DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGYALLAHABAD SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE

SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES

[Formerly-Allahabad Agricultural Institute](Deemed-to-be-University)

ALLAHABAD- 211007, U.P., INDIA 

PRESENTATION ON

MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF GINGER

SUBMMITED BY,RAKESH

SUBMITTED TO,

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PROTECTION

GINGER (Zingiber officinale)

Ginger is a plant with leafy stems and yellowish green flowers.

The ginger spice comes from the roots of the plant.

Ginger is native to warmer parts of Asia, such as China, Japan, and India, but now is grown in parts of South American and Africa.

It is also now grown in the Middle East to use as medicine and with food.

Ginger is commonly used to treat various types of "stomach problems," including motion sickness, morning sickness, colic, upset stomach, gas, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome(IBS), nausea, nausea caused by cancer treatment.

INSECT PEST OF GINGER WHITE GRUB SHOOT BORER

GINGER WHITE GRUBSYSTEMETIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom :- Animalia Phylum :-Arthropoda Class :- Insecta Order :-Coleoptera Family :-Scarabaeidea Genus :-Holotrichia Species :-longipennis

IDENTIFICATION

Eggs :- Freshly laid eggs are oval, white, about 3 mm long and 2 mm wide. After 3-4 days, eggs become spherical and smooth and are about

2 mm in diameter. Mature eggs are brownish-black with a diameter of about 4 mm.

 Larva :- Larvae are creamy white in colour, C-shaped (Scarabaeiform) and

vary in size depending on age and species. They grow from about 2–3 mm in length when young to 20-40mm

when mature, depending on species. They have prominent brown heads and large, dark brown “jaws (i.e. mandibles), 5-segmented antennae, three pairs of spiny legs and abdomens with a shiny tip.

 

CONT….Pupae :- Pupae are white to yellowish in the early stages, and gradually

become brown. They pupate in the soil and range from 1.5 to 3cm in length and

are typically about 1.5 cm wide. Adults :- Adults differ considerably in size, shape and colour depending on

species. Antennae are 10-segmented. Adults are broad, robust looking

beetles with thick elytra (wing cases) and pronotum (plate-like covering of front segment of the thorax ).

In some species these structures are brightly coloured, even metallic green, and/or patterned, in other species they are plain brown to black.

FIG:-Pupa FIG:-Adult

FIG:- LarvaFIG:- Eggs

HOST PLANT:- White grubs feed on the roots of corn, ginger, timothy,

Kentucky bluegrass, sorghum, soybean, strawberry, potato, barley, oat, wheat, rye, bean, turnip, and to a lesser degree, other cultivated crops.

DISTRIBUTION:- More than 200 species of white grubs are found

throughout North America. Populations of most grub species tend to be highest

in older plantings of sod, or in soils high in decomposing organic matter.

NATURE AND DAMAGE:- Root grubs occasionally feed on tender rhizomes, roots and base of

pseudostems causing yellowing and wilting of shoots. The grubs make large holes in rhizomes and reduce market value of

produce Damage by white grubs is usually most severe when corn is planted following sod.

In this case, root feeding can be so severe that plants may grow no taller than 30 to 60 cm (1 or 2 feet).

If the root system is badly damaged, injured plants will eventually die and can be easily pulled from the ground.

Even light infestations usually result in increased lodging and reduce yield

FIG :- DAMAGE SYMPTOM

LIFE CYCLEEGG:-

Eggs are deposited singly in weedy fields or grasslands several centimetres below the soil surface.

The time taken for eggs to hatch varies considerably from about 6 days to over 50 days. 

LARVAE:-  Larvae undergo three stages (instars). Larvae may also undergo

diapause (a period of dormancy triggered by climatic conditions such as dry seasons) prior to pupation.

Wet soil conditions during diapause will cause high larval mortality by promoting fungal and bacterial infections.

PUPA :- Pupal development takes 30-40 days. Most species of white grub complete

their lifecycle in one year; however, one of the most damaging species Phyllophaga implicita can take up to three years to complete its lifecycle. 

ADULT:- Adult emerge from pupae in the soil in response to the start of the rainy

season or soil disturbance (e.g. ploughing). Adults typically emerge at dusk and are active night fliers. Adults

commonly feed in trees, but return to grasslands and cultivated fields to lay eggs following mating.

Female adults can continue to lay eggs for over 100 days. Up to 60 eggs can be laid at a time.

FIG:- LIFE CYCLE OF WHITE GRUB

MANAGEMENTCULTURAL CONTROL:-

Crop rotation is an effective control method of grubs if maize is rotated with resistant or less susceptible crops deep-rooted legumes such as alfalfa, cowpea, and pigeon peas.  

Ensuring proper drainage in the field since grubs prefer moist soil, especially with decaying organic matter - female beetles prefer to lay eggs on moist-decaying organic matter.

Reducing or pruning trees that attract adults bordering the crop. Heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer which can kill first instar

larvae.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:- Spores of the pathogens Bacillus popilliae, B. lentimorbus

and Metarhizium anisopliae can be used to inoculate the soil. 

Parasitic wasps including Tiphia species, Myzinum species and Pelecinus polyturator, as well as the parasitic fly Pyrgota undata have been used as biological control agents.

Nematodes such as species of Steinernema can also be effective against white grubs.

CHEMICAL CONTROL:- Chemical control is rarely necessary for white grubs. Chemical

treatment on grubs must be done when they are young as older larvae are more robust and larvae move to a greater depth as they develop. If insecticides must be applied then the following treatments have shown to have some control of white grubs:

Aldicarb granules – a systemic insecticide; Carbofuran granules – a systemic insecticide; Chlorpyriphos – a contact insecticide; Ethoprophos granules – a contact insecticide; Fipronil – a contact insecticide; Imidachloprid – a systemic insecticide with reasonable soil mobility; Isofenphos– a systemic insecticide with reasonable soil mobility Application of contact insecticides to the foliage of the trees where

adult beetles swarm.

SHOOT BORERSYSTEMETIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom :- Animalia Phylum :-Arthropoda Class :- Insecta Order :-Lepidoptera Family :-Noctuidea Genus :-Conogethes Species :-punctiferalis

IDENTIFICATIONEgg:- Egg is pink, oval, flat and lays singly or in group on the tender part of the plant

Larva:- larva is long, pale greenish with a pinkish was dorsally, head and pro-thoracic

shield brown in colour and body covered with minute hairs arising on wards.

Pupa:- Pupation takes place in lose silken coccon in larval tunnel.

Adult:- Adult is a medium sized moth, the wings are pale yellowish with black spots on

the wings. 

FIG:- EggFIG:- Larva

FIG:- Pupa

FIG:- Adult

HOST PLANT:- The shoot borer highly polyphagous pest.It is feed also

crop ginger, termric, cocoa, custard apple, cotton, hollyhocks etc.

DISTRIBUTION:- It is various country found in austrelia, china, india, japan,

srilanka, asia, africa, etc.

NATURE AND DAMAGE:- The larvae bore into pseudo stems and feed on internal tissues

resulting in yellowing and drying of leaves of infested pseudo stems.

The presence of a bore-hole on the pseudo stem through which frass is extruded and the withered and yellow central shoot is a characteristic symptom of pest infestation.

Favourable conditions: Temperature range 30-33°C and relative humidity range 60-90%.

The pest population is higher in the field during September-October. The pest is most active from July to October.

FIG: DAMAGE BY GINGER SHOOT BORER

LIFE CYCLEEgg: Eggs are pink, oval, flat laid singly or in group on leaves and other

soft and tender part of the plant. The eggs hatch in 2-6 days.Larva:

The larvae pass through 4–5 in stars and are full-fledged in 12- 16 days. Fully grown larvae are light brown with sparse hairs.

Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the seed or sometimes in the grass that

collects after feeding. Pupation takes place in lose silken cocoon in larval tunnel. The pupal stage

lasts about 7-10 days.Adult:

It is a medium sized moth with a wingspan of about 20 mm; the wings are orange-yellow with minute black spots.

Three generations are completed in a year.

MANAGEMENTCULTURAL CONTROL:- Harvest all bulbs, remove culls, volunteer crops and

crop residues from the field to reduce overwintering populations.

Avoid planting in soils that are high in undercomposed organic matter.

This will also help to reduce potential disease problems.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:- Parasitic wasps, predatory flies, ground beetles and

pathogenic fungi help reduce ginger shoot borer populations.

CONT….CHEMICAL:-

Spraying malathion 0.1% at 30 day intervals during July to October is effective in controlling the pest infestation.

The spraying has to be initiated when the first symptom of pest attack is seen on the inner most leaves on the pseudostem.

REFERENCES CAB International (2007). Crop Protection

Compendium. Wallingford, UK. CAB International. Flanders K.L., Heinrichs E.A., Foster J.E. and Rice M.E.

(2010). Maize pests of North America. In: EB Radcliffe, WD Hutchinson and RE Cancelado (Eds) Radcliff’s IPM.

Hill, D.S. (2008). Pests of crops in warmer climates and their control. Springer Science and Business Media BV.

Ortega, A. (1987). Insect pests of Maize: A Guide for Field Identification. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.

THANK YO

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