NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES Health 12

Diabetes

¨  Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal.

¨  The pancreas makes a hormone known as insulin to help glucose get into the cells of our bodies.

¨  When you have diabetes, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use its own insulin as well as it should.

¨  This causes sugar to build up in your blood.

Diabetes continued….

¨  Diabetes can cause the following serious health conditions: ¤ Heart Disease ¤ Blindness ¤ Kidney Failure ¤ Lower-extremity amputations ** Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the

United States

Symptoms of Diabetes

¨  Frequent urination ¨  Excessive thirst ¨  Unexplained weight

loss ¨  Extreme hunger ¨  Sudden vision

changes

¨  Tingling or numbness in hands or feet

¨  Feeling very tired much of the time

¨  Very dry skin ¨  Sores that are slow to

heal ¨  More infections than

usual

Types of Diabetes

¨  Type 1 diabetes – juvenile-onset diabetes. Accounts for 5% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.

¨  Type 2 diabetes – adult-onset diabetes. Accounts for about 90% to 95% of diagnosed cases of diabetes.

¨  Gestational diabetes – type of diabetes that only pregnant women get.

¨  Type 1 Diabetes

¨  Type 2 Diabetes

Risk Factors for Diabetes

¨  Being overweight or obese ¨  Having a parent, brother, or sister with diabetes ¨  Having an ethnic background ¨  Having prior history of gestational diabetes ¨  Having a high blood pressure measuring 140/90 or

higher ¨  Having abnormal cholesterol with HDL cholesterol is

35 or lower ¨  Being physically in active (less than 3 time a week)

Diabetes

¨  Among Americans aged 20 years or younger, about 215,000 people (1%) have diabetes

¨  Among Americans aged 20 years or older, 25.6 million people (11.35) have diabetes.

¨  The prevalence of diabetes is greater among older people. Among Americans aged 65 years or older, 10.9 million people (26.9%) have diabetes.

Diabetes Statistics

¨  As of 2010, 25.8 million people (8.3%) of the population – have diabetes. About 2 million are diagnosed each year.

¨  People diagnosed with diabetes have medical claims that are about 2.3 times higher than those without the disease.

¨  About $1 of $5 of health care dollars in the United States is spend caring for someone with diagnosed with diabetes.

Treatment for Diabetes

¨  Health eating, physical activity, and insulin injections are the basic therapies for type 1 diabetes.

¨  Health eating, physical activity, and blood glucose testing are the basic therapies for type 2 diabetes require oral medication, insulin, or both to control their blood glucose levels.

** People with diabetes must take responsibility for their day-to-day care, and keep blood glucose levels from going too low or too high.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

¨  Coronary artery disease occurs when a substance called plaque builds up in the arties that supply blood to the heart. ¤ Plaque is made up of cholesterol

¨  Over time the arteries can narrow, this process is known as atherosclerosis.

Coronary Heart Disease Congestive Heart Failure

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

¨  Plaque buildup can cause angina, the most common symptom of CAD. Causes chest pain or discomfort because the heart muscle doesn’t get enough blood. Overtime, CAD can weaken the heart muscle which can lead to heart failure. Or even arrhythmia.

¨  For some the first sign of CAD is a heart attack. This occurs when plaque totally blocks an artery carrying blood to the heart.

¨  What is a Heart Attack?

Important Tests

¨  ECD or EKG ¤  Measures the electrical

activity, rate, and regularity of your heart

¨  Echocardiogram ¤  Ultrasound to create picture

of heart ¨  Exercise Stress Test

¤  Measures HR while waking on a treadmill.

¨  Chest X-ray ¤  Picture of heart, lungs, and

organs in the chest. ¨  Cardiac catheterization

¤  Checks inside the arteries for blockage by threading a thin flexible tube through an artery in the groin, arm , or neck to reach the coronary artery

¨  Coronary angiogram ¤  Monitors blockage and flow

of blood through the heart. X-rays detect the dye

Treatment for CAD

¨  Eating healthy ¨  Exercising ¨  Not smoking ¨  Medicines to help lower cholesterol, high blood

pressure, low blood flow, and irregular heartbeats ¨  Surgery

CAD Statistics

¨  Every year about 785,000 Americans have a first heart attack. Another 470,000 who have already had one or more heart attacks will have another heart attack.

¨  In 2010, heart disease will cost the United States $316.4 billion. This total includes the cost of health care services, medications, and lost productivity.

Stroke

¨  A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, occurs when a clot blocks the blood supply to the part of the brain or when a blood vessel in or around the brain bursts. In either case, parts of the brain become damaged or die.

Types of Stroke

¨  Ischemic Stroke – about 85% of all strokes are ischemic, in which blood flow to the brain is blocked by blood clots or fatty deposits called plaque in the blood vessel linings.

¨  Hemorrhagic Stroke – occurs when a blood vessel bursts in the brain. Blood accumulates and compresses the surrounding brain tissue. Two types.

Ischemic Stroke

Hemorrhagic Strokes

¨  Intracerebral hemorrhage – most common type of hemorrhagic stroke. Occurs when an artery in the brain bursts, flooding the surrounding tissue with blood

¨  Subarachnoid hemorrhage – Bleeding in the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover it

Life after a stroke

¨  Paralysis on one side of your body ¨  Weakness on one side of your body ¨  Problems with thinking, awareness, attention, learning,

judgment, and memory ¨  Problems understanding or forming speech ¨  Difficulty controlling or expressing emotions ¨  Numbness or strange sensations ¨  Pain in the hands and feet that worsens with movement

and temperature changes ¨  Depression

5 Common Signs of a Stroke

¨  Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg

¨  Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding others

¨  Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes ¨  Sudden dizziness, trouble walking, or loss of

balance or coordination ¨  Sudden severe headache with no known cause

Preventing a Stroke

¨  Eat a healthy diet ¨  Maintain a healthy weight ¨  Be active ¨  Don’t Smoke ¨  Limit Alcohol Abuse

Alzheimer’s Disease

¨  Most common form of dementia among older adults. ¨  Involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory,

and language and can seriously affect a person’s ability to carry out daily activities

¨  5 million Americans suffer from Alzheimer’s disease ¨  Disease usually begins after age 60, and risk goes up

with age. About 5 percent of men and women ages 65 to 74 have Alzheimer’s disease

¨  Info on Alzheimer's ¨  Alzheimer's Disease

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

¨  Group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. Includes: ¤ Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and sometimes asthma

¨  Tobacco is a key factor in development and progression of COPD, air pollutants in the home/workplace, genetic factors, and respiratory infections

¨  Most effective treatment is, AVOID TOBACCO!, remove pollutants from home/workplace

Asthma

¨  Disease that affects your lungs by restricting the bronchial tubes

¨  Asthma causes repeated episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and nighttime or early morning coughing.

¨  If you have asthma, you have it all the time.

Asthma

¨  Lung function test called spirometry to determine asthma or a spirometer, which measures the largest amount of air you can exhale or breathe out after taking a very deep breath

¨  Asthma Attack – The air ways become smaller, the sides of the airways in your lungs swell and the airways shrink. Less air gets in and out of your lungs, and mucus that your body produces clogs up the airways even more. Also known as an episode.

Asthma Triggers

¨  Tobacco Smoke (Secondhand Smoke) ¨  Dust Mites ¨  Outdoor Air Pollution ¨  Cockroach Allergen ¨  Mold ¨  Wood Smoke ¨  Effects of Asthma