6 Jan 2004

Measuring the Impact of Arts in Education UNESCO Expert Symposium on Arts Education in Asia

Hong Kong, SAR China9-11 January 2004

Measuring the Impact of Arts in Education UNESCO Expert Symposium on Arts Education in Asia

Hong Kong, SAR China9-11 January 2004

Endo SuandaLembaga Pendidikan Seni Nusantara(Indonesian Institute for Art Education)

Indonesian ExperienceIndonesian Experience

Traditional Music in EducationTraditional Music in Education

6 Jan 2004

General

• Structural Policies– Centralized– Autonomy

• Public Opinion/Supports

• Teaching Materials

• Teacher

• Community (parents)

• Facilities

Particular

School Situation

6 Jan 2004

Art Teacher

• High School3 levels/years

• Junior-High School3 levels

• Elementary School6 – 8 levels

(45,000,000 Students)

Specialist(1 discipline of art)

General(class)

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Medan

PadangPadang Panjang

Jakarta

YogyakartaSolo

Bandung Surabaya

Denpasar

Makassar

Banyumas

Cirebon

Samarinda

Menado

Kupang

Semarang

School for art teacher (Specialist)School for art teacher (Specialist)

Artist &/or Researchers(College Level)Artist (High-school Level)Art Teacher(College Level)

Focus:Focus:

6 Jan 2004

Governmental ProjectsGovernmental ProjectsImplement its policies, which arts to support (workshops, revitalization, festivals, etc).

Defines its own criteria:Aesthetic(Political ideology)

Authenticity

Schools:Schools: Curriculum materials and teaching methodologies

q Public Schoolsq Public Schools

q Professional Schoolsq Professional Schools

q Professional Schoolsq Professional Schools

6 Jan 2004

Medan

PadangPadang Panjang

Jakarta

YogyakartaSolo

Bandung Surabaya

Denpasar

Makassar

Banyumas

Cirebon

Samarinda

Menado

Kupang

Semarang

q Professional Schoolsq Professional SchoolsArtist &/or Researchers(College Level)

Artist (High-school Level)

Art Teacher(College Level)

Traditional forms & techniqueso Defines “good” and “bad” arts

and tradition

o Short terms (in class system)

o Artistic CreativitiesModernized/modified Tradition

o Applied to different cultural areas

6 Jan 2004

q General/Public Schoolsq General/Public Schools

o Can’t be directed toward professionalism

o Limited facilities o time (2 hours/week in National Curriculum)o teachero Physical/material

o Based on Western-European “Tradition”

6 Jan 2004

Focus of study of Art in Genreral Schools

Technique/PracticeSkills, norms/values

Western (modern)

ContextualLocal Artistic Phenomena

Singular / Mainstream

Pluralistic / Marginal

6 Jan 2004

Art in (Local) CommunitySample video: Village Ceremony Doesn’t fit into category of art at school (music, dance, theater, visual art)

Annual farming ritual, from Singojuruh villagemost eastern part of Java, across from Bali island

called: Kebo-keboan (“Imitative Buffaloes”)Parades, masquerades of farmers, men and women: wear farming costumes, bring farming tools, and sing.

About a dozen “Buffaloes” in tranceBedug drums (Western style instrument) with terbang frame drums (Islamic instruments)

Dewi Sri: the Rice Goddess (generic name in many parts of Indonesia)Barong mythical dragon: similar to those in Bali (Hindu)

“Buffaloes” can be whipped…… just like real buffaloes

as well as “bathing”… running, etc. before the GoddessBuffaloes can also pull the plows

The Goddess Sri is worshipped, welcomed, celebrated….to give auspicious rice seeds for ritual planting

Unusual practice of rice planting: with the stalk instead of singled out seeds

Children have fun, to play with, or to “tease” the sacred Buffaloes

6 Jan 2004

Music

At school:Regulated

Can be tested

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Sarawak

Brunei

East Kalimantan

South Kalimantan

Central Kalimantan

West Kalimantan

6 Jan 2004

primarily 4 tones (of 5).

If we listen this music:

Does it sound like an “authentic” Indonesian traditional music ?Can we imagine the shape of the instrument?

plucked chordophone

Jungga,An acoustic guitar from Sumba, eastern Indonesia, shaped somewhat like electric guitar; with village style of letters and decorative painting.

6 Jan 2004

TransmissionTransmissionAuthenticity?

Schools:qProfessional SchoolsqPublic Schools

Schools:qProfessional SchoolsqPublic Schools

CommunitiesCommunities

Governmental ProjectsGovernmental Projects

Socio-cultural (“natural”) system

Implement its policies, which arts to support (workshops, revitalization, festivals, etc).

Curriculum materials and teaching methodologies

Mass-media

Market

Religion

International

Policies

“Criti

cal Mass”

6 Jan 2004

CourtClassicHigh Arts

RuralRitualCraft

UrbanPopularModern

Neighboring areas

Foreign

New Genres CollaborativeModernization

Mixed

MARKETTOURIST

INDUSTRY

RevitalizationLocal

“Authentic”

Festivals National

International

Mutually:

Defining-redefiningProtectingDeveloping

Oppressing Manipulating

Disturbing

6 Jan 2004

Culture

• Ambiguity, Fluidity, Open-and-Close (uncertain): dynamics, mobile, with its own “grammar” (not rambling).

• Un-natural when politicized.– Invented, appropriated

6 Jan 2004

SocioculturalReality

SocioculturalReality

Multi-dimensionsHolistic, Interrelated

FluidUnpredictability, Random

Experiential (“near”)

Multi-sectorsSegregated

Rigid, PlannedPredictable, Formal, Linear

Theoretical, CenceptualCurriculum:

New Concept, ContentMethodology/Strategy

Input-Output

Educational Institutions

Educational Institutions

6 Jan 2004

Articulate (multi)Cultural Characters

(Pluralistic) Socio-Cultural Understandings

(Pluralistic) Socio-Cultural Understandings

General Appreciation & approachesGeneral Appreciation & approaches

“Audience” development“Audience” development

Guidance to be specialists (artists)Guidance to be specialists (artists)

Knowing, enjoying, and respect to his/her own and other cultures

Knowing, enjoying, and respect to his/her own and other cultures

Develops tolerance/openness to “others”

Develops tolerance/openness to “others”

Contributes to nation building and today’s philosophical demands

Contributes to nation building and today’s philosophical demands

The Studiesof Arts

Multi-LocalsMulti-Locals

Arts as social phenomena:In culture, as cultureArts as social phenomena:In culture, as culture

6 Jan 2004

In reality: InseparableIn reality: Inseparable

IntegratedIntegrated

TekstualTekstual ContextualContextual

In most (local) communities: InseparableIn most (local) communities: Inseparable

IntegratedIntegrated

Commonality =&= DifferenceCommonality =&= Difference

Indonesia & The WorldLOCAL—GLOBAL

Indonesia & The WorldLOCAL—GLOBAL

TopicalTopical

TheaterTheater DanceDance MusicMusic VisualVisual

CognitiveCognitive AffectiveAffective PsychomotoricPsychomotoric

Analyses

PerformanceEnjoyment

Culture

Environment

Knowledge Economy

Religion

6 Jan 2004

Out-offClassroom Classroom

Textbook &Pictures

TopicTopic

Materials(Educational Packages)

Audiovisual(aids)

Teacher’sManuals

ReadingsHome-works

MethodologyTeaching Strategy

LectureSeeing

Performance

(Performance)Practice

6 Jan 2004

Stories (legend, epics)GamesDance (Social, Group, Stage)SongsMusic (instruments, ensembles)Dolls, Masks, PuppetryCeramicsTextile, Costumes, ornamentsBasketrySculptures, carvingsArchitecture, SpaceWriting System, CalligraphyTheatre, dramaMartial-ArtsModern, Pop(Arts and) MediaLiteratures, Oral Tradition

Teams of Writers

Audiovisual: Collectors, Editors

Piloting

Socialization, Advocacy,Public hearings

Evaluation

Teacher’s Training

Methodology

6 Jan 2004

Advocacy

Multi-sectors and -perspectives

Schools& Univ.

Artists(Family)

Media

CommunityPublic “Education”

ReligiousOutput

Arts

Output

OutputOutput

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Wayang kulit CirebonCirebon (Palace)Turky

Cirebon (village)Cinese, Padang, SumatraJapan

6 Jan 2004

File: dayak-topeng-abstrak-woman.jpg

Banyuwangi (Java) Dayak (Kalimantan)

Similar: not necessarily has cultural-historical link

6 Jan 2004

Indonesia

• 400 political autonomic regencies• Strong interests towards Locals:

– Identity– Values– Income (more than the above)

6 Jan 2004

“Glocal” Policy“Glocal” Policy

Regional AutonomyRegional Autonomy

“Pluralism”“Pluralism”

Cultural ApproachCultural Approach

PhenomenologicalPhenomenological

UnconventionalUnconventional

Not Linear/ProgressiveNot Linear/Progressive

Theoretical (No & Yes)Theoretical (No & Yes)

Materials/ResourcesMaterials/Resources

ChallengeChallengeSupportSupport

OpportunityOpportunity ThreatThreat

Practical (No & Yes)Practical (No & Yes)

InfrastructureInfrastructure

6 Jan 2004

CulturalCultural

Regional AutonomyRegional Autonomy

ContextualContextual

Local OrientationLocal Orientation

More open to chooseMore open to choose

Interest to “One” localInterest to “One” local

Confuse system & vastLittle Understanding And courage (HR)

Confuse system & vastLittle Understanding And courage (HR)

Unknown MethodologyUnknown Methodology

Opportunity / SupportOpportunity / Support Threat / ChallengeThreat / Challenge

Hitech / EconomyHitech / Economy

6 Jan 2004

MaumereFlores

Textbook &Pictures

Materials(Educational Packages)

Audiovisual(aids)

Teacher’sManuals

Teacher Training

Jakarta MedanSumatra

State

PilotingPiloting

PrivateJunior High SchoolHigh School

28Various “Levels”And Characters10,000 students

Program:Starts August 2003

6 Jan 2004

Student Performances

Video clips:

6 Jan 2004

Video clips:

Saman Dance:

Traditional dancing-singing from Aceh, Islamic culture, performed by the students of an all-girl Catholic-high-school, St. Ursula, Jakarta

6 Jan 2004

Thank You

Thank You