Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1
Transcript of Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1
![Page 1: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
sɪndʱiˑ
ينڌسSindhi
indōpersica
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Script
Part One
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The Sindhi letters and words described in this book are each
accompanied by a pronunciation key in the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA). Please refer to these IPA keys for the exact
pronunciation of a Sindhi letter or word.
The IPA is a scientific notation used for accurately transcribing the
sounds of most human languages. More about the IPA can be
found at http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/ and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipa .
The similarities described in this book between the
pronunciations of Sindhi letters and ‘corresponding’ English
letters are only guidelines and should be considered as such.
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k
ڪThis letter has a sound similar to
k in skip
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ɡ
گ
This letter has a sound similar to
g in go
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These are the letters we’ve just seen
ɡ k
ڪ گ
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p
پ
This letter has a sound similar to
p in speak
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b
ب
This letter has a sound similar to
b in bat
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These are the letters we’ve seen so far
ɡ k
ڪ گ
b p
پ ب
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ʨ
چ
This letter has a sound similar to
tch in catch
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ʥ
ج
This letter has a sound similar to
dge in badge
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These are the letters we’ve seen so far
ɡ k
ڪ گb p
پ بʥ ʨ
چ ج
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ə
This sign has a sound similar to
a in America
This sign is written above a letter
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This is how the sign for ə is written
ɡə kə
ڪ گ bə pə
پ ب ʥə ʨə چ ج
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ɪ
This sign has a sound similar to
i in pin
This sign is written below a letter
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This is how the sign for ɪ is written
ɡɪ kɪ
ڪ گ bɪ pɪ
پ ب ʥɪ ʨɪ چ ج
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ʊ
This sign has a sound similar to
u in bull
Thissign is written above a letter
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This is how the sign for ʊ is written
ɡʊ kʊ
ڪ گ bʊ pʊ
پ ب ʥʊ ʨʊ چ ج
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Look at these sequences
made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen
ɡəɡɪɡʊ kəkɪkʊ
ڪ ڪ ڪ گ گ گ bəbɪbʊ pəpɪpʊ
پ پ پ ب ب ب ʥəʥɪʥʊ ʨəʨɪʨʊ
چ چ چ ج ج ج
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Did you notice how the letters ‘join’ one another?
Here’s one of those letters, along with vowel signs –
kʊ kɪ kə
ڪ + ڪ + ڪ =
kəkɪkʊ
ڪ ڪ ڪ
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Here’s another one of those letters,with vowel signs –
ɡʊ ɡɪ ɡə
گ + گ + گ =
ɡəɡɪɡʊ
گ گ گ
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These letters join in similar ways –
pəpɪpʊ pʊ pɪ pə
پ + پ + پ = پ پ پ
bəbɪbʊ bʊ bɪ bə
ب + ب + ب = ب ب ب
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These letters, too, join in similar ways –
ʨəʨɪʨʊ ʨʊ ʨɪ ʨə
چ چ چ + چ + چ = چ
ʥəʥɪʥʊ ʥʊ ʥɪ ʥə
ج ج ج + ج + ج = ج
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Let’s try some more combinations of joining letters –
kəʨɪ ʨɪ kə
ڪ + چ = ڪ چ
ʥʊbə bə ʥʊ
ب ج + ب = ج
ɡɪpʊ pʊ ɡɪ
گ + پ = گ پ
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j
ي
This letter has a sound similar to
y in yo-yo
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r
ر
This letter has a sound similar to
r in Italian Roma
This is a ‘rolled’ /r/, as in Spanish or Italian
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l
ل
This letter has a sound similar to
l in lad
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ʋ
و
This letter has a sound similar to
v in victory
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These are the letters we’ve just seen
r j
ي ر
ʋ l
ل و
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This is how the sign for ə is written on these letters
rə jə
ي ر ʋə lə
ل و
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This is how the sign for ɪ is written on these letters
rɪ jɪ
ي ر ʋɪ lɪ
ل و
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This is how the sign for ʊ is written on these letters
rʊ jʊ
ي ر ʋʊ lʊ
ل و
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Look at these sequences
made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen
rərɪrʊ jəjɪjʊ
ر ر ي ر ي ي ʋəʋɪʋʊ ləlɪlʊ
و ل ل ل و و
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Did you notice?
These letters don’t join the next one!
ʋəʋɪʋʊ rərɪrʊ
و و ر و ر ر
So, while most of the letters join the next one,
all of them don’t
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These are some actual Sindhi words
Can you read them? –
ل گ ل پ ر پ ل ڪ
ج پ ڪ چ چ و ج چ
ر پ ل ب ج ڪ ڪ چ
ر ڪل ب پ ر پ گ ج
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Here are their pronunciations and meanings –
pʊlᶦ pərə ɡʊlʊ kʊlʊ
ل گ ل پ ر پ ل ڪ bridge but flower total
ʥəʥʊ ʋɪʨʊ ʨəkʊ ʨəpʊ
ج پ چ ڪ چ چ و ج judge during bite lip
kəkərʊ ʥəbalʊ ʨʊpᶦ
ر پ ل ب ج ڪ ڪ چ cloud mountain silence
kləbə pɪpᶦrʊ ɡəʥərʊ
ر ل ب ڪ پ ر پ گ ج club
peepul tree
(Ficus religiosa) carrot
Did you notice the superscript letter in the pronunciation key
for these words? –
pʊlᶦ ʨʊpᶦ pɪpᶦrʊ
This means that the vowel ɪ is pronounced very lightly, almost not at all
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s
س
This letter has a sound similar to
s in sit
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ɕ
ش
This letter has a sound similar to
sh in ship
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ɦ
هThis letter has a sound similar to
h in hat
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These are the letters we’ve just seen
ɕ s
س شɦ
ھ
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This is how the signs for ə, i and ʊ are written on these letters
ɦə ɕə sə
س ش ه ɦɪ ɕɪ sɪ
س ش ه ɦʊ ɕʊ sʊ
س ش ه
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Look at these sequences
made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen
ɕəɕɪɕʊ səsɪsʊ
س س س ش ش ش ɦəɦɪɦʊ
ه ه ھ
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These letters join in similar ways –
səsɪsʊ sʊ sɪ sə
س س س + س + س = س
ɕəɕɪɕʊ ɕʊ ɕɪ ɕə
ش ش س + ش + ش = ش
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causes the pronunciation of certain vowels before and after it ه
to change slightly.
Rule
If the vowel immediately before ه ɦ is ə
then
ə ɛ
which sounds like
ai in fair
In other words –
əɦ becomes ɛɦ
əɦə becomes ɛɦɛ
əɦɪ becomes ɛɦɪ
əɦʊ becomes ɛɦʊ
Note that this rule does not apply
if the vowel immediately after ه ɦ is a long vowel.
We will come across long vowels later in this book.
Some pronunciation examples will make this vowel-change rule
a little clearer.
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Can you read these Sindhi words? –
ر ب س ه س ه ل ڪ ڪ ج س س ش ر س س ه ڪ ھ ه ر ب س س
ب ب ر پ ه ر س ڪ ھ و ش ڪ ل ب ه ت ر ه ر ش چ پ چ س ش
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Here are their pronunciations and meanings –
sɪrə sɪbʊ kɛɦʊ ɦəlʊ
ر ب س ل ه ه ڪ س brick sew speak move, run
ɕəkʊ səsʊ sɪʥʊ rəsʊ
ڪ ج س س ش ر س س suspicion mother-in-law sun juice
ɦɪkʊ rɛɦʊ sɛɦʊ bəsᶦ
ب س ه س ه ر ڪ ھ a, one stay endure enough
səbəbʊ pɛɦɛrʊ ɕʊkʊrʊ ʋɪɦʊ
ب ب ر ر ه پ س ڪ ھ و ش reason wear gratitude poison
bɛɦᶦtərᶦ ɕəkᶦlᶦ ɕɛɦɛrʊ səʨʊ pəʨʊ
ت ر ه ب ل ش ڪ ه ر چ پ چ س ش better appearance, form city, town really, truly
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z
ز
This letter has a sound similar to
z in zebra
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f
ف
This letter has a sound similar to
f in fat
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These are the letters we’ve just seen
f z
ز ف
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This is how the signs for ə, i and ʊ are written on these letters
fə zə
ز ف fɪ zɪ
ز ف fʊ zʊ
ز ف
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Look at these sequences
made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen
fəfɪfʊ zəzɪzʊ
ف ز ف ف ز ز
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These letters look similar, and behave similarly –
rərɪrʊ rʊ rɪ rə
ر ر ر + ر + ر = ر
zəzɪzʊ zʊ zɪ zə
ز ز ز + ز + ز = ز
Neither of them joins the following letter, much like –
ʋəʋɪʋʊ ʋʊ ʋɪ ʋə
و و و + و + و = و
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Here are some Sindhi words
containing the letters we’ve just seen –
ش ف ر ڪ لف
بز رف ب س
ر ھ گ ب ز ر ز
Could you read them?
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Here are their pronunciations and meanings –
kʊlfʊ fərɕʊ
ش ف ر ڪ لف lock floor
səbzʊ bərfʊ
بز رف ب س green snow, ice
bʊzʊrɡʊ zɛɦɛrʊ
ر ھ گ ب ز ر ز elder, senior poison
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n
ن
This letter has a sound similar to
n in new
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m
م
This letter has a sound similar to
m in mother
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These are the letters we’ve just seen
m n
ن م
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This is how the signsfor ə, i and ʊ are written on these letters
mə nə
ن م mɪ nɪ
ن م mʊ nʊ
ن م
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Look at these sequences
made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen
məmɪmʊ nənɪnʊ
م ن ن ن م م
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Notice how these letters do not look similar when not joined,
but look similar when joined–
jəjɪjʊ jʊ jɪ jə
ي ي + ي + ي = ي ي
nənɪnʊ nʊ nɪ nə
ن + ن + ن = ن ن ن
Did you notice?
When joined, the only difference in
how they look is
the number of dots –
jənəjɪnɪjʊnʊrə
ي ن ن ر ي ن ي
In fact, when joined, ي j and ن n
look very similar to پ p and ب b –
pəbəpɪbɪpʊbʊrə
پ ب ب ر پ ب پ
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Some more Sindhi words –
م م ڪ ن پ ن چ ڪ
م م م ر ن پ ش ل گ ر م ڪ
زن ن ر سم و ر ن م چ ج
لڪ م پ نج ر مب ن م ن ه ج
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Here’s how they sound and what they mean –
ʨʊmʊ pənʊ kənʊ kəmʊ
م م ڪ ن پ ن چ ڪ kiss leaf ear work
pəɕəmə nərəmʊ ɡərəmʊ kəməlʊ
م م م ر ن پ ش ل گ ر م ڪ wool soft hot lotus
ʋəznʊ rəsmʊ ʨərənʊ ʥənəmʊ
زن ن ر سم و ر ن م چ ج weight custom foot birth
jɛɦɛnʊmʊ nəmbərʊ pənʥə mʊlkʊ
لڪ م پ نج ر مب ن م ن ه ج hell number five country
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x
خ
This letter has a sound similar to
ch in Scottish loch
![Page 64: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
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ɣ
غ
This letter has a sound similar to
r in French au revoir
![Page 65: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
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These are the letters we’ve just seen
ɣ x
خ غ
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This is how the signs for ə, i and ʊ are written on these letters
ɣə xə
خ غ ɣɪ xɪ
خ غ ɣʊ xʊ
خ غ
![Page 67: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
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Look at these sequences
made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen
ɣəɣɪɣʊ xəxɪxʊ
خ خ خ غ غ غ
![Page 68: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
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Notice the similarity in how these letters look?
ʥəʥɪʥʊ ʨəʨɪʨʊ xəxɪxʊ
ج ج چ ج چ خ چ خ خ
The only difference in how they look is
the number of dots
![Page 69: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
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Can you read these Sindhi words? –
ل س ل غ ب ر ب غ م خ غ
ل ڪ خ ش خ رچ م ز خ ز غ
![Page 70: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
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How many did you get right?
ɣʊsʊlʊ bəɣəlʊ xəbərə ɣəmʊ
ل س ل غ ب ر ب غ م خ غ bath armpit news grief
zəxmʊ xərʨʊ xʊɕkʊ ɣəzəlʊ
ل ڪ خ ش خ رچ م ز خ ز غ wound expenditure dry sonnet
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t
ت
This letter has a sound similar to
t in Spanish toro
To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue
touches the back of your front teeth
![Page 72: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
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d
د
This letter has a sound similar to
d in Spanish diez
To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue
touches the back of your front teeth
![Page 73: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
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These are the letters we’ve just seen
d t
ت د
![Page 74: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
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This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters
də tə
ت د dɪ tɪ
ت د dʊ tʊ
ت د
![Page 75: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
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Look at these sequences
made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen
dədɪdʊ tətɪtʊ
ت ت ت د د د
![Page 76: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
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Notice the similarity in how these letters look?
bəbɪbʊ pəpɪpʊ tətɪtʊ
ت ت ت پ پ پ ب ب ب
The only difference in how they look is
The number of dots
The letters below look similar when joined, but different when not joined!
nənɪnʊrə jəjɪjʊrə tətɪtʊrə
ن ر ي ر ن ن ت ر ي ي ت ت
nə jə tə
ت ي ن
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These letters behave similarly, in that they don’t join the next one –
dədɪdʊ dʊ dɪ də
د د د + د + د = د
rərɪrʊ rʊ rɪ rə
ر ر ر + ر + ر = ر
zəzɪzʊ zʊ zɪ zə
ز ز ز + ز + ز = ز
ʋəʋɪʋʊ ʋʊ ʋɪ ʋə
و و و + و + و = و
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Here are some Sindhi words with the new letters we’ve just seen –
ت ل چ ر د ر د ت
د ڪ د ب ت م د ت پ س
د م س خت ج ت م س ت ل خ پ
فت ر م خت ل ف ن د شم ن رد گ د
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And here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean –
ʨɪtʊ dɪlᶦ dərʊ tɪrʊ
ت ل چ ر د ر د ت mind heart door sesame seed
bədəkə mədədə sətə təpʊ
د ڪ د ب ت م د ت پ س duck help seven fever
məsʥɪdᶦ səxtʊ xətəmʊ pɪtəlʊ
د م س خت ج ت م س ت ل خ پ mosque hard finished brass
mʊxtəlɪfʊ dəftərʊ dʊɕmənʊ ɡərdənʊ
فت ر ف ل خت م ن د شم ن رد گ د different office enemy neck
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ʈ
ٽ
This letter has a sound similar to
t in ash tray
To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue
curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth
![Page 81: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
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ɖ
ڊ
This letter has a sound similar to
d in rushed
To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue
curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth
![Page 82: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
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These are the letters we’ve just seen
ɖ ʈ
ٽ ڊ
![Page 83: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
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This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters
ɖə ʈə
ٽ ڊ ɖɪ ʈɪ
ٽ ڊ ɖʊ ʈʊ
ٽ ڊ
![Page 84: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
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Look at these sequences
made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen
ɖəɖɪɖʊ ʈəʈɪʈʊ
ٽ ٽ ٽ ڊ ڊ ڊ
![Page 85: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
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Can you see how similar these groups of letters are,
in pronunciation and shape?
dədɪdʊ tətɪtʊ
د د ت ت ت د
ɖəɖɪɖʊ
ʈəʈɪʈʊ
ڊ ڊ ٽ ٽ ٽ ڊ
They are similar in terms of behaviour, too
t ت ʈ behaves exactly like ٽ
andڊ ɖ behaves exactly like د d
We’ve already seen the behaviour of ت and د on pages 76 and 77
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Can you read this sequence?
لٽ لت لي لن لب لپ
You should have read –
pəlbəlnəljəltəlʈəl
![Page 87: Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5568197dd8b42afe5c8b4ced/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
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Here are some Sindhi words with the new letters we’ve just seen –
ٽ ٽ ٽ پ ٽ ٽ پ س
ٽ ڊ پ س
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And here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean –
ɖəpʊ pʊʈʊ ʈʊʈʊ sʊʈʊ
ٽ ٽ ٽ پ ٽ ڊ پ س fear son break thread
mɪnəʈʊ məʈərʊ
ر ٽ م ٽ ن م minute green peas
That’s all for now.
See you in the next part!
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End of Part One
Typeset in Segoe UI (English & IPA) and Lateef (Sindhi)
For more information on the Sindhi script and its history –
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm
References:
Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing. Sindhi English Dictionary
http://www.crulp.org/sed/
Machida, Kazuhiko. Intensive Language Courses – Sindhi, ILCAA, Tokyo
http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~kmach/html/aa_sindhi/vocabulary/vocab.htm
Mewaram, Parmanand. A Sindhi-English Dictionary
http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mewaram/
Stack, George. A Dictionary – Sindhi and English
http://goo.gl/fcHGD
Wiktionary. हिनदी-हिनधी शबदकोश
http://hi.wiktionary.org/wiki/हिनदी-हिनधी_शबदकोश
v2012-12-13
©2011 – 2012 Arvind Iyengar. All Rights Reserved.