Infection Control Process

• Lister, Pasteur and Semmelweis were the first to contribute about germ theory

• Microorganisms• Protozoonology,Bacte

riology, Virology,Mycology

• Bacteria (most numerous of all microorganisms, unicellular, many are pathogenic to human

• Cocci,Bacilli and Spirilla

• Can be killed with antibiotics

Fungy and Bacteria

Cocci and Protozoa

Fungi

• Parasistic and some none parasistic plants and molds

• Yeast is a typical fungus

• Feed on antibiotics and flourish in antibiotic therapy

Protozoa

• One cell organisms• Both parasite and non

parasite• can move with cilia or

false feet• typically 2 to 200 mm

in size

Virus• Smallest of all

microorganisms• can be seen only with

electronic microscope• can only multiply

within a living cell• can be destroyed by

heat• difficult to kill with

chemotherapy

Ricketssia

• Visible under a standard microscope

• Susceptible to antibiotics

• transmitted by insects, ticks, fleas

Conditions Required for bacterial Growth

• Moisture

• Temperature

• Oxygen

• Light

Transmission of infections

• The pathogen needs to be present

• A reservoir of disease

• a portal of exit from the reservoir

• a means of transmission

• a portal of entry

• a susceptible host

Stages of Infection Process

• Invasion

• Multiplication

• Incubation Period

• Prodromal Period

• Acute Period

• Recovery Period

The Infection Control System• Defenses of the body (Dietary Intake, age of

person,adequate amount of rest, presence of other disease in the body, genetics)

• Prevention: Barriers of the body, skin, mucous membranes, Ph acid,HCL in the stomach, etc

• Lymphoid and Blood System

• Antigen-Antibody ( Immunity)

• Inflammatory Process

Acquired Immunity

• Active Acquired Natural (by having the disease)

• Active Acquired Artificial ( Vaccination)

• Passive Acquired Natural (Antibodies from the mother to the baby)

• Passive Acquired Artificial (temporary protection with globulins)

Standards Precautions

• Gloves• Gown• Mask/Protective

Eyewear/goggles• Transportation• Multiple use equipment• Needles and sharp

instruments

Medical Asepsis

• Destruction of organism after they leave the body:

• Washing Hands• Use of disposable

equipment• Wearing gloves helps

Handwashing

• First stage of infection control

• Use disinfectants soap, friction and warm running water

• No jewelry • Before and after a

contact with a patient

Surgical Asepsis

• Refers to the techniques practiced to maintain a sterile environment. Destruction of the microorganism before they enter the body

• There are 3 methods for preventing the spread of disease:

Surgical Asepsis• Sanitization (includes

the careful scrubbing of equipment and instruments with soap, hot water, U/S,etc

• Disinfection (soaking and wiping process with chemicals germicides, flowing steam and boiling water

Surgical Asepsis

• Two common disinfectants are zephrin chloride and chlorophenyl

• Disinfectants are not efective against spores and some viruses

• Betadine and alcohol are used in patients

Disinfection Methods

• Alcohol (used for skin surfaces and equipment such stethoscopes and thermometers, flammable

• Chlorine (corrosive,cause skin irritation

Disinfectants• Formaldehyde( use to

disinfect and sterilze)• Hydrogen Peroxide

(effective disinfectant only for use in non-human surfaces and products)

• Glutaraldehyde (efective against viruses, bacteria and fungi

Sterilization

• Results in killing ALL microorganisms, both pathogenic and non pathogenic.

• The use of heat (steam or dry)chemicals,UV radiations.

• Dry heat is used for dense ointments

Sterilization Time

• Glassware, metal instruments (open tray or individual wrappings) needles

• 15 minutes• Rubber products,

Instruments partial metal

• 20 minutes