Infectious & Non-infectious diseases By Georgia O

Tetanus Affects the body's muscles and nerves. contaminated by a bacteria called Clostridium (found in soil,

saliva, dust and manure) Wounds caused by puncturing the skin, like a nail or needle Burns Injuries with dead tissue

Symptoms  headaches, jaw cramping, sudden involuntary muscle tightening, painful muscle stiffness, trouble swallowing, jerking or seizures, fever and sweating, high blood pressure and fast heart rate.

Prevention

Immediate treatment with human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) (or equine antitoxin)

Drugs to control muscle spasms Aggressive wound care Antibiotics

Treatment

Having the Tetanus vaccine and tetanus boosters Immediate and proper wound care can prevent infection

Incidence Tetanus notifications and hospitalisations, Australia, 1993 to 2007

Time does not affect how tetanus is carried, as a person can get an infected wound at any time during the year.

Those who are most likely to be affected by the disease include those who have not had the Tetanus vaccination, those who haven’t had the tetanus booster.

Tetanus can occur world wide but more frequently in densely populated areas in hot, damp climates with soil rich in organic matter.

Incidence

Age group(years)

Notifications3 years(2003–2005)

Hospitalisations3 years(July 2002–June 2005)

LOS† per admission(days)

Deaths2 years(2003–2004)

n Rate‡ n (§) Rate‡ (§) Median (§)

n Rate‡

0–4 0 0.00 0 (0) 0.00 (0.00) 0.0 (0.0) 0 0.00

5–14 0 0.00 1 (1) 0.01 (0.01) n.p. 0 0.00

15–24 0 0.00 6 (4) 0.07 (0.05) 1.0 (1.0) 0 0.00

25–59 0 0.00 15 (9) 0.05 (0.03) 2.0 (2.0) 0 0.00

60+ 11 0.10 44 (32) 0.43 (0.31) 12.0 (10.0)

0 0.00

All ages 11 0.02 66 (46) 0.11 (0.08) 4.5 (3.5) 0 0.00

 Tetanus notifications, hospitalisations and deaths, Australia, 2002 to 2005, by age group

Down’s Syndrome A condition is which a baby is born with any extra copy of

chromosome 21 During pregnancy, if the female has down syndrome the

chance that the child will have condition increases.

Symptoms Every case of Down syndrome is different. Physical problems Intellectual problems Heart disease Dementia Hearing problems Problems with the intestines, eyes, thyroids, skeleton

Treatment Down Syndrome can not be cured, however, Early treatment is recommended to help to improve skills in

speech, physical, occupational and educational therapy

Prevention  Doctors don't know how the additional chromosome is

created therefore don't know how to prevent the condition

Incidence Down’s syndrome is usually diagnosed during pregnancy or

during early year of childhood. Down’s syndrome is passed through genetically during

pregnancy. The older the woman is during pregnancy that more likely the down’s syndrome gene will passed on the the child (see table).

Maternal age at term

Risk of Down’s

syndrome

Maternal age at term

Risk of Down’s

syndrome

Maternal age at term

Risk of Down’s

syndrome20 1:1450 30 1:940 40 1:8521 1:1450 31 1:820 41 1:7022 1:1450 32 1:700 42 1:5523 1:1400 33 1:570 43 1:4524 1:1400 34 1:460 44 1:4025 1:1350 35 1:350 45 1:3526 1:1300 36 1:270 46 1:3027 1:1200 37 1:200 47 1:3028 1:1150 38 1:150 48 1:3029 1:1050 39 1:110 49 1:25

References Tetanus  Kidshealth.org (website) Human Diseases (book) K. Sakker, C. Odlum, R. Garner Nlm.nih.gov (website)

Down’s Syndrome  Kidshealth.org (website) Human Diseases (book) K. Sakker, C. Odlum, R. Garner Nlm.nih.gov (website)