate all the seeds the yucca plants would stop seeds the yucca plants would stop reproducing, thus eventually dooming the reproducing, thus eventually dooming the yucca moths as wellyucca moths as well!!

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By pollinating the plant, the moth develops food By pollinating the plant, the moth develops food ((yucca seedsyucca seeds) ) for its larvae while ensuring that for its larvae while ensuring that the plant can perpetuate its own kind as wellthe plant can perpetuate its own kind as well. . But that's not allBut that's not all. . The life cycle of the yucca The life cycle of the yucca moth is timed so the adult moths emerge in early moth is timed so the adult moths emerge in early summer—exactly when the yucca plants are in summer—exactly when the yucca plants are in flowerflower..How could this remarkable relationship have How could this remarkable relationship have developed by random minor changes in both developed by random minor changes in both plant and insect over eons? It is obvious that it plant and insect over eons? It is obvious that it appeared abruptly or it never could have appeared abruptly or it never could have developed at all.developed at all.

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Cleaning symbiosisCleaning symbiosis

It is common for large fish such as sharks, It is common for large fish such as sharks, after consuming smaller fish, to have food after consuming smaller fish, to have food remains and parasites imbedded around remains and parasites imbedded around their teeththeir teeth. . Eventually these particles can Eventually these particles can produce disease or a dangerous buildproduce disease or a dangerous build--up up of matter that can hinder eatingof matter that can hinder eating. . But But certain types of small fish exist that certain types of small fish exist that function as biological toothbrushes, safely function as biological toothbrushes, safely cleaning the teeth of the larger predatorscleaning the teeth of the larger predators..

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Cleaning symbiosisCleaning symbiosisThe cleaning fish fearlessly swim inside the open The cleaning fish fearlessly swim inside the open mouth of the larger fish and carefully eat the debris mouth of the larger fish and carefully eat the debris and parasites from the teethand parasites from the teeth. . How can a predator How can a predator fish restrain his instincts of getting a free meal by fish restrain his instincts of getting a free meal by just closing his mouth and chewing, or avoid lashing just closing his mouth and chewing, or avoid lashing out because of the irritating cleaning process? out because of the irritating cleaning process? These actions go directly against the selfThese actions go directly against the self--preservation instincts of both animals, yet they preservation instincts of both animals, yet they methodically carry out this sanitizing proceduremethodically carry out this sanitizing procedure. . Some species even set up the equivalent of Some species even set up the equivalent of cleaning stations, where the larger fish patiently wait cleaning stations, where the larger fish patiently wait for their turn while others ahead of them have their for their turn while others ahead of them have their mouths cleanedmouths cleaned..

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Such cleaning symbiosis is also found Such cleaning symbiosis is also found among a species of bird and a reptileamong a species of bird and a reptile. . In In Egypt the Egyptian plover hops right into Egypt the Egyptian plover hops right into the open mouth of the Nile crocodile to the open mouth of the Nile crocodile to remove parasitesremove parasites. . After the job is done, After the job is done, whether the crocodile is hungry or not the whether the crocodile is hungry or not the bird always leaves unscathedbird always leaves unscathed..

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How could such diverse animals, which normally have a How could such diverse animals, which normally have a predatorpredator--victim relationship, become partners in a victim relationship, become partners in a cleanup operation? If these procedures evolved, as cleanup operation? If these procedures evolved, as evolutionists contend must have happened, how many evolutionists contend must have happened, how many birds would have been eaten alive before the crocodile birds would have been eaten alive before the crocodile decided it was in his interest to let one clean its mouth, decided it was in his interest to let one clean its mouth, then proceed to let it escape? In contrast, how many then proceed to let it escape? In contrast, how many birds would have continued picking crocodile teeth when birds would have continued picking crocodile teeth when they saw some of their feathery cousins eaten alive by they saw some of their feathery cousins eaten alive by crocodiles? They certainly are instinctively aware that crocodiles? They certainly are instinctively aware that better and safer ways of getting a meal are available to better and safer ways of getting a meal are available to themthem..

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Such sophisticated relationships among Such sophisticated relationships among diverse creatures show an underlying diverse creatures show an underlying intelligent design and forethought at workintelligent design and forethought at work. . Symbiotic relationships are clearly a great Symbiotic relationships are clearly a great challenge to Darwinism, providing solid challenge to Darwinism, providing solid evidence of a Designer and Creatorevidence of a Designer and Creator..

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Competition or CooperationCompetition or Cooperation: : How How Symbiosis Defies DarwinSymbiosis Defies Darwin

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Cleaning SymbiosisCleaning Symbiosis

The drawing shows the Nile crocodile The drawing shows the Nile crocodile opening its mouth to permit the Egyptian opening its mouth to permit the Egyptian plover to feed on any leeches attached to plover to feed on any leeches attached to its gumsits gums. .

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Symbiotic nitrogen fixationSymbiotic nitrogen fixation

One of the most important examples of One of the most important examples of mutualism in the overall economy of the mutualism in the overall economy of the biosphere is the symbiotic relationship biosphere is the symbiotic relationship between certain nitrogenbetween certain nitrogen--fixing bacteria fixing bacteria and their legume hostsand their legume hosts..

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Bullhorn Acacia is best known for its Bullhorn Acacia is best known for its symbioticsymbiotic relationship with a species of relationship with a species of antant () that lives in its hollowed out thorns. () that lives in its hollowed out thorns. Unlike other acacias, Bullhorn acacias are Unlike other acacias, Bullhorn acacias are deficient in the bitter deficient in the bitter alkaloidsalkaloids usually usually located in the leaves that defend against located in the leaves that defend against ravaging insects and animals. Bullhorn ravaging insects and animals. Bullhorn acacia ants fulfill that role.acacia ants fulfill that role.

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The ants act as a defense mechanism for the tree, protecting it The ants act as a defense mechanism for the tree, protecting it against harmful insects, animals or humans that may come into against harmful insects, animals or humans that may come into contact with itcontact with it. . The ants live in the hollowedThe ants live in the hollowed--out thorns for which the out thorns for which the tree is namedtree is named. . In return, the tree supplies the ants with In return, the tree supplies the ants with proteinprotein--lipidlipid nodules called nodules called BeltianBeltian bodies bodies from its leaflet tips and from its leaflet tips and carbohydratecarbohydrate--rich nectar from rich nectar from glandsglands on its leaf stalk. These Beltian bodies have on its leaf stalk. These Beltian bodies have no known function other than to provide food for the no known function other than to provide food for the symbioticsymbiotic ants. ants. The aggressive ants release an alarm The aggressive ants release an alarm pheromonepheromone and rush out of and rush out of their thorn "barracks" in great numbers.their thorn "barracks" in great numbers.According to According to Daniel JanzenDaniel Janzen ( (Costa RicanCosta Rican Natural History, 1983), Natural History, 1983), livestocklivestock can apparently smell the can apparently smell the pheromonepheromone and avoid these and avoid these acacias day and night. Getting stung in the mouth and tongue is an acacias day and night. Getting stung in the mouth and tongue is an effective deterrent to browsing on the tender foliage. In addition to effective deterrent to browsing on the tender foliage. In addition to protecting protecting A. conigeraA. conigera from from leaf-cutting antsleaf-cutting ants and other unwanted and other unwanted herbivoresherbivores, the ants also clear away invasive seedlings around the , the ants also clear away invasive seedlings around the base of the tree that might overgrow it and block out vital sunlight.base of the tree that might overgrow it and block out vital sunlight.

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EpiphytesEpiphytes

EpiphytesEpiphytes are plants that are plants that live perched on sturdier live perched on sturdier plants. They do not take plants. They do not take nourishment from their nourishment from their host as parasitic plants host as parasitic plants do. Because their roots do do. Because their roots do not reach the ground, they not reach the ground, they depend on the air to bring depend on the air to bring them moisture and them moisture and inorganic nutrients. inorganic nutrients.

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EpiphytesEpiphytes

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EpiphytesEpiphytes

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Interaction vs symbiosisInteraction vs symbiosis

These interactions are often briefThese interactions are often brief. . There There are many cases, however, where two are many cases, however, where two species live in close association for long species live in close association for long periodsperiods. . Such associations are called Such associations are called symbioticsymbiotic

1 Symbiosis Insect-Plant Interactions 3 rd Lecture.

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