Infection Unit 12 Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N. 12/19/11.
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Transcript of Infection Unit 12 Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N. 12/19/11.
Infection Unit 12
Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N.12/19/11
Objectives
Spell & Define key terms Identify most common microbes &
characteristics List links in chain of infection List the ways infectious disease are spread Name & describe 5 serious diseases
Objectives Cont.
Identify cause of important infectious disease Define spores & explain how they differ from
other pathogens Describe common treatments for infectious
disease. List natural body defenses against infection Explain why patients are at risk for infection.
Introduction
Organisms-living beings Microorganisms or microbes-tiny organisms Nonpathogens-microbes that do not cause
disease Pathogens- disease causing microbes
-Grow best at body temp, limited light, moisture,food supply, & oxygen.
Infection- pathogens invade the body & cause disease.
Microbes
4 types
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Fungi
-Protozoa
Bacteria
Simple one-celled organisms Named according to shapes & arrangement Shapes:
-Coccus- round or spherical
-Bacillus-straight rod
-Spirillum-spiral, corkscrew,slightly curved
Bacteria Cont.
Arrangements:
-single
-pairs:diplo-
-chains:strepto-
-clusters:staphylo- Colonies-groups of growing bacteria
Fungi
2 kinds:
-yeast:single cell budding forms of a fungus. Can affect mouth, skin, & feet
-molds:can cause infections in the lung Parasite: an organism that lives in or on
another organism without benefiting the host. Immuno-suppressed patients at risk
Virus
The smallest microbe Come in a variety of shapes Classified by:
-type of DNA or RNA
-clinical properties Common viruses include:
Hepatitis,Herpes,HIV/AIDS,chickenpox, influenza, common cold,p.156
Protozoa
Once-celled organisms that live on living matter
Classified by how the move...i.e. Whiplike tails, hairlike projections.
i.e. Malaria S&S:Diarrhea, Dysentery(lower bowel
infection), encephalitis
The Chain of Infection
Certain conditions exist for infection to occur COI Includes:
-Causative agent:pathogen that causes disease
-Reservoir or source: where the pathogen can live & reproduce
-Portal of exit: manner in which the pathogen leaves the body
COI Cont.
Method or mode of transmission:manner in which the pathogen is carried to another person
Portal of Entry: manner in which the pathogen enters the body
Susceptible host: a person who will become ill from the entry of pathogens into the body
Object of Infection control is to DISRUPT the chain of infection!!
Causative agent
Microorganism that can produce the disease in humans
Most common causes:
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Fungi
-Protozoa
Reservoir or source
Where pathogens can survive May or may-not multiply in reservoir Four common reservoirs:
-Humans
-Insects & animals
-Environment
-Fomites:objects that can be contaminated with infectious material that contains the microbe.
Human Reservoirs
2 types;
-Cases:people with acute illness with S&S
-Carriers: persons who can give a disease to others. May not have S&S or know of infections.
Portals of Entry
Organisms enter through:
-breaks in skin or mucous membranes
-respiratory tract
-genitourinary tract
-gastrointestinal tract
-circulatory system
-transplacental
Portals of Exit
Leave the reservoir of host through body secretions
POE Include:
-excretions or resp. tract or genital tract
-draining wounds
-urine
-feces
-blood & body fluids
-Saliva & Tears
Transmission of Disease
Spread of infectious organisms may happen in 3 ways:
-Airborne Transmission
-Droplet Transmission
-Contact Transmission
-Vector Transmission
Host
The person who harbors infectious organisms. Person does not have enough resistance to
agent Infection develops when organism penetrates
the body, begins to multiply, & causes damage Risk factors are conditions that indicate a
problem may develop.
Types of Infections
Local: confined to one area..i.e. Boil or abscess
Generalized: i.e. pneumonia in the lungs Systemic: widespread through bloodstream
Body Flora
Microbes that live in and on our body surfaces Healthy individuals lives in harmony with flora Balance may be disturbed by:
-pathogens
-normal flora that become pathogenic
-flora from on body area to another
-drugs that upset balance and allow one to flourish
How Pathogens Affect the Body
Microbes act in different ways to produce disease:
-Attack & destroy cells they invade
-produce toxins that harm the body
-cause sensitivity responses called allergies
Body Defenses
Intact skin Mucous membranes-sticky & trap foreign
materials Cilia-propel mucus out of body Coughing & sneezing Hydrochloric acid Tears
Internal Defenses
Fever Phagocytes Inflammation Temperature Immune response
Immunity The ability to fight of disease caused by
microbes Antigen- pathogenic microbe that enters the
body Antibodies- provide immunity to disease
caused by that antigen Immunization: Vaccines protect against
specific pathogens Immunosupression: the body's immune
system is inadequate...more likely to develop infections.
Bacterial Infections
Diagnositic: Culture & Sensitivity Antibiotic-antibacterial drug. Common bacterial infections include:
-MRSA & VRE
-Tuberculosis
-Streptococcus A
-Escherichia coli
-Pseudomembranous Colitis(C. Diff)
Spores
Microscopic reproductive bodies that are responsible for the spread of some diseases.
Can survive in a dormant form until conditions are ideal for reproduction
Difficult to eliminate Examples:
-Norovirus
-C. Difficile
Viral Infections
Examples:
-Shingles
-Influenza
-AIDS
-Hantavirus
-Sever Acute Resp. Syndrome
-Smallpox
Parasites
Survive by feeding off another human or animal
Examples:
-Head Lice:spread by direct contact.--Nits(eggs)
-Scabies:caused my microscopic mite.Spread by in/direct contact
-Bedbugs:bites cause painful rash
Self-Care
Healthy diet Get enough sleep Keep your body clean Live in a clean environment Avoid smoking & substance abuse Learn how to cope with stress