Infectious Diseases: General Infections Presented by: APS Healthcare Southwestern PA Health Care...

Infectious Diseases: General Infections

Presented by: APS HealthcareSouthwestern PA Health Care Quality Unit(HCQU)

December 2010 ak

© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc. 2

Disclaimer

Information or education provided by the HCQU is not intended to replace medical advice from the consumer’s personal care physician, existing facility policy or federal, state and local regulations/codes within the agency jurisdiction. The information provided is not all inclusive of the topic presented.

Certificates for training hours will only be awarded to those who attend a training in its entirety. Attendees are responsible for submitting paperwork to their respective agencies.


Note of Clarification

While mental retardation (MR) is still recognized as a clinical diagnosis, in an effort to support the work of self-advocates, the APS SW PA HCQU will be using the terms intellectual and/or developmental disability (ID/DD) to replace mental retardation (MR) when feasible.


Objectives

Identify signs and symptoms of common bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections.

List the various cycles in the infection process

Describe when medical treatment should be sought

Discuss preventative measures that reduce the risk of infection.


Definition of Infection

The invasion of the human body by a pathogen, such as a bacterium, fungus, virus or parasite, resulting in an

infectious process.


Infectious Process: Chain of Infection

Infectious Agent

Infectious Agent

Portalof

Entry

Portalof

Entry

Susceptible Host

Susceptible Host

ReservoirReservoir

Mode of

Transmit

Mode of

Transmit

Portal of

Exit

Portal of

Exit


Contributing Factors: Individuals Most at Risk

• Individuals most at risk

• Age

• General health

• Risks of exposure

Individuals most at Risk


Four Main Types of Infections

1. Bacterial

2. Viral

3. Fungal

4. Parasitic


Infections: Medical Therapies and Home Remedies

Medical Therapies

Home Remedies


Bacterial Infection: Definition

Invasion of bacteria into the body or bodily tissues resulting in an infectious process.


Bacterial Infections: Common Infections

• Streptococcal Sore Throat

• Bacterial “Sinusitis”

• Otitis Media

• Bacterial Conjunctivitis

• Urinary Tract Infection


Streptococcal Sore Throat / Strep Throat: Definition

Acute bacterial inflammation: sore throat caused by the bacterium Streptococcus


Strep Throat: Signs and Symptoms

Throat pain

Difficulty swallowing

Inflamed tonsils – red with signs of pus

Swollen tender lymph glands (nodes)

Fever

Headache

Fatigue


Strep Throat: Diagnosis

Physical exam

Throat culture


Strep Throat: Treatment

Medical Therapies– Antibiotics

– Pain/fever reducers

Home Remedies:– Rest

– Increase fluids

– Bland/soft diet

– Humidification of air

– Avoidance of irritants


Strep Throat: Prevention

Hand washing

Covering of mouth

Replacement of toothbrushes

Avoid sharing personal Items


Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Definition

An infection and inflammation of the sinus cavities by a disease causing bacterial agent.


Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Signs and Symptoms

Drainage of a thick yellow or greenish discharge (nose or throat)

Nasal congestion

Pain/tenderness around eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead

Aching in upper jaw or teeth

Reduced sense of smell or taste

Cough

Fatigue

Fever


Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Diagnosis

Physical exam

Nasal & Sinus cultures

Imaging studies


Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Treatment


– Nasal Corticosteroids

– Decongestants

– Pain/fever reducers

Home Remedies– Rest

– Increase of fluids

– Warm compresses to face


Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Prevention

Proper Hand washing

Avoid upper respiratory infections

Avoid smoking or other air pollutants

Humidification of air


Otitis Media: Definition

An infection and inflammation of the middle ear caused by a bacterial agent.


Otitis Media: Signs and Symptoms

Ear pain

Drainage of fluid from ears

Diminished hearing

Sore throat

Fever


Otitis Media: Diagnosis

Physical Exam – Pneumatic Otoscope

Tympanocentesis

Hearing evaluation


Otitis Media: Treatment


– Medicated ear drops

– Fever/pain reducers

Home Remedies– Warm compresses to ear


Otitis Media: Prevention

Proper hand washing techniques

Avoidance of upper respiratory infections

Avoid smoking or air pollutants


Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Definition

An inflammation and infection of the conjunctiva of the eye due to a bacterial agent.


Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Signs and Symptoms

Redness in one or both eyes

Itchiness in one or both eyes

A gritty feeling in one or both eyes

Yellow discharge in one or both eyes that forms a crust during the night

Tearing


Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Diagnosis

Physical exam

Eye culture


Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Treatment

Medical Treatment– Antibiotic eye drops/ointments

Home Remedies– Warm compresses to eye

– Avoiding contact lens wear


Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Prevention

Hand washing

Avoid touching eyes

Use a clean washcloth and towel daily

Do not share personal eye items


Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Definition

An infection or inflammation of the urinary tract system caused by a bacterial agent.


Urinary Tract Infection: Signs and Symptoms

Urinary urgency

Burning sensation upon urination

Passing frequent small amount of urine

Cloudy urine

Foul-smelling urine

Pelvic Pain


Urinary Tract Infection: Diagnosis

Physical exam

Urinalysis

Urine culture


Urinary Tract Infection: Treatment

Medical Therapies– Antibiotic therapy

– Urinary pain relievers (Pyridium, Uristat)

– Fever / pain reducers


– Increase fluids

– Heat application for pain


Urinary Tract Infection: Prevention

Genital cleansing technique

Cotton underwear

Avoid irritants

Frequent changing of incontinent aids


Viral Infections: Definition

Invasion of a virus into the body or bodily tissues resulting in an infectious process.


Viral Infections: Common Viruses

Rhinovirus “Common Cold”

Influenza

Viral Gastroenteritis


Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Definition

A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract

(nose and throat).


Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Signs and Symptoms

Runny or stuffy nose

Itchy or sore throat

Cough

Congestion

Slight body aches

Sneezing

Watery eyes

Low – grade fever


Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Diagnosis

Physical exam


Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Treatment

Medical Therapies – Antibiotics Not Effective!!!– Decongestant nasal spray

– Cough reducers

– Saline nasal drops

– Fever/pain reducers

Home Therapies– Rest

– Increase fluids

– Chicken soup

– Humidification of air

NO CURE!!!!


Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Prevention

Hand washing

Disinfection of everyday items

Proper disposal of tissues

Cover mouth when coughing


Influenza (Flu): Definition

An acute contagious viral infection characterized by inflammation of the respiratory tract.


Influenza: Signs and Symptoms

Fever over 100 degrees

Chills and sweats

Headache

Dry cough

Aching muscles

Fatigue and weakness

Nasal congestion


Influenza: Diagnosis

Physical exam

Nasal cultures


Influenza: Treatment

Medical Therapies– Fever/pain reducers

– Decongestants

– Cough medicine

– Antiviral medications

Home Remedies– REST

– Increase of fluids


Influenza: Prevention

Influenza vaccination

Hand washing

Proper sneezing and coughing techniques

Avoidance of crowds


Viral Gastro-enteritis: Definition

An inflammation and infection of the stomach and intestines, caused by a viral agent.


Viral Gastro-enteritis: Signs and Symptoms

Watery, loose stools

Abdominal cramps and pain

Nausea

Vomiting

Occasional muscle aches

Low- grade fever


Viral Gastro-enteritis: Diagnosis

Physical exam

Stool culture


Viral Gastro-enteritis: Treatment

Medical Therapies– No medical therapies unless complications


– Increase fluids slowly (clear fluids only)

– BRAT Diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast)

– Avoid food and drink irritants


Viral Gastro-enteritis: Prevention

Hand washing

Proper disposable of incontinent briefs


Fungal Infection: Definition

An Inflammation and infection of the body or bodily tissues caused by a fungal agent.


Fungal Infection: Common Infections

Candida “Yeast”– Oral “Thrush”

– Vaginal

Tinea “Ringworm”– Tinea Corporis (Body)

– Tinea Pedis (Foot)

– Tinea Cruris (Perineal Area)

– Tinea Capitis(Scalp)


Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Signs and Symptoms

Oral Yeast – “Thrush”– Creamy white lesion in oral cavity

– Cottage cheese consistency

– Pain

– Bleeding of sores

– Loss of taste

Vaginal Yeast – Itching/Irritation of tissues of vagina

– Redness/swelling of vaginal tissues

– Burning sensation on urination

– Thick white/cottage cheese discharge


Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Diagnosis

Physical exams

Cultures (oral, vaginal)


Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Treatment

Medical Therapies

– Oral Yeast • Anti-fungal medication• Anti-inflammatory/pain reducers

– Vaginal Yeast • Anti-fungal medication• Anti-inflammatory/pain reducers

Home Remedies

– Follow good oral care

– Keep vaginal area clean and dry


Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Prevention

Oral Yeast– Good oral hygiene

– Rinsing of mouth after inhaler use

– Salt water rinses

Vaginal Yeast– Avoid use of bubble baths

– Avoid use of scented feminine hygiene products

– Use of cotton underwear

– Frequent changing of incontinent briefs/pads


Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Definition

Ringworm is a fungal infection called “Tinea” that affects the top outer layer of the skin.

Types

– Tinea Corporis (Body)

– Tinea Pedis (Foot)

– Tinea Cruris (Perineal Area)

– Tinea Capitis(Scalp)


Fungal Infection – Ring worm (Tinea): Signs and Symptoms

Red and inflamed circular rash

Raised expanding rings of red & scaly skin

Round flat patch of itchy skin


Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Diagnosis

Physical exam

Skin culture


Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Treatment

Anti-fungal Medications (topical / oral)

– Non-prescription

– Prescription


Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Prevention

Frequent hand washing

Diligent drying of skin after bathing

Wear appropriate clothing – Avoid excessive sweating

Avoid infected animals

No sharing of personal items


Parasitic Infections: Definition

A growth of a parasitic organism within

or on the human body.


Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Types

Lice

– Head

– Body

– Pubic

Scabies


Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Signs and Symptoms

Lice– Intense itching

– Tickling feeling from movement of hair

– Lice eggs on scalp, body, clothing or pubic region

– Lice eggs (nits) on hair shaft

– Small, red bumps on the scalp, neck and shoulders

Scabies– Itching, often severe, worse at night

– Thin, irregular burrow tracks made up of tiny blisters or bumps on your skin

– Burrows on folds of skin


Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Diagnosis

Physical exam

Skin Scraping


Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Treatment

Medical Therapies

– Lice• Over the Counter Medications• Prescription Medications

– Scabies• Prescription Medication

Home Remedies

– Keep body and hair clean at all times


Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Prevention

Lice Wash contaminated items Seal unwashable items Vacuum Cover Furniture Do not share personal belongings Wash combs and brushes

Scabies Clean all bedding and linens Seal unwashable items Do not share personal clothing items


Tips for Caregivers

Keep all areas of the environment clean

Assist individuals with good oral and personal hygiene daily

Watch for signs and symptoms

Seek immediate medical treatment

Administer all medications as directed


References

Center of Disease Control. Influenza Topics: Seasonal Flu. Retrieved. 11/03/2010. From http://www.cdc.gov/flu/

Maryland Office of Infectious Disease and Occupational Health Division. Fact Sheets. Strep Throat. Retrieved 10/28/2010 from http://www.edcp.org/factsheets/strepthr.cfm

National Institute of Health. Medline Plus Division. Diseases. Bacterial Infections. Retrieved 10/28/2010. From http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html

Common Cold. Testing Cold Treatments. Retrieved 10/30/2010. From http://www.commoncold.org/special.htm

Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Strep Throat. Retrieved 10/25/2010. From

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Strep-throat


References

Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Acute Sinusitis. Retrieved 10/27/2010. From

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Acute-Sinusitis Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Pink eye:

Conjunctivitis. Retrieved 11/02/2010. From http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Pink

Eye Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Urinary Tract

Infections. Retrieved 10/28/2010. From

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Urinary-tract-infections Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Ringworm. Retrieved 11/06/2010. From

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Ringworm Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Lice. Retrieved 11/09/2010. From http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/lice Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Scabies. Retrieved 11/09/2010

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabies

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