Influence of Dietary Protein and ant Porcine

8/2/2019 Influence of Dietary Protein and ant Porcine

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M. B. Solomon, T. J. Caperna, R. J. Mroz and N. C. Steele

young pigs: III. Muscle fiber morphology and shear forceInfluence of dietary protein and recombinant porcine somatotropin administration in

1994. 72:615-621.J Anim Sci

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Influence of Dietary Protein and Recombinant PorcineSomatotropin Administration in Young Pigs: 111. MuscleFiber Morphology and Shear Force112M. B. Solomon*, T. J. Capernat, R. J. Mroz*, and N. C. Steelet

*Meat Science Research Laboratory and +Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, BeltsvilleAgricultural Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350

ABSTRACT: Sixty crossbred barrows (average 30kg) were used in a 5 x 2 factorial treatment array t oexamine interactions between dietary protein concen-tration (11, 15, 19, 23, o r 27% CP) and recombinantporcine somatotropin (rpST: 0 , excipient buffer vs 100pgkgl.d-l) for 42 d on muscle fiber morphology andmeat tenderness. Diets were isocaloric (3.8 Mcal ofDE/kg) and of equal lysine (4.9 g/Mcal of DE)achieved by diluting soybean meal with cornstarchand by addition of crystalline lysine. Dosage of rpSTand feed intake (80% of predicted ad libitum) wereadjusted weekly. Four muscles (longissimus = LM;semimembranosus= SM; semitendinosus = ST; tricepsbrachii = TB) were evaluated. Percentages of musclefiber types ( OR, aR, CYW)or the LM, SM, and TBwere not influenced by rpST treatment. More aR and

fewer CYWibers were found in the ST muscle of rpST-treated pigs. No interactions were observed betweenrpST treatment and dietary protein for muscle fibertype distribution. Dietary protein had no consistentinfluence on the distribution of muscle fiber types inall four muscles. Area of fibers generally increased inrpST-treated pigs compared with controls when dietscontained 19% or more CP. The LM shear force wasincreased (13%) by rpST treatment for chops frozenafter 5 d of storage in th e cooler, but not in those chopsfrozen within 1.5 h postmortem. Dietary protein had avariable influence on tenderness. These data indicatethat muscle fiber growth (hypertrophy) in pigs ispositively influenced by rpST treatment. Marginaldietary protein intake reduces muscle fiber growthresponses to rpST.

Key Words: Pigs, Somatotropin, Dietary Protein, Muscle Fibers, Tenderness

IntroductionAdministration of exogenous porcine somatotropin

( pST, egardless of whether it is pituitary o r recom-binantly derived) resulted in altered nutrient parti-tioning that stimulated protein accretion and reducedfat deposition in pigs (Etherton et al., 1987; Campbellet al., 1988; Evock et al., 1988; McNamara et al.,1991). Campbell et al. (1988) found that carcasscomposition and the rate of tissue accretion weredependent on dietary energy intake in pST-treatedpigs.

'Special appreciation is extended to D. Meisinger for hisassistance in obtaining recombinant porcine somatotropin fromPittman-Moore, Inc.

'Mention of specific equipment and trade name does not implyendorsement by USDA.

Received May 27, 1993.Accepted November 3, 1993.

J. Anim. Sci. 1994. 72:615-621

Caperna et al. (1990) examined interactions be-tween dietary protein intake and the anabolic effectsof rpST administration. Based on growth performanceand body composition analyses, all pigs respondedsimilarly to pST regardless of dietary protein concen-tration with no interactions. However, the magnitudeof the response t o rpST treatment was lowest amongpigs fed 11%protein. Easter (1 98 7) suggested th athigher levels of dietary protein should be required t omeet the demand for enhanced lean tissue growth infinishing pigs treated with pST. Campbell et al.(1990) found dietary protein content t o have amarked effect on the magnitude of the changes ingrowth performance and carcass composition elicitedby exogenous pST administration t o boars. Thestimulatory effect of pST was probably present, butthe constraints imposed by inadequate amino acidavailability prevented the stimulatory response frombeing manifested. On the contrary, Boyd et al. (1991)showed that young barrows and gilts do not requireadditional protein intake to accommodate maximumresponse t o pST if nutrient requirements of theuntreated pigs are met by the diet provided.

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616 SOLOMON ET AL.Little is known about the influence of dietaryprotein intake in combination with pST administra-

tion on muscle fiber morphology. Therefore, thepresent experiment was conducted to investigate theinterrelationships between exogenous pST administra-tion and dietary protein content on porcine musclefiber type percentage, cross-sectiodarea and shear-force values.

Materials and MethodsA nimalslDie tslTrea tmen ts

Sixty crossbred (Yorkshire x Duroc x Landrace)barrows were used in a 5 x 2 factorial treatmentarray. Five levels of dietary protein (11, 15, 19, 23,and 27%) and two doses of recombinant pST ( rpST, 0and 100 pgkg-l.d-l) were used (Pittman-Moore,Mundelein, IL) . Pigs were housed in individual pensmaintained at 22C and allotted randomly to 1 of 10groups (six pigs per group) at approximately 30 kglive weight. Pigs were hand-fed once daily approxi-mately 80% of ad libitum (based on predicted intakevalues for control pigs from previous work by Camp-bell et al. [19881) using weekly live weight measure-ments (1.28 kg/d at 30 kg BW and 2.11 kg/d at 55 kgBW) as described by Caperna et al. (1 99 0) . Becauseprotein and lipid deposition are linearly related toenergy intake in control and pST-treated pigs (Camp-bell et al., 19881, it was our intention to feed thesepigs on a restriction scale that would provide equiva-lent daily energy intake for all pigs at similarmetabolic body weights. Therefore, direct comparisonof control and rpST-treated pigs could be achievedwithout the possible confounding effects that mayarise when pigs are fed different daily levels of dietaryenergy. Diets were isocaloric (3.8 Mcal of DE/kg) andof equal lysine content (4.9 g/Mcal of DE). Details onthe diets, performance, body composition, and hor-monal status for the pigs were described by Capernaet al. (1990).All injections containing rpST or diluent (controls)were performed between 0800 and 1000, and pigs werefed after injections. Pigs were treated for 42 d. Theexperiment was terminated over a 10-d period follow-ing the 42 d and only one pig from each group waskilled on any given day. Pigs were electricallystunned, exsanguinated, dehaired, and eviscerated.Samples (approximately 1 cm x 1 cm x 3 cm) of themedial portion of the longissimus (LM) t theanterior end of the 13th rib location and the mediallocation of the semimembranosus ( SM ), semitendino-sus (ST) ark portion, and triceps brachii (TB)muscles were excised within 1.5 h postmortem andimmediately restrained on flat sticks. Lengths ofmuscles were measured before excision t o maintainproper fiber length when restrained. Muscle samplessubsequently were frozen in liquid N2. Frozen sampleswere stored a t -70C until histochemical analyseswere performed. Carcasses were chilled (2C ) for 24

h, at which time standard carcass measurements,which included loin eye area (10th rib location), wererecorded on the right side as described by Caperna etal. (1990).Histochemistry

A l-cm3 fragment of tissue removed from eachfrozen sample was mounted on a cryostat chuck with afew drops of water so that muscle fiber orientation wasperpendicular t o the cutting blade of the microtome.Mounted samples were allowed to equilibrate to-20C. Sections (1 2 pm thick) were cut with amicrotome (Damon Minotome@ Microtome Cryostat,Needham Heights, MA). Sections were treated withthe combination myofibrillar (acid ) ATPase andsuccinic dehydrogenase staining procedure describedby Solomon and Dunn (1988).The stained slides were observed with a ZeissStandard #16 photomicro-scope (Carl Zeiss, NewYork). Fibers were classified according to Ashmoreand Doerr (19 71 ) on the basis of stain reaction ( P R ,crR, aW). All fibers inside a template (4.7 cm2 inar ea) were counted (approximately 75 to 100 fibers)and measured for cross-sectional area using a ZeissInteractive Digital Analysis System (Carl Zeiss) asdescribed by Solomon and Montgomery (1988).Shear Force

Two rib chops (2.5 cm in thickness) from theposterior end of the 13th rib location were removedwithin 1.5 h postmortem (early) and an additionaltwo rib chops (2.5 cm thick) from the 10th rib locationwere removed 24 h postmortem (delayed) andvacuum-packaged. The early chops (boneless withsubcutaneous fat removed) were placed in a -20Cfreezer immediately after vacuum packing and storedfor subsequent shear-force determinations. Thedelayed chops (boneless ) were refrigerated ( 2"C)through 5 d postmortem and then frozen and stored at-20C for subsequent shear-force determinations.Chops were thawed and cooked (broile d) to a ninternal temperature of 75"C, turning once a t 40C,using Farberware Open-Hearth broilers (Model 350A,Farberware Co., Bronx, NY ). Internal temperaturewas monitored using iron-constantan thermocouplesattached t o a recording potentiometer. Chops wereallowed t o cool to room temperature (25C) beforecoring. A minimum of four cores (1.27 cm indiameter) w as removed from these chops, parallel tothe muscle-fiber length orientation; these cores wereused for shear-force determinations using a Warner-Bratzler shear device mounted on a Universal InstronTesting Machine (Model 1122, Instron, Canton, MA).Datu Analysis

Data were analyzed using GLM procedures (SAS,1985). Final live weight was included as the covariatet o determine the significance of variation amongby on December 30, 2010.jas.fass.orgDownloaded from
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DIETARY PROTEINTable 1. Effects of dietary protein level andadministration of recombinant porcine somatotropin(rpST) on the distribution of longissimusmuscle fiber types

Fiber, %Dietary rpST, Final

11 0 49.7 13.5 33.1 53.511 100 54.2 12.7 32.9 54.315 0 52.1 14.9 26.8 58.215 100 61.6 11.5 26.0 62.419 0 53.3 12.8 28.0 59.119 100 62.5 13.0 28.7 58.223 0 52.7 10.9 29.5 59.623 100 64.3 11.3 38.1 50.527 0 52.4 10.4 29.2 60.327 100 62.7 15.4 30.3 54.2SEMa - 1.3 1.8 2.6 3.3Significance, P


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618 SOLOMON ET AL .Table 3. Effects of dietary protein level andadministration of recombinant porcine somatotropin(rpST) on the distribution of semitendinosusmuscle fiber types

Table 4. Effects of dietary protein level andadministration of recombinant porcine somatotropin(rpST) on the distribution of triceps brachiimuscle fiber typesFiber, 90Dietary rpST,protein, % pg.kg-'.d-' OR ffR CYW

11 0 38.7 32.9 28.311 100 32.6 39.3 28.115 0 33.2 32.9 33.815 100 34.9 38.3 26.819 0 36.9 32.8 30.319 100 38.8 32.2 28.923 0 37.2 34.2 28.723 100 38.5 34.9 26.627 0 31.5 29.7 38.827 100 34.3 35.8 29.9SEMa - 2.6 2.5 2.6Significance, P


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DIETARY PROTEINTable 6. Effects of dietary protein level and ofrecombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST)administration on semimembranosusmuscle fiber area

Fiber area, pm2Dietary rpST,protein, % pgkg-'.d-' BR CYR CYW11 0 1,671 1,811 3,42511 100 1,775 1,990 3,25415 0 2,477 2,572 4,56215 100 2,327 2,865 4,19319 0 2,224 2,171 3,51719 100 2,436 3,121 4,59923 0 2,087 2,376 3,67423 100 2,225 2,746 4,34127 0 2,365 2,385 3,74027 100 2,291 3,065 4,281SEMa - 217 243 368Significance, P


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620 SOLOMON ET AL.Table 9. Effects of dietary protein level,administration of recombinant porcine somatotropin(rpST),and time of sampling on longissimusshear-force values

Shear force, kg11.27 cmDietary rpST,protein, % pg.kg-'.d-' Delayeda Earlyb11 0 4.96 4.0911 100 5.58 3.9415 0 5.11 4.0715 100 5.66 4.2719 0 5.62 4.6919 100 6.88 5.8523 0 5.49 4.7923 100 6.01 4.6227 0 5.11 4.4627 100 5.67 4.14SEMC __ .36 .24Significance, P


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Influence of Dietary Protein and ant Porcine

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