Ingles - Aula 02

INGLÊS para o Banco Central Teoria e Exercícios Comentados

Vladia Mattar

Prof. Vladia Mattar www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 1

How are you? Welcome to Class 2. Estão motivados e focados em seus objetivos?

“Happy are those who dream dreams and are ready to pay the price to make them come true.”

Remember that I am here to help you! Espero que esta aula lhes seja bastante proveitosa.

AULA 2

Parte 1 Questões: Esaf/APO/2010; Esaf/MDIC/2002; Parte 2 Questões INÉDITAS Parte 3 Teoria, Dicas e Vocabulary Builder Parte 4 Lista de questões desta aula e gabarito ‘seco’

Parte 1 Questões gabaritadas e comentadas Escolhi começar a aula dois com essa prova da Esaf que traz textos com um vocabulário super pertinente ao nosso concurso. Enjoy it !! ESAF/APO/ 2010 Text 1 The Ascent of Money


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Synopsis Bread, cash, dosh, dough, loot: Call it what you like, it matters. To Christians, love of it is the root of all evil. To generals, it’s the sinews of war. To revolutionaries, it’s the chains of labour. But in The Ascent of Money, Niall Ferguson shows that finance is in fact the foundation of human progress. What’s more, he reveals financial history as the essential back-story behind all history. The evolution of credit and debt was as important as any technological innovation in the rise of civilization, from ancient Babylon to the silver mines of Bolivia. Banks provided the material basis for the splendours of the Italian Renaissance, while the bond market was the decisive factor in conflicts from the Seven Years’ War to the American Civil War. With the clarity and verve for which he is famed, Niall Ferguson explains why the origins of the French Revolution lie in a stock market bubble caused by a convicted Scots murderer. He shows how financial failure turned Argentina from the world’s sixth richest country into an inflation-ridden basket case – and how a financial revolution is propelling the world’s most populous country from poverty to power in a single generation. Yet the most important lesson of the world’s financial history is that sooner or later every bubble bursts – sooner or later the bearish sellers outnumber the bullish buyers – sooner or later greed flips into fear. And that’s why, whether you’re scraping by or rolling in it, there’s never been a better time to understand the ascent of money.Source:http://www.niallferguson.com/site/FERG/Templates/General. 1) ESAF/APO/2010 This text could best be characterized as a) the abstract of a doctoral dissertation. b) a detailed review of a book on economics. c) a defense of money for publication in the popular press. d) publicity summarizing a recently-published book. e) a psychological explanation of the power of money. COMENTÁRIO Guys, atenção aos detalhes: eles são importantes. Leia abaixo do titulo a palavra “Synopsis”... e o trecho: “But in The Ascent of Money, Niall Ferguson shows…” Percebemos que “The Ascent of Money” é uma obra criada por Niall Ferguson, certo?! Vamos ao vocab pertinente: a) the abstract ( resumo ) of a doctoral dissertation. b) a detailed review ( crítica detalhada ) of a book on economics. c) a defense of money for publication in the popular press ( Imprensa). d) publicity summarizing ( resumindo ) a recently-published book ( livro recentemente publicado ) . e) a psychological explanation of the power of money.( explicação psicológica ) GABARITO: D 2) ESAF/APO/2010 The five words that open the text [Bread, cash, dosh, dough, loot] in paragraph 1 line 1 are


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a) economic jargon for the proceeds of human labour. b) synonyms for money in colloquial usage. c) alternative expressions meaning profi t. d) everyday words for things money can buy. e) indications of the evil referred to in the next line. COMENTÁRIO O examinador quer seu conhecimento sobre gírias (slangs) para dinheiro. Ainda que você não as saiba, dá para guess pelo contexto e pelo título. GABARITO: B 3) ESAF/APO/2010 The pronoun ‘it’ in “And that’s why, whether you’re scraping by or rolling in it” refers to a) fear b) greed c) bubble d) scraping e) Money COMENTÁRIO Let’s review pronouns?! “It” é um pronome usado para substituir um animal ou coisa, ou ainda iniciar frases impessoais, pois em inglês não há oração sem sujeito. “rolling in it = rolling in Money” é uma expressão idiomática similar a rolando no dinheiro. GABARITO: E 4) ESAF/APO/2010 The writer of the book attempts to prove that money is a) a serious cause of harm. b) a vital resource in times of war. c) essentially a question of surface bubbles. d) at the root of all human advanced. e) usually an expendable asset. COMENTÁRIO Veja a passagem: “Niall Ferguson shows that finance is in fact the foundation of human progress”.

• at the root of all human advanced= na raiz do avanço da humanidade

GABARITO: D Text 2 Trucks, Trains and Trees By THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN

No matter how many times you hear them, there are some statistics that just bowl you over. The one that always stuns me is this: Imagine if you took all


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the cars, trucks, planes, trains and ships in the world and added up their exhaust every year. The amount of carbon dioxide, or CO2, all those cars, trucks, planes, trains and ships collectively emit into the atmosphere is actually less than the carbon emissions every year that result from the chopping down and clearing of tropical forests in places like Brazil, Indonesia and the Congo. We are now losing a tropical forest the size of New York State every year, and the carbon that releases into the atmosphere now accounts for roughly 17 percent of all global emissions contributing to climate change. […] “You need a new model of economic development — one that is based on raising people’s standards of living by maintaining their natural capital, not just by converting that natural capital to ranching or industrial farming or logging,” said José María Silva, a conservation expert. Right now people protecting the rainforest are paid a pittance — compared with those who strip it — even though we now know that the rainforest provides everything from keeping CO2 out of the atmosphere to maintaining the flow of freshwater into rivers. The good news is that Brazil has put in place all the elements of a system to compensate its forest-dwellers for maintaining the forests. Brazil has already set aside 43 percent of the Amazon rainforest for conservation and for indigenous peoples. Another 19 percent of the Amazon, though, has already been deforested by farmers and ranchers. Source: The New York Times November 11, 2009

[slightly adapted] 5- ESAF/APO/2010 The main message of the first paragraph is that a) deforestation is less damaging to the environment than was traditionally believed. b) vehicles driven by standard fuels are responsible for 17% of all CO2 emissions. c) the statistics surrounding forest clearance are grossly exaggerated. d) it is time to limit the CO2 emissions from the world’s fleet of cars and trucks. e) forest clearance causes more CO2 emissions than all the world’s vehicles together. COMENTÁRIO Climate change, deforestastion, pollution são assuntos bem atuais que estão sempre aparecendo em provas. Vocês já estão familiarizados com esse tipo de vocabulário? A resposta se encontra na passagem abaixo: “The amount of carbon dioxide, or CO2, all those cars, trucks, planes, trains and ships collectively emit into the atmosphere is actually less than the carbon emissions every year that result from the chopping down and clearing of tropical forests in places like Brazil, Indonesia and the Congo….” Vocab pertinente:

• Chop down = cortar/derrubar • Actually less = realmente menos.


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• that result from= que resultam de • Carbon emissions = emissão de gás carbono

GABARITO: E 6- ESAF/APO/2010 The new model of economic development advocated in the text involves a) offering adequate financial reward to those who preserve the forest. b) raising people’s living standards through squandering natural capital. c) putting a ban on large-scale cattle farming, planting and wood extraction. d) making farmers pay for the flow of freshwater they use in the Amazon. e) paying small sums of money to inhabitants who can keep trees standing. COMENTÁRIO Atenção! A primeira vista a letra A parece ser a correta, porém o erro dessa alternativa está em ‘adequate financial reward’ = recompença financeira adequada. O texto traz que a quantia paga é insignificante. Veja o trecho: Right now people protecting the rainforest are paid a pittance A resposta está no trecho: “The good news is that Brazil has put in place all the elements of a system to compensate its forest-dwellers for maintaining the forests.”

• Raising = aumento • Compensate = reward = compensar / recompensar • Forest-dwellers = forest inhabitants = habitantes da floresta • Sums of money= quantias de dinheiro

GABARITO: E 7- ESAF/APO/2010 The writer ‘s view of Brazilian action shows a) sharp criticism of Brazil’s failure to curb deforestation. b) mixture of praise for new policies and regret for past destruction. c) unqualified praise for Brazil’s far-sightedness. d) a 43% approval rating for government policy for the region. e) a 19% disapproval rating for farming and ranching in the Amazon. COMENTÁRIO O texto menciona vários aspectos negativos sobre desmatamento e no final coloca como “good news” o fato de que o Brasil já implementou um sistema de compensação para estimular a preservação pelos povos que vivem na floresta.

• Praise: elogiar • Regret: lamentar

a) ERRADA. sharp criticism ( uma crítica dura ) of Brazil’s failure to curb ( para conter ) deforestation. b) CERTA. mixture of praise ( elogio ) for new policies and regret ( pesar ) for past destruction. c) ERRADA unqualified praise ( um elogia não qualificado ) for Brazil’s far-sightedness.


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d) ERRADA a 43% approval rating ( índice de aprovação ) for government policy for the region. e) ERRADA a 19% disapproval rating ( índice de reprovação) for farming and ranching ( pecuária ) in the Amazon. GABARITO:B Text 3 Buy Into Brazil David Serchuk [Forbes Magazine]

There's a lot to like about South America's biggest economy. Hosting the Olympics and World Cup doesn't hurt either. Suddenly everyone is talking about Brazil. This makes sense considering that the colossus of South America out-hustled President Obama and his hometown of Chicago to land the 2016 Olympics. It has also benefited by being the "B" part of the BRIC group of emerging nations, in addition to Russia, India and China. It's an emerging power that some investors have just learned about, though the pros have been hip to it for some time. From 2003 through 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses, and its gross domestic product, at $1.99 trillion, is the 10th largest in the world. It has large and well developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, and its economy is bigger than all other nations in South America combined. Brazil is expanding its presence in world markets and, as we have seen, the world's playing fields. There are also some significant drawbacks to Brazil. Despite its potent GDP, rampant income inequality means that its per capita wealth is 102nd in the world, slightly behind the global average and noted powerhouse Serbia. Brazil's richest 10% reaps 43% of its wealth; in the U.S. that number is 30%. Brazil's bottom 10% earns a minuscule 1.1%. Still, there is a lot to like here, and our industry observers are ready to buy.Source:http://www. forbes.

com/2009/10/12/brazil-etf-emerging-intelligentinvestingmarkets.html 8- ESAF/APO/2009 The writer's attitude to investment in Brazil is a) out and out enthusiasm for the country's prospects. b) reluctant dismissal of Brazil's potential. c) encouragement with minor reservations. d) unmitigated acclaim for the world's 10th largest economy. e) deliberate analysis of various pitfalls for investors. COMENTÁRIO Veja que o título e subtítulo já trazem a "attitude" do autor sobre o Brasil. "Buy into Brazil" = invista no Brasil; "there is a lot to like." Então sabemos que ele tem um "positive attitude" em relação ao Brasil. Com essa informação podemos descartar a alternativa B (reluctant = relutante) e a alternativa E (pitfalls = dificuldades). A) ERRADA. "out and out" é complete, 100%. B) ERRADA.


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C) CERTA. O autor é entusiasta de se investir no Brasil , mas com reservas. “There are also some significant drawbacks to Brazil”. Ele aponta no texto, alguns pontos negativos, desvantagens. Essa é a diferença da letra C em relação à letra A. D) ERRADA. Alternativa não está clara. E) ERRADA. GABARITO: C 9- ESAF/APO/2009 Paragraph 1 of the text refers to Brazil's hosting of the 2016 Olympic Games as a) one in the eye for US investors looking for good prospects. b) a Brazilian victory in long-standing bitter economic rivalry with the USA. c) an example of unfair practices in Brazilian commercial behavior. d) an explanation of why Brazil is a new focus of attention. e) a good reason to invest in Brazil for quick investment profits. COMENTÁRIO Vamos lá ao parágrafo 1 e releia! A)ERRADA. "one in the eye" = hurt = prejudicar. B)ERRADA. A alternativa exagera! Diz que há, a bastante tempo, uma rivalidade econômica amarga entre o Brasil e os EUA. O texto não diz isso. C)ERRADA. Não é mencionado nada a respeito de práticas injustas (unfair practices ). D)CERTA. A resposta está no trecho: "Suddenly everyone is talking about Brazil. This makes sense considering that the colossus of South America out-hustled President Obama and his hometown of Chicago to land the 2016 Olympics." Make sense= faz sentido E)ERRADA. Que viagem, não é?! Isso não é mencionado!! GABARITO: D 10- ESAF/APO/2009 Calling Brazil "the "B" part of the BRIC group of emerging nations", indicates that a) compared to Russia, India and China, Brazil's growth is secondrate. b) the acronym BRIC contains an explicit reference to Brazil. c) Brazil's economy is till only grade B for investors. d) Brazil lags behind the A-rated industrialized countries. e) emerging nations are now only slightly behind developed countries. COMENTÁRIO Guys, essa aí é multidisciplinar. Cai atualidades para vocês? BRIC stands for: Brasil, Rússia, India e China. GABARITO: B ESAF/MDIC/2002


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Essa prova é antiga, mas o vocabulário dos textos é SUPER pertinente para seu concurso!!! Text 4 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) Following World War II, the major economic powers of the world negotiated a set of rules for reducing and limiting trade barriers and for settling trade disputes. These rules were called the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Headquarters to oversee the administration of the GATT were established in Geneva, Switzerland. Periodically, rounds of multilateral trade negotiations under the GATT were carried out. The 8th round begun in 1986 in Punta del Este, Uruguay, and dubbed the Uruguay Round, was concluded on Dec. 15, 1993, when 117 countries completed a new trade-liberalization agreement. The name for the GATT was changed to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which officially came into being Jan.1, 1995. 11.ESAF/MDIC/2002 According to the text, the former GATT comprised a) tariff rules established by third world countries. b) trade regulations created prior to World War II. c) rules forbidding trade barriers and disputes. d) trade rules adopted in Uruguay in 1986. e) regulations related to trade issues. COMENTÁRIO A banca quer saber o que formava o antigo GATT (the former GATT comprised) “…rules for reducing and limiting trade barriers…These rules were called the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).”

• Rules = regras • Reducing and limiting = reduzir e limitar • Trade barriers = barreiras de comércio • Were called = eram chamadas • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) = Acordo Geral de

tarifas e Comércio (GATT) e) CERTA. regulations related to trade issues. (regulações relacionadas a questões de comércio) GABARITO: E 12.ESAF/MDIC/2002 Which of the following statements does not reflect the content of the text?


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a) The GATT members used to gather from time to time. b) 117 countries signed a new trade agreement. c) The World Trade Organization (WTO) used to be called GATT. d) A new trade agreement may be signed by 117 countries. e) Reducing trade barriers was one of the main concerns of the GATT. COMENTÁRIO A banca quer a ERRADA. A que não reflete o conteúdo do texto: Veja a D: d) A new trade agreement may be signed by 117 countries

• may be signed = deve ser assinado = possibilidade FUTURA. O texto se refere a um acontecimento no passado, quando houve a transição do GATT para OMC. “…when 117 countries completed a new trade-liberalization agreement. The name for the GATT was changed to the World Trade Organization (WTO),…”

• a new trade-liberalization agreement = um novo acorde de liberalização de comércio

• GATT was changed to the World Trade Organization (WTO) = o

nome GATT foi alterado para Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) GABARITO: D Text 5 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) In recent weeks, critics from the right and from the left have launched strident attacks on International Monetary Fund efforts to stem the financial crisis that has swept through Asia like a typhoon. Critics on the right oppose using taxpayers’ money to prop up foreign economies that compete with the U.S. They believe that government intervention will mess up the workings of the global financial markets ( although the Asian experience reveals that private actors can create quite a mess themselves). Critics on the left see the IMF as the agent of international capitalists, seeking protection from heavy losses caused by their greed and stupidity. They are also outraged by assistance to governments that violate the U.S. norms of human rights. These questions will be hotly debated as Congress considers the Clinton Administration’s request for $18 billion in additional resources for the IMF. But as usual, the political debate threatens to shed more heat than light on the


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real policy issues. Although the IMF has made mistakes as it struggles with a crisis whose causes and remedies are not fully understood by anyone, it has played a responsible role in bringing Asia, and the world, back from the brink of a full-fledged financial collapse. 13- ESAF/MDIC/2002 According to the text, the IMF efforts to restrain the Asian financial crisis a) have resulted in criticisms both from the right and left wings. b) have produced massive approval in political terms. c) would have to be examined by political parties in the long run. d) have been fully supported by the right and left critics. e) will soon be carefully looked into by political authorities. COMENTÁRIO A banca quer saber o que acontece em relação aos esforços do FMI para minimizar a crise financeira asiática... Veja: “…critics from the right and from the left have launched strident attacks on International Monetary Fund efforts to stem the financial crisis”…

• critics from the right and from the left = críticas da direita e da esquerda

• launched = lançaram (iniciaram)

• stem = vaporizer

a) CERTA. have resulted in criticisms both from the right and left wings. b) ERRADA. have produced massive approval in political terms. Não teve grande aprovação c) ERRADA. would have to be examined by political parties in the long run. Nada a ver. A assertiva diz teria que ser examinada ao longo prazo (long run). d) ERRADA. have been fully supported by the right and left critics. Não teve apoio (support) e) ERRADA. will soon be carefully looked into by political authorities.

• Will soon be (será em breve)…future. O texto se refere a um fato passado. GABARITO: A 14.ESAF/MDIC/2002 The text states that government intervention a) has been approved of by critics on the right. b) might contribute to organize the workings of the world market. c) is undoubtedly criticized by the right-wing.


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d) has been postponed on innumerable occasions. e) was not rejected by any political wing. COMENTÁRIO A banca questiona a intervenção do governo.... Ache a expressão no texto Veja: “…government intervention will mess up the workings of the global financial markets…” Will mess up = bagunçarão Workings = trabalhos Global markets = mercados globais a) ERRADA. has been approved of by critics on the right. Não foi aprovada! b) ERRADA. might contribute to organise the workings of the world market. NÂO pode contribui para organizer os trabalhos. É o contrário! c)CERTA. is undoubtedly criticized by the right-wing.

• Undoubtedly= sem dúvida d) ERRADA. has been postponed on innumerable occasions. O texto não fala sobre ela ter sido adiada inúmeras vezes. e) ERRADA. was not rejected by any political wing. Foi , sim, rejeitada! GABARITO: C 15.ESAF/MDIC/2002 In the author’s point of view, the IMF a) has played a neglectful role in the Asian crisis. b) should be held responsible for the Asian crisis. c) has sponsored Asian countries. d) has made a serious effort to deal with Asian crisis. e) has made unforgivable mistakes regarding the Asian issue. COMENTÁRIO Sobre o FMI…Como não há uma pergunta específica, vamos analisando as informações diretamente, ok? a) ERRADA. has played a neglectful role in the Asian crisis. O texto não diz que o FMI foi negligente, diz que foi responsible (responsável) b) ERRADA. should be held responsible for the Asian crisis. O texto diz que o FMI tem feito esforços para trazer a Asia de volta da crise, e não por ser responsável pela crise. c) ERRADA. has sponsored Asian countries. NÃO fala que patrocinou (sponsored) os asiáticos d) CERTA. has made a serious effort to deal with Asian crisis. Veja o trecho abaixo.


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“Although the IMF has made mistakes as it struggles with a crisis whose causes and remedies are not fully understood by anyone, it has played a responsible role in bringing Asia, and the world, back from the brink of a full-fledged financial collapse.” Although = embora, apesar de Has made mistakes = tenha feito erros Struggles = luta, se esforça para Whose = cujas Causes and remedies = causas e remédios Not fully understood = não são plenamente entendidas Play a role = fazer um papel Bringing back from = trazer de volta de e) ERRADA. has made unforgivable mistakes regarding the Asian issue. Unforgivable =imperdoável. O texto não diz que os erros do FMI foram imperdoáveis. GABARITO:D

Parte 2 QUESTÕES INÉDITAS Vladia/INÉDITA/2012

Text 6 Brazil's economy - Too hot Latin America’s biggest economy is more fragile than it appears Jun 2nd 2011 | from the print edition

BRAZIL has a lot to be proud of. A decade of faster growth and progressive social policies has brought a prosperity that is ever more widely shared. The unemployment rate for April, at 6.4%, is the lowest on record. Credit is booming, particularly to the swelling numbers who have moved out of poverty and into the middle class. Income inequality, though still high, has fallen sharply. For most Brazilians life has never been so good.

That success is partly thanks to good luck, in the form of booming commodity prices. But it is also the result of good policies. A country once known for its macroeconomic incompetence has maintained an enviable stability, deftly navigating the 2008 financial crisis as well as the more recent influx of foreign capital. Not surprisingly, perhaps, many of Brazil’s economic officials now have an air of smugness about them, as they argue that the rest of the world has more to learn from Brazil than vice versa.

The timing of such complacency could not be worse. The economy is overheating. The government is stalling on a deeper reform agenda that is


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essential to boost Brazil’s long-term growth and fiscal stability. President Dilma Rousseff’s growing political problems do not help: her chief of staff is under fire over fat consulting fees. All this adds up to a warning: Brazil’s economy is heading for trouble.

Inflation is 6.5% and rising. It is driven (as elsewhere) by food and fuel costs, but the tightness of Brazil’s labour market suggests that it could easily become entrenched as workers expect higher prices and demand higher wages. www.theeconomist.com

16- Vladia/INÉDITA/2012 According to the text, it is INCORRECT to say A) Although inequality is still high, it has decreased. B) Brazil’s prosperity is due to good policies and luck with commodity prices. C) Credit is increasing although Brazil was once considered unsuccessful in

dealing with its economy. D) Brazil is unable to deal with recent influx of foreign capital. E) The unemployment rate has decreased

COMENTÁRIO Buscamos a incorreta! Veja o trecho do texto:

“..has maintained an enviable stability, deftly navigating the 2008 financial

crisis as well as the more recent influx of foreign capital.”

O ponto central é saber o significado de deftly (texto) e unable (assertiva). Deftly = habilidosamente. Unable = incapaz de

Então, o trecho diz que o Brasil “manteve uma estabilidade viável navegando habilidosamente não só a crise de 2008, mas também, a recente invasão de capital estrangeiro”. O contrário da assertiva que diz que “o Brasil não foi capaz (was unable) de lidar com a recente invasão de capital estrangeiro” GABARITO: Letra D

17-Vladia/INÉDITA/2012 The word in bold in “… as they argue that the rest of the world…” refers to:

A) Officials B) Brazil’s C) Many D) The world E) Commodity prices

COMENTÁRIO:


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As bancas gostam de perguntar o que os pronomes retomam. Por isso bolei essa questão! Veja o trecho:

“Not surprisingly, perhaps, many of Brazil’s economic officials now have an air

of smugness about them, as they argue that the rest of the world has more to

learn from Brazil than vice versa.”

They retoma Brazil’s economic officials (oficiais de economia do Brasil). O núcleo do período é officials. Temos, então, que they retoma officials GABARITO: Letra A

18-Vladia/INÉDITA/2012 The word in bold in “ … Brazil’s economy is heading for trouble…’” can be correctly replaced by

A) Looking into B) Moving towards C) Showing D) Overcoming E) Sorting out

COMENTÁRIO: Phrasal verbs! Vcs já conhecem da aula 1! Vamos lá one by one:

A)ERRADA. Looking into = examinar, investigar B)CERTA. Heading for está no mesmo campo semântico de moving towards = mover-se em direção à C) ERRADA. Showing = mostrar D)ERRADA. Overcoming = superar E) ERRADA. Sorting out = resolver algo

19- Vladia/INÉDITA/ 2012 We can affirm from the text that

A) The fact that government is stalling is essential to boost Brazil’s growth. B) The government is delaying a deeper reform which will flourish Brazil’s

growth. C) The economic growth and fiscal stability depend on superficial reform. D) The government is putting efforts on developing a reform agenda. E) Brazil’s economy could not be worse.

COMENTÁRIO: Pessoal, vocabulário! A banca quer saber do candidate o siginicado de stalling= delay No texto: “The government is stalling on a deeper reform agenda”, a palavra stalling pode ser substituida por postponing (= adiar).


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GABARITO: B

Temos aqui um texto com vocabulário bem pertinente!! Esse assunto pode aparecer em sua prova!! Sugiro fazer um vocabulary builder dele! I hope you enjoy !

Text 7 Risk management (�)

Brazil has during the last five years begun to introduce operational risk management within the federal public administration. Operational risk management methodologies were developed by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Union and piloted in a small number of federal public organisations during 2006. Progress is more advanced within a number of organisations of the indirect public administration. For example, Brazil’s public commercial banks have introduced operational risk management influenced strongly by international obligations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Some of these organisations of the indirect public administration have been recognised internationally for their good practices in operational risk management. However, in the majority of cases, operational risk management remains largely at a conceptual stage. (...) Two additional challenges exist facing the introduction of risk management within Brazil‟s federal public administration. First, and because of the centralisation of internal control for the federal public administration within the Office of the Comptroller General of the Union, management in some federal public organisations does not take an active role in creating and maintaining a sound system of internal control. Experience from OECD member countries in implementing risk management necessitates ultimate accountability of management for internal control. Second, internal control is framed as a separate series of reform from general management reforms.(…) Source:http://www.cgu.gov.br/Publicacoes/AvaliacaoIntegridadeBrasileiraOCDE/AvaliacaoIntegridadeBrasileiraOCDE-integra-ingles.PDF 20- VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012 “However” in “However, in the majority of cases, operational risk management remains largely at a conceptual stage” can be correctly replaced by

a) Therefore b) But c) In spite of d) hence e) Furthermore

COMENTÁRIO


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Sentence connectors… Você certamente encontrará uma questão com essa estrutura. Não dá para ir para a prova sem saber, pelo menos, os principais, ok? Vamos revisar?!

Although, though, however, but, nevertheless, nonetheless = embora, entretanto

Despite, in spite of, notwithstanding = apesar de Thus, hence, therefore = portanto While, as, whereas = enquanto Moreover, in addition to, furthermore = além de

GABARITO: B 21- VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012 “SOUND” and “FRAMED” in the text, mean, respectively

a) Unsettled …used b) Ambiguous…detailed c) Solid…conceived d) Hazy …composed e) Chancy…arranged

COMENTÁRIO A CESGRANRIO gosta de questões de vocabulário, guys!! Temos primeiro que localizar essas palavras no texto para melhor entender seus significados. Vamos analisar as alternativas?

a) ERRADA. Unsettled …used ( não estabelecido…usado) b) ERRADA. Ambiguous…detailed (ambíguo…detalhado) c) CERTA. Solid…conceived (sólido…concebido) d) ERRADA. Hazy …composed (incerto…composto) e) ERRADA. Chancy…arranged (incerto…arranjado)

GABARITO: C

Text 8 Brazilians rally against corruption 7 September 2011 Last updated at 19:35 GMT

The protesters say corrupt politicians are the real clowns


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Thousands of people have joined anti-corruption demonstrations in Brazil, as the country marks its Independence Day.

Wearing face paint and clown noses, protesters joined crowds watching the traditional military parade in the capital, Brasilia. Similar protests were held in other cities across Brazil. Three government ministers have left office amid corruption allegations since President Dilma Rousseff took office in January. Dozens of government officials have also lost their jobs or been arrested, and several other ministers have been accused of corruption, though all deny wrongdoing. Some of the protesters chanted slogans in support of President Rousseff, who has promised a zero-tolerance approach to corruption. Others gathered outside government ministries and the Congress with buckets and mops in a symbolic gesture to wash away corruption.

'Pandemic' The demonstration in Brasilia - dubbed the March Against Corruption - had no political party affiliation. Many of the protesters were students, who organised the demonstration using social networking websites.

22-VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012 It is correct to say from the text that:

a) Three Ministers leave the Government in January. b) Lots of Ministers have left Government since January c) Three Ministers have left the Government since January d) Some Ministers are going to leave the Government next January. e) Three Ministers will leave the Government until January

COMENTÁRIO

A questão trata de dois pontos:

verb tenses ( tempos verbais ) e quantifiers (quantificadores)

A lot of =Lots of = many = Muitos(as) EX: A lot of students (or, many) have classes at night Students.

SOME e ANY indicam quantidades indefinidas, e correspondem aproximadamente ao nosso algum(ns) e alguma(s), às vezes a um pouco

de e no caso de ANY, nenhum ou nenhuma. • SOME é usado em sentenças afirmativas:


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EX: I drink some water first thing in the morning.

• ANY é usado em sentenças negativas e perguntas: EX: There aren´t any students in the classroom.

EX: Do you have any money on you?

Vamos ao trecho do texto para respondermos a questão. “Three government ministers have left office amid corruption allegations since

President Dilma Rousseff took office in January”.

a) ERRADA. A alternative traz o tempo presente (leave). O trecho está escrito com o tempo verbal chamado de Present Perfect (Have left ). Este tempo verbal é utilizado para expressar algo que aconteceu no passado, mas que de alguma forma se relaciona com o presente.

Ele é formado por:

verbo auxiliar have/ has + verbo principal no Past Participle.

EX: I have lived here since 1998. Veja tempo verbal em TEORIA e DICAS dessa aula.

b) ERRADA. Lots of Ministers have left Government since January. Lots =

muitos. c) CERTA. d) ERRADA. Some Ministers are going to leaving the Government next

January. (próximo ). Are going to leave…next January expressa futuro

e) ERRADA. Three Ministers will leave the Government until January. Will expressa futuro.

GABARITO: C

23-VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012 The demonstration, The March Against Corruption, in Brasilia…

a) Was fully supported by many political parties. b) Was arranged by some political parties. c) Was thought by polititians. d) Was carried out by public servants.


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e) Was not linked to any political party.

COMENTÁRIO: Vamos ver o trecho do texto que trata da informação?

“…The demonstration in Brasilia - dubbed the March Against Corruption - had

no political party affiliation…”

Note que o texto informa (apenas) que a manifestação não teve vínculo partidário, ok?

a) ERRADA. Was fully supported= foi totalmente apoiada. b) ERRADA. Was arranged by some political parties. Não foi organizado por

partidos políticos. c) ERRADA. Was thought by politicians. Não foi pensado por políticos. d) ERRADA. Was carried out by public servants. Não foi conduzida por

servidores. e) CERTA. Was not linked to any political party.( Ligado à )

• Dubbed= apelidado GABARITO: E Judge the items 23 and 24 RIGHT or WRONG:

24-VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012 ____ According to the text all the ones accused claim to be not guilty.

COMENTÁRIO A assertiva afirma que todos os acusados afirmam ser inocentes. not guilty= não é culpado. Vamos buscar a palavra accused no texto!! A resposta está no trecho: “Dozens of government officials have also lost their jobs or been arrested, and several other ministers have been accused of corruption, though all deny wrongdoing.” though all deny wrongdoing = Embora todos negam terem cometido irregularidades GABARITO: CERTA 25-VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012

____ the word others in “ Others gathered outside government ministries and the Congress” refers to the Ministers.


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COMENTÁRIO As bancas gostam desse tipo de questão guys! Precisamos achar a palavra others (outros) no texto para ler o trecho anterior. Então descobriremos o que others está retomando! É importante lembrar que esse pronome retoma algo já mencionado, ok?! “Some of the protesters chanted slogans in support of President Rousseff,

who has promised a zero-tolerance approach to corruption. Others gathered

outside government ministries and the Congress with buckets and mops in a

symbolic gesture to wash away corruption.”

GABARITO: ERRADA

Parte 3 TEORIA E DICAS

� VOCABULARY BUILDER

Abaixo, segue o Vocabulary Builder feito do texto 6 da nossa aula de hoje. Faça os seus de todos os textos que estudamos nesta aula!! Isso serve principalmente para aqueles textos em que você encontrou mais palavras novas.

Poverty Income

inequality

Boost

Fees

Overheating

Unemployment rate

ECONOMY Growth

Smugness

Stability Wages

Widely shared

ENGLISH PORTUGUÊS ENGLISH PORTUGUÊS Economy economia Income

inequality A desigualdade de renda

Fees Honorários; taxas Wages salário Poverty pobreza Boost impulsionar


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Stability estabilidade Overheating superaquecimento Growth crescimento Smugness presunção Unemployment rate

taxa de desemprego

Widely shared Amplamente compartilhado

� PRONOMES

Relative Pronouns Os pronomes relativos são:

“that, who, whom, which e whose”. Eles se referem a termos citados anteriormente e devem ser usados sempre para se introduzir uma oração subordinada a uma oração principal.

Cada pronome possui sua função, por exemplo:

That (que): relativo a pessoas, animais e coisas. He is the man that changed the world. (Ele é o homem que mudou o mundo). That is the dog that bit my arm. (Aquele é o cachorro que mordeu meu braço). This is the TV that I bought. (Esta é a televisão que comprei). Which (que, o qual, os quais, a qual, as quais): relativo a coisas e animais.

This is the train which I take to go home. (Este é o trem que eu pego para ir para casa). This is the dog which ran away from thecat. (Este é o cão que fugiu do gato).

Who e Whom (que ou quem): relativo a pessoas. The girl whom Peter married is from Brazil. (A garota com que Peter se casou é do Brasil). There is a man outside who wants to see you. (Há um homem lá fora que quer falar com você). Whose (cujo, cuja, cujos, cujas): relativo à posse, é usado para pessoas e animais.


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That is the girl whose brother was arrested last Saturday. (Aquela é a garota cujo irmão foi preso sábado). This is the shirt whose sleeves are torn. (Esta é a camisa cujas mangas estão rasgadas).

Os pronomes relativos são usados para ligar duas orações. Veja: Oração 1: Brad Pitt is a famous actor. Oração 2: He starred in "Mr and Mrs Smith." Oração 3: Brad Pitt, who starred in "Mr and Mrs Smith ", is a famous actor

Interrogative pronouns and demonstrative pronouns

WHAT

WHERE

WHEN

WHY

HOW

WHAT ... LIKE THIS THAT THESE THOSE

Qual, o quê

Onde

Quando

Por que Como Como é (descrição) Este,esta, isto Estes, estas Aquele, aquela, aquilo Aqueles, aquelas


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WHERE (Onde, em que, no qual, na qual)

O Hotel onde nós ficamos era muito caro A cidade em que ela mora é muito longe

The Hotel where we stayed was very expensive The city where she lives is very far

WHEN (quando, em que, no qual, na qual)

Eu nunca esquecerei o dia em que a conheci O dia em que ele nasceu

I'll never forget the day when I met her The day when he was born

WHAT (o que)

Ela não me disse o que aconteceu Eu não sei o que ele fez

She didn't tell me what happened I don't know what he did

WHOSE (Cujo)

O homem cujo carro foi roubado mora ali A mulher cuja filha eu conheci é uma advogada

The man whose car was stolen lives there The woman whose daughter I met is a lawyer

� TEMPOS VERBAIS

Verbo to be ( ser ou estar) conjugado:

Simple Present

Simple Past

Future

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

am / is / are (not) was / were (not) will be is / are being was / were being


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Present Perfect

Past Perfect

has / have been had been

� VERB TENSES Pessoal, please, muita atenção. Observem por alguns instantes o esquema abaixo e depois passem às explicações, voltando ao esquema sempre que possível. Este esquema vai ajudar vocês a compreender a ‘gramática’ dos verbos, especialmente o present perfect e o past perfect

PRESENTE SIMPLES O Simple Present é usado para falar de rotina e fatos e generalizações

� S / es / ies são sufixos que indicam terceira pessoa do presente simples.

Ex.: The company finances research on technology. Ex.: she studies everyday after breakfast (routine)

Ex: CGU deals with internal control. (fact)

PRESENTE CONTINUO

O Present Continuous é utilizado para expressar ações no presente, as quais acontecem no momento em que se fala, e (ou) para indicar


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eventos futuros que tenham sido planejados confirmados ou ainda para expressar certeza de que algo irá acontecer.

Presente continuo tem a seguinte formaçãoassim:

� verbo to be (am/is/are) + o verbo principal com a terminação –ing

EX: I am reading now.

� Time expressions (Palavras que indicam presente continuo):

now (agora), right now (bem agora), at this moment (no momento)

PASSADO SIMPLES O Simple past é usado para ações completas e terminadas no passado.

� ied /ed são sufixos que formam o passado de verbos regulares. Eles também formam o particípio passado dos verbos regulares.

EX:

Watch (assitir) – watched

Provide (prover, fornecer) – provided

Finance (financiar) – financed

Carry (carregar) – carried

Lembre-se de que há os verbos irregulares, ou seja aqueles cuja a forma passada pode ser totalmente diferente de sua forma no presente. Você SHOULD saber os mais comuns.

EX:

Is /Are (ser/estar) – was/were

Do (fazer) - did

Go (ir) – went

Seek (buscar) – sought

Catch (pegar) – caught

Buy (comprar ) – bought

Run (correr) – ran

Time expressions ( Palavras que indicam passado): last day (week, month, night) , yesterday, past (month, day…), the day before yesterday, ago e outros.


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FUTURO COM “WILL”

WILL indica future e é usado antes dos verbos em sua forma básica (infinitivo).

� Will + verbo

EX: You will become a CGU employee soon [ Você se tornará um servidor da GCU em breve]

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I will / I’ll I will not / I won’t Will I …?

You will / you’ll You will not / you won’t

Will you…?

He will / he’ll He will not / he won’t Will he…?

She will / she’ll She will not / she won’t

Will she…?

It will / it’ll It will not / it won’t Will it…?

We will / we’ll We will not / we won’t Will we..?

You will / you’ll You will not / you won’t

Will you…?

They will / they’ll They will not / they won’t

Will they…?

Revise o nosso quadro …

…


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Continuando… PRESENT PERFECT I + have + verbo no particípio passado He, She , It + has + verbo no particípio passado You + have + verbo no particípio passado We + have + verbo no particípio passado They + have + verbo no particípio passado

Present Perfect: Ação aconteceu em algum momento ou repetidas vezes no passado sem um tempo especificado; ou iniciado no passado e o impacto ainda não terminou.

• I have lost my car keys.

[Perdi as chaves do meu carro]

A ação ocorreu no passado, sem tempo especificado, e o impacto ainda é

presente, ou seja “não estou com elas agora, portanto não posso entrar no

carro”.

• Have you done your homework?

[Fizeram a tarefa? ]

Refere-se a uma ação feita no passado, sem tempo especificado, e cujo

impacto remete ao presente: a professora pergunta querendo ver a tarefa

feita agora.

• I have broken my glasses.

[Quebrei meus óculos] .


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Refere-se a uma ação acontecida no passado, sem tempo especificado, e cujo

impacto remete ao presente: não posso enxerrgar o quadro

• He has lost his job.

[Ele perdeu o emprego]

Refere-se a um fato acontecido no passado, sem tempo especificado, com impacto no

presente: Ele perdeu seu emprego. Agora não tem dinheiro para comprar o carro.

� Importante: Observe que existem indicadores deste tempo verbal, que são: ever, never, lately, recently, since, for, yet. Estes indicadores são na verdade advérbios de tempo. Para saber o particípio passados dos verbos irregulares veja lista de verbos no final! PAST PERFECT I + had + verbo no particípio passado He, She , It + had + verbo no particípio passado You + had + verbo no particípio passado We + had + verbo no particípio passado They + had + verbo no particípio passado Past Perfect: A ação ocorreu no passado, antes de outra ação também ocorrida no passado (simple past). A ação que ocorreu primeiro (a mais antiga) é que se expressa com o Past Perfect. EX:

• I had already gone when you arrived.

[Eu já tinha ido quando você chegou] • She had traveled many countries when she visited Paris.

[ela tinha viajado para muitos países quando visitou Paris]

• They had eaten all the popcorn by the time the movie started.

[ Eles tinham comido toda pipoca quando o filme começou]

� ALREADY , BY THE TIME, WHEN são muito usadas com construções que involvem esse tempo verbal!

� LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES

VERBOS IRREGULARES


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Infinitive Past Participle Tradução

be was, were been ser, estar

beat beat beaten bater, derrotar, pulsar

become became become tornar-se

begin began begun começar

bite bit bitten morder, picar

blow blew blown soprar, tocar (instrumento de sopro)

break broke broken quebrar, interromper

bring brought brought trazer

build built built construir

buy bought bought comprar

catch caught caught agarrar, pegar (doença)

choose chose chosen escolher

come came come vir, chegar, aproximar-se, acontecer

cost cost cost custar

cut cut cut cortar

deal dealt dealt negociar, distribuir

dig dug dug cavar

do did done fazer, executar

draw drew drawn desenhar, puxar, arrastar

dream dreamt/ dreamed

dreamt/ dreamed sonhar

drink drank drunk beber, embriagar-se

drive drove driven dirigir

eat ate eaten comer

fall fell fallen cair

feed fed fed alimentar (se), suprir

feel felt felt sentir

fight fought fought lutar

find found found encontrar

fly flew flown voar

forget forgot forgotten esquecer (se)

freeze froze frozen gelar, congelar

get got got/ gotten conseguir, ganhar

give gave given dar, conceder

go went gone ir


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grow grew grown crescer, cultivar

hang hung hung pendurar

have had had ter, possuir

hear heard heard ouvir

hide hid hidden esconder, ocultar (se)

hit hit hit bater

hold held held segurar, manter, conter

hurt hurt hurt machucar

keep kept kept guardar, manter, permanecer, ficar

know knew known saber , conhecer

lay laid laid pôr, colocar, botar (ovos)

learn learnt learnt aprender

leave left left deixar, partir

lend lent lent emprestar

let let let deixar, alugar

lie lay lain jazer, deitar ou mentir, enganar

light lit / lighted lit/ lighted iluminar, acender

lose lost lost perder

make made made fazer, produzir, fabricar

mean meant meant significar, ter intenção

meet met met encontrar-se com

pay paid paid pagar

put put put pôr

read read read ler

rid rid rid cavalgar, livrar, desembaraçar

ride rode ridden viajar, cavalgar

ring rang rung soa , tocar a campainha

rise rose risen nascer, surgir, erguer-se

run ran run correr, administrar

say said said dizer

see saw seen ver

sell sold sold vender

send sent sent enviar

set set set colocar, fixar, arrumar

shake shook shaken sacudir

shine shone shone brilhar


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shoot shot shot atirar, disparar

show showed shown/ showed mostrar

shut shut shut fechar

sing sang sung cantar

sink sank sunk afundar, naufragar

sit sat sat sentar

sleep slept slept dormir

slide slid slid escorregar

slit slit slit fender, rachar

smell smelt smelt cheirar

speak spoke spoken falar

spend spent spent gastar

spread spread spread difundir, divulgar, espalhar

stand stood stood ficar de pé, aguentar

steal stole stolen roubar

strike struck struck fazer greve , bater

swear swore sworn jurar, blasfemar

sweep swept swept varrer

swim swam swum nadar

swing swung swung balançar

take took taken tomar, pegar

teach taught taught ensinar

tell told told contar, dizer

think thought thought pensar, achar

throw threw thrown arremessar

understand understood understood entender, compreender

wake woke/ waked woke/waked acordar

wear wore worn vestir, usar

wed wed wed desposar

wet wet wet umedecer

win won won ganhar, vencer

wring wrung wrung espremer

write wrote written escrever

Thats all Folks !!!! for now...


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Aguardo vocês na Aula 3. Continuaremos nas próximas aulas com muito mais!!! Vcs estão fazendo o vocabulary builder de cada texto? I hope so!!

Qualquer dúvida feel free para perguntar. Estou aqui for you. Pode contar comigo!!!

Em seguida, vejam a lista de questões desta aula com o gabarito ‘seco’.

SEE YOU SOON!!

Vladia Mattar Hudson

PARTE 4 LISTA DE QUESTÕES E GABARITO ‘SECO’ ESAF/APO/ 2010 Text 1 The Ascent of Money Synopsis Bread, cash, dosh, dough, loot: Call it what you like, it matters. To Christians, love of it is the root of all evil. To generals, it’s the sinews of war. To revolutionaries, it’s the chains of labour. But in The Ascent of Money, Niall Ferguson shows that finance is in fact the foundation of human progress. What’s more, he reveals financial history as the essential back-story behind all history. The evolution of credit and debt was as important as any technological innovation in the rise of civilization, from ancient Babylon to the silver mines of Bolivia. Banks provided the material basis for the splendours of the Italian Renaissance, while the bond market was the decisive factor in conflicts from the Seven Years’ War to the American Civil War. With the clarity and verve for which he is famed, Niall Ferguson explains why the origins of the French Revolution lie in a stock market bubble caused by a convicted Scots murderer. He shows how financial failure turned Argentina from the world’s sixth richest country into an inflation-ridden basket case – and how a financial revolution is propelling the world’s most populous country from poverty to power in a single generation. Yet the most important lesson of the world’s financial history is that sooner or later every bubble bursts – sooner or later the bearish sellers outnumber the bullish buyers – sooner or later greed flips into fear. And that’s why, whether you’re scraping by or rolling in it, there’s never been a better time to understand the ascent of money. Source:http://www.niallferguson.com/site/FERG/Templates/General.

1) ESAF/APO/2010 This text could best be characterized as a) the abstract of a doctoral dissertation. b) a detailed review of a book on economics. c) a defense of money for publication in the popular press. d) publicity summarizing a recently-published book. e) a psychological explanation of the power of money.


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2) ESAF/APO/2010 The five words that open the text [Bread, cash, dosh, dough, loot] in paragraph 1 line 1 are a) economic jargon for the proceeds of human labour. b) synonyms for money in colloquial usage. c) alternative expressions meaning profi t. d) everyday words for things money can buy. e) indications of the evil referred to in the next line. 3) ESAF/APO/2010 The pronoun ‘it’ in “And that’s why, whether you’re scraping by or rolling in it” refers to a) fear b) greed c) bubble d) scraping e) Money 4) ESAF/APO/2010 The writer of the book attempts to prove that money is a) a serious cause of harm. b) a vital resource in times of war. c) essentially a question of surface bubbles. d) at the root of all human advanced. e) usually an expendable asset. Text 2 Trucks, Trains and Trees By THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN No matter how many times you hear them, there are some statistics that just bowl you over. The one that always stuns me is this: Imagine if you took all the cars, trucks, planes, trains and ships in the world and added up their exhaust every year. The amount of carbon dioxide, or CO2, all those cars, trucks, planes, trains and ships collectively emit into the atmosphere is actually less than the carbon emissions every year that result from the chopping down and clearing of tropical forests in places like Brazil, Indonesia and the Congo. We are now losing a tropical forest the size of New York State every year, and the carbon that releases into the atmosphere now accounts for roughly 17 percent of all global emissions contributing to climate change. […] “You need a new model of economic development — one that is based on raising people’s standards of living by maintaining their natural capital, not just by converting that natural capital to ranching or industrial farming or logging,” said José María Silva, a conservation expert. Right now people protecting the rainforest are paid a pittance — compared with those who strip it — even though we now know that the rainforest provides everything from keeping CO2 out of the atmosphere to maintaining the flow of freshwater into rivers. The good news is that Brazil has put in place all the elements of a system to compensate its forest-dwellers for maintaining the forests. Brazil has already set aside 43 percent of the Amazon rainforest for conservation and for indigenous peoples. Another 19 percent of the Amazon, though, has already


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been deforested by farmers and ranchers. Source: The New York Times November 11, 2009

[slightly adapted]

5- ESAF/APO/2010 The main message of the first paragraph is that a) deforestation is less damaging to the environment than was traditionally believed. b) vehicles driven by standard fuels are responsible for 17% of all CO2 emissions. c) the statistics surrounding forest clearance are grossly exaggerated. d) it is time to limit the CO2 emissions from the world’s fleet of cars and trucks. e) forest clearance causes more CO2 emissions than all the world’s vehicles together. 6- ESAF/APO/2010 The new model of economic development advocated in the text involves a) offering adequate financial reward to those who preserve the forest. b) raising people’s living standards through squandering natural capital. c) putting a ban on large-scale cattle farming, planting and wood extraction. d) making farmers pay for the flow of freshwater they use in the Amazon. e) paying small sums of money to inhabitants who can keep trees standing. 7- ESAF/APO/2010 The writer ‘s view of Brazilian action shows a) sharp criticism of Brazil’s failure to curb deforestation. b) mixture of praise for new policies and regret for past destruction. c) unqualified praise for Brazil’s far-sightedness. d) a 43% approval rating for government policy for the region. e) a 19% disapproval rating for farming and ranching in the Amazon. Text 4 Buy Into Brazil David Serchuk [Forbes Magazine] There's a lot to like about South America's biggest economy. Hosting the Olympics and World Cup doesn't hurt either. Suddenly everyone is talking about Brazil. This makes sense considering that the colossus of South America out-hustled President Obama and his hometown of Chicago to land the 2016 Olympics. It has also benefited by being the "B" part of the BRIC group of emerging nations, in addition to Russia, India and China. It's an emerging power that some investors have just learned about, though the pros have been hip to it for some time. From 2003 through 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses, and its gross domestic product, at $1.99 trillion, is the 10th largest in the world. It has large and well developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, and its economy is bigger than all other nations in South America combined. Brazil is expanding its presence in world markets and, as we have seen, the world's playing fields. There are also some significant drawbacks to Brazil. Despite its potent GDP, rampant income inequality means that its per capita wealth is 102nd in the world, slightly behind the global average and noted powerhouse Serbia.


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Brazil's richest 10% reaps 43% of its wealth; in the U.S. that number is 30%. Brazil's bottom 10% earns a minuscule 1.1%. Still, there is a lot to like here, and our industry observers are ready to buy.Source:http://www. forbes.

com/2009/10/12/brazil-etf-emerging-intelligentinvestingmarkets.html 8- ESAF/APO/2009 The writer's attitude to investment in Brazil is a) out and out enthusiasm for the country's prospects. b) reluctant dismissal of Brazil's potential. c) encouragement with minor reservations. d) unmitigated acclaim for the world's 10th largest economy. e) deliberate analysis of various pitfalls for investors. 9- ESAF/APO/2009 Paragraph 1 of the text refers to Brazil's hosting of the 2016 Olympic Games as a) one in the eye for US investors looking for good prospects. b) a Brazilian victory in long-standing bitter economic rivalry with the USA. c) an example of unfair practices in Brazilian commercial behavior. d) an explanation of why Brazil is a new focus of attention. e) a good reason to invest in Brazil for quick investment profits. 10- ESAF/APO/2009 Calling Brazil "the "B" part of the BRIC group of emerging nations", indicates that a) compared to Russia, India and China, Brazil's growth is secondrate. b) the acronym BRIC contains an explicit reference to Brazil. c) Brazil's economy is till only grade B for investors. d) Brazil lags behind the A-rated industrialized countries. e) emerging nations are now only slightly behind developed countries. ESAF/MDIC/2002 Text 4 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) Following World War II, the major economic powers of the world negotiated a set of rules for reducing and limiting trade barriers and for settling trade disputes. These rules were called the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Headquarters to oversee the administration of the GATT were established in Geneva, Switzerland. Periodically, rounds of multilateral trade negotiations under the GATT were carried out. The 8th round begun in 1986 in Punta del Este, Uruguay, and dubbed the Uruguay Round, was concluded on Dec. 15, 1993, when 117 countries completed a new trade-liberalization agreement. The name for the GATT was changed to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which officially came into being Jan.1, 1995. 11.ESAF/MDIC/2002 According to the text, the former GATT comprised a) tariff rules established by third world countries. b) trade regulations created prior to World War II. c) rules forbidding trade barriers and disputes.


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d) trade rules adopted in Uruguay in 1986. e) regulations related to trade issues. 12.ESAF/MDIC/2002 Which of the following statements does not reflect the content of the text? a) The GATT members used to gather from time to time. b) 117 countries signed a new trade agreement. c) The World Trade Organization (WTO) used to be called GATT. d) A new trade agreement may be signed by 117 countries. e) Reducing trade barriers was one of the main concerns of the GATT. Text 5 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) In recent weeks, critics from the right and from the left have launched strident attacks on International Monetary Fund efforts to stem the financial crisis that has swept through Asia like a typhoon. Critics on the right oppose using taxpayers’ money to prop up foreign economies that compete with the U.S. They believe that government intervention will mess up the workings of theglobal financial markets ( although the Asian experience reveals that private actors can create quite a mess themselves). Critics on the left see the IMF as the agent of international capitalists, seeking protection from heavy losses caused by their greed and stupidity. They are also outraged by assistance to governments that violate the U.S. norms of human rights. These questions will be hotly debated as Congress considers the Clinton Administration’s request for $18 billion in additional resources for the IMF. But as usual, the political debate threatens to shed more heat than light on the real policy issues. Although the IMF has made mistakes as it struggles with a crisis whose causes and remedies are not fully understood by anyone, it hasplayed a responsible role in bringing Asia, and the world, back from the brink of a full-fledged financial collapse. 13- ESAF/MDIC/2002 According to the text, the IMF efforts to restrain the Asian financial crisis a) have resulted in criticisms both from the right and left wings. b) have produced massive approval in political terms. c) would have to be examined by political parties in the long run. d) have been fully supported by the right and left critics. e) will soon be carefully looked into by political authorities. 14.ESAF/MDIC/2002 The text states that government intervention a) has been approved of by critics on the right. b) might contribute to organize the workings of the world market. c) is undoubtedly criticized by the right-wing. d) has been postponed on innumerable occasions. e) was not rejected by any political wing.


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15.ESAF/MDIC/2002 In the author’s point of view, the IMF a) has played a neglectful role in the Asian crisis. b) should be held responsible for the Asian crisis. c) has sponsored Asian countries. d) has made a serious effort to deal with Asian crisis. e) has made unforgivable mistakes regarding the Asian issue

Text 6 Brazil's economy - Too hot Latin America’s biggest economy is more fragile than it appears Jun 2nd 2011 | from the print edition

BRAZIL has a lot to be proud of. A decade of faster growth and progressive social policies has brought a prosperity that is ever more widely shared. The unemployment rate for April, at 6.4%, is the lowest on record. Credit is booming, particularly to the swelling numbers who have moved out of poverty and into the middle class. Income inequality, though still high, has fallen sharply. For most Brazilians life has never been so good.

That success is partly thanks to good luck, in the form of booming commodity prices. But it is also the result of good policies. A country once known for its macroeconomic incompetence has maintained an enviable stability, deftly navigating the 2008 financial crisis as well as the more recent influx of foreign capital. Not surprisingly, perhaps, many of Brazil’s economic officials now have an air of smugness about them, as they argue that the rest of the world has more to learn from Brazil than vice versa.

The timing of such complacency could not be worse. The economy is overheating. The government is stalling on a deeper reform agenda that is essential to boost Brazil’s long-term growth and fiscal stability. President Dilma Rousseff’s growing political problems do not help: her chief of staff is under fire over fat consulting fees. All this adds up to a warning: Brazil’s economy is heading for trouble.

Inflation is 6.5% and rising. It is driven (as elsewhere) by food and fuel costs, but the tightness of Brazil’s labour market suggests that it could easily become entrenched as workers expect higher prices and demand higher wages. www.theeconomist.com

16- Vladia/INÉDITA/2012 According to the text, it is INCORRECT to say A) Although inequality is still high, it has decreased. B) Brazil’s prosperity is due to good policies and luck with commodity prices. C) Credit is increasing although Brazil was once considered unsuccessful in

dealing with its economy. D) Brazil is unable to deal with recent influx of foreign capital.


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E) The unemployment rate has decreased 17-Vladia/INÉDITA/2012 The word in bold in “… as they argue that the rest of the world…” refers to:

A) Officials B) Brazil’s C) Many D) The world E) Commodity prices

18-Vladia/INÉDITA/2012 The word in bold in “ … Brazil’s economy is heading for trouble…’” can be correctly replaced by

A) Looking into B) Moving towards C) Showing D) Overcoming E) Sorting out

19- Vladia/INÉDITA/ 2012 We can affirm from the text that

A) The fact that government is stalling is essential to boost Brazil’s growth. B) The government is delaying a deeper reform which will flourish Brazil’s

growth. C) The economic growth and fiscal stability depend on superficial reform. D) The government is putting efforts on developing a reform agenda. E) Brazil’s economy could not be worse.

Text 7 Risk management (�)

Brazil has during the last five years begun to introduce operational risk management within the federal public administration. Operational risk management methodologies were developed by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Union and piloted in a small number of federal public organisations during 2006. Progress is more advanced within a number of organisations of the indirect public administration. For example, Brazil’s public commercial banks have introduced operational risk management influenced strongly by international obligations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Some of these organisations of the indirect public administration have been recognised internationally for their good practices in operational risk management. However, in the majority of cases, operational risk management remains largely at a conceptual stage. (...) Two additional challenges exist facing the introduction of risk management within Brazil‟s federal public administration. First, and because of the centralisation of internal control for the federal public administration within the


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Office of the Comptroller General of the Union, management in some federal public organisations does not take an active role in creating and maintaining a sound system of internal control. Experience from OECD member countries in implementing risk management necessitates ultimate accountability of management for internal control. Second, internal control is framed as a separate series of reform from general management reforms.(…) Source:http://www.cgu.gov.br/Publicacoes/AvaliacaoIntegridadeBrasileiraOCDE/AvaliacaoIntegridadeBrasileiraOCDE-integra-ingles.PDF 20- VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012 “However” in “However, in the majority of cases, operational risk management remains largely at a conceptual stage” can be correctly replaced by a) Therefore b) But c) In spite of d) hence e) Furthermore

21- VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012 “SOUND” and “FRAMED” in the text, mean, respectively a) Unsettled …used b) Ambiguous…detailed c) Solid…conceived d) Hazy …composed e) Chancy…arranged

Text 8 Brazilians rally against corruption 7 September 2011 Last updated at 19:35 GMT

The protesters say corrupt politicians are the real clowns

Thousands of people have joined anti-corruption demonstrations in Brazil, as the country marks its Independence Day.

Wearing face paint and clown noses, protesters joined crowds watching the traditional military parade in the capital, Brasilia. Similar protests were held in


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other cities across Brazil. Three government ministers have left office amid corruption allegations since President Dilma Rousseff took office in January. Dozens of government officials have also lost their jobs or been arrested, and several other ministers have been accused of corruption, though all deny wrongdoing. Some of the protesters chanted slogans in support of President Rousseff, who has promised a zero-tolerance approach to corruption. Others gathered outside government ministries and the Congress with buckets and mops in a symbolic gesture to wash away corruption.

'Pandemic' The demonstration in Brasilia - dubbed the March Against Corruption - had no political party affiliation. Many of the protesters were students, who organised the demonstration using social networking websites.

22-VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012 It is correct to say from the text that:

a) Three Ministers leave the Government in January. b) Lots of Ministers have left Government since January c) Three Ministers have left the Government since January d) Some Ministers are going to leave the Government next January. e) Three Ministers will leave the Government until January

23-VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012 The demonstration, The March Against Corruption, in Brasilia…

a) Was fully supported by many political parties. b) Was arranged by some political parties. c) Was thought by polititians. d) Was carried out by public servants. e) Was not linked to any political party.

Judge the items 23 and 24 RIGHT or WRONG:

24-VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012 ____ According to the text all the ones accused claim to be not guilty. 25-VLADIA/INÉDITA/2012

____ the word others in “ Others gathered outside government ministries and


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GABARITO ‘SECO’

Esaf/ APO/ 2010

Esaf/ MDIC/ 2002

Vladia/ Inéditas/ 2012

1- D 11- E 16-D 2- B 12- D 17-A 3- E 13- A 18-B 4- D 14- C 19 -B 5- E 15- D 20-B 6- E 21-C 7- B 22-C 8- C 23-E 9 -D 24-CERTA 10- B 25-ERRADA

Ingles - Aula 02

Education

Transcript of Ingles - Aula 02