INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONWhy you should care

What’s so revolutionary about it?• Develops slowly rather than suddenly• New machinery and technologies change the way people

work• A challenge to the old ways of doing things, but also has a

lot of promise

Boiled down“The essence of industrial revolution, however, was fairly simple. Stripped to its bare bones, the industrial revolution consisted of the application of new sources of power to the production process. . . .”

Peter N. Stearns, The Industrial Revolution in World History, p. 6

Factories a key feature• Move from household

labor• Larger labor force• Increased specialization• “More conscious

management of workers”• Very different from what

had come before• Slow developing in a

sense, but still within a working lifetime

Manchester from Kersal MoorWilliam Wyld, 1852

So What?• Massive increase in production• Massive increase in individual worker output• Economies of scale• Lots of other implications

When is it over? Is it ever over?• Stearns: the point at

which most people engaged in labor rely upon “some powered equipment”

• AND work in a structured work environment

• For the US, that is achieved by 1920s

• For Britain, mid-19th Century

Derelict factory in Detroit, MI, 2009By Patrickklida

How Western Europe came to industrialize

• Ironworking grew more advanced– bells to guns

• Trading networks and expansion meant a greater need for textiles

• New farming methods allow food stocks to support a larger population

Death in a jacket: baked potato with butter, 1994.National Institutes of Health

How Western Europe came to industrialize

• New scientific knowledge spurred new technologies

• Shifts in how manufacturing was done at home

• Rise in public demand for stuff because there were more people

Diagram of early steam engineUS Patent Office

How this all makes Britain an industrial nation

• Cotton• Stronger than wool under

machine stress• Cooler than wool• Softer than linen• Holds color easier, more varied• Washes better

• Ease of access• American colonies• Later, India and Egypt

• Demand• Mechanization makes it

affordableLate 18th Century Jacket and Shawl in chintz.Fashion Museum, Antwerp, Belgium

Cotton transforms work and life• Large urban population in from farms did not have

established work habits– easy to train• Disrupts old system of domestic production/small

operations• Factory system develops with machines

• spinning jenny, 1764• combing and carding machines• Machines require new systems of organizing and managing

British industry = British power• Unchallenged for roughly

100 years• Allowed UK to survive fight

with France during Napoleonic Wars, despite smaller population

• New advances in armaments and mobility allowed UK to project its power around the world

• Others wanted in on the action Vintage postcard of HMS Victory, Portsmouth,

UK, ca. 1900Library of Congress

Variations in industrialization• France

• Political instability slows• Lacking in coal reserves relative to

UK• Defeat by Germany in 1870, costs

them iron• Slower population growth than

Britain and Germany• Craft production tradition expanded

without moving to mechanization• Silks, furniture, etc.• Saw themselves as having an

advantage• Distribution innovation: first

department store in Paris, 1830s

Variations in industrialization• Germany

• Well behind France and Britain• Divided into many smaller states• No technological innovations to

speak of in early industrial period• Plenty of coal; some iron• Gains more after defeat of France

in 1870• Unification in 1871• Afterward speed and emphasis on

heavy industry• State control of railroads• State involvement and promotion

• Iron/steel (Krupp)• Chemicals (I G Farben)• Electrical products (Siemens)

Variations in industrialization• Italy

• Not much to say really• North/South divide very

critical to understanding problems

• Not unified until 1860s, and then the development gulf between the two regions hard to bridge

THIS REALLY SUCKS. GIVE ME A RAISE.Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Basic Things to Remember• This process hurt, a lot.• It changed workplaces

and what it meant to be employed.

• This process affected family life a great deal.

• Led to a more materialistic definition of success.

• Development of socialism and welfare capitalism. Oxford Road, Manchester, 1910

Pierre Adolphe Valette

Changes

Workplace

• Factories changed rhythm of work.

• Supervision– for sake of machinery at first, then for productivity.

• Attempts to ease with paternalism– Cadbury, Pullman

• Pushback: workers v. management

Family

• Families no longer working units within the home.

• Gendered work patterns.• Two understandings of the

implications emerged:• Emergence of family/home as

a distinct sphere from work. (Middle Class)

• Family as an economic unit with kids and wives as supplemental income (Working Class)

Changes

Childhood

• “Invented” in this period• Children no longer seen

as a form of labor by end of industrial period• Machinery increasingly

replaced work done by children

• Compulsory education• Need fewer kids and so. . .• Changed attitudes toward

birth control and sex

Protest

• Reform• Chartism: demands for

greater equality and democracy

• Rage• Luddites: “Ned Ludd”;

organized efforts to destroy technology

• Techniques and tactics used elsewhere– France, for example.

Emergence of socialism• Class differences become more rigid and pronounced in cultures

• Marxist theory• How to get more out of system v. how to overturn system?

• Unionization/strikes• Political parties

Karl Marx hides his iPhone 5,International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam

Welfare capitalism as an alternative• Blunt excesses of industrial life to ease class resentment

• Emergence of government policies

• Development of mixed economies• Britain, France, Germany and

Italy• Basis of politics in these

nations is the continued argument over extent of role of the state

Red = 26% or moreGold = 21-26%Light Blue = 17-21%Dark Blue = less than 17%

Map– Wikimedia CommonsData: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe