Indigenous Rights and Resource Management in Changuinola ...

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Re-consecrated Ground: Indigenous Rights and Resource Management in Changuinola District, Panama Jason Paiement Ph.D. Candidate Anthropology Department McGill University Montreal, Canada CASCA / SANA / UADY Merida 2005 The main objective of my PhD. research has been to assess one of the key assumptions guiding recent scholarly attempts to integrate an ever expanding literature on indigenous rights, resource management and sustainable development: namely that legal recognition of collective territorial rights and traditional institutions will assist indigenous peoples to manage their territories more sustainably. My case study focuses on the Naso people of Changuinola District in Bocas del Toro, Panama, but I also combine some of these insights with secondary sources to make broader claims about contemporary indigenous rights and sustainable development projects elsewhere in Panama and the Americas. The title of this presentation (i.e. Re-Consecrated Ground) refers to the ongoing legal and administrative process of recognizing the Naso’s historic and cultural attachments to their traditional territory in the form of a Comarca: (Semi- Autonomous Political and Administrative Jurisdiction). Just to set the tone a little I would like to read the banner that you see in the picture placed in front of the Palace of the Naso People to protest the recent controversial election of the Naso King. You might not be able to see the police agent entering the Palace with the M-16 rifle strung over his back: “With Valentín until the End… We will put an end to oppression, corruption, discrimination and racism. We will never give up the struggle against the invasion of our lands, and against the assimilation that sanctions cultural and ecological genocide. United we stand for the legalization of the Naso Tjer Di territory."

Transcript of Indigenous Rights and Resource Management in Changuinola ...

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Re-consecrated Ground: Indigenous Rights and Resource Management in Changuinola District, Panama

Jason PaiementPh.D. Candidate

Anthropology DepartmentMcGill UniversityMontreal, Canada

CASCA / SANA / UADYMerida 2005

The main objective of my PhD. research has been to assess one of the key assumptions guiding recent scholarly attempts to integrate an ever expanding literature on indigenous rights, resource management and sustainable development: namely that legal recognition of collective territorial rights and traditional institutions will assist indigenous peoples to manage their territories more sustainably. My case study focuses on the Naso people of Changuinola District in Bocas del Toro, Panama, but I also combine some of these insights with secondary sources to make broader claims about contemporary indigenous rights and sustainable development projects elsewhere in Panama and the Americas. The title of this presentation (i.e. Re-Consecrated Ground) refers to the ongoing legal and administrative process of recognizing the Naso’s historic and cultural attachments to their traditional territory in the form of a Comarca: (Semi-Autonomous Political and Administrative Jurisdiction). Just to set the tone a little I would like to read the banner that you see in the picture placed in front of the Palace of the Naso People to protest the recent controversial election of the Naso King. You might not be able to see the police agent entering the Palace with the M-16 rifle strung over his back: “With Valentínuntil the End… We will put an end to oppression, corruption, discrimination and racism. We will never give up the struggle against the invasion of our lands, and against the assimilation that sanctions cultural and ecological genocide. United we stand for the legalization of the Naso Tjer Di territory."

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Outline

1. Research Objective2. Research Findings3. Evidence & Methods4. Preliminary Conclusions

Fairly straight forward slide which sets out the STRUCTURE of this PRESENTATION. And because I only have about 15 minutes or so and also because many of you have probably already READ most of the THEORETICAL DEBATES concerning these topics, I will try not to BORE you with more GENERAL STATEMENTS drawn from the AMPLE LITERATURE available on these topics.

What I want to do instead is to briefly outline the METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHE that I have found to be most helpful for UNDERSTANDING how ABSTRACT notions of RIGHTS and IDENTITY are interacting SIMULTANEOUSLY and at MULTIPLE SCALES with EMPIRICAL, CONTEXTUAL features to produce distinctive SOCIAL CHANGES in the Naso region of Bocas del Toro, Pananma.

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Research ObjectiveTo test common assumptions about relationship between indigenous territorial rights and sustainable resource management.

Socioeconomicvariables

Environmentalvariables

Culturalvariables

Resource rights

ConservationDevelopmentInstitutions

CULTURE: a dynamic repertoire of categories and practices created to adapt to changing social and ecological conditions.

Cultural Land Use Practices

Culturally Appropriate Markets for Products & Services

1) Anthropologists have long recognized the central role of social systems and culture in enhancing ecological sustainability, but few have attempted to accurately assess the conditions (e.g. resource and group attributes, economic and institutional incentives, etc.) under which local communities can effectively implement conservation controls through traditional resource management systems.

2) Hence my goal has been to test common assumptions about relationship between indigenous territorial rights and sustainable resource management.

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Evidence and Methods

Legislative and policy changes affecting Naso territorial resources and property institutions.

Naso socio-cultural characteristics and conservation practices.

And to answer my questions about the relationships between indigenous rights and sustainable resource management I used various essentially qualitative methods to obtain evidence about the following:

1. Legislative and policy changes affecting Naso territorial resources and property institutions (i.e. changes in resource tenure, obligations and sanctions; conceptions of property and ownership).

2. Socio-economic characteristics and conservation practices (i.e. resource use for commercial or subsistence purposes; perceptions of resource scarcity; viability, integrity and accountability of institutional arrangements; tensions and conflicts within and between communities and institutions).

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Ubicación de la Comarca Naso

El pueblo Naso, históricamente, ha ocupado las tierras montañosas y selváticas de la provincia de Bocas del Toro y todavía se identifican con la tierra de sus ancestros. Los Nasos se consideran aun hoy como un pueblo, en gran medida, protectores y conservadores de los bosques y los recursos naturales de esta parte del istmo de Panamá.

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El Área del Estudio

Hoy en día el pueblo Naso cuenta con una población de alrededor de 3,800 habitantes, distribuida en 11 comunidades y en la zona bananera de Changuinola y Guabito. El territorio propuesta dentro de los limites de la Comarca Naso Tjer Di tiene una extensión de 160,600 hectáreas, de las cuales 125,000 hectáreas pertenecen al Parque Internacional La Amistad y 14,000 al Bosque Protector Palo Seco. La mayoría de las comunidades se encuentran localizadas a lo largo de los ríos Teribe y Bonyic y sus afluentes.

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Características Socio-Ambientales

1) La práctica Naso de uso de la tierra, en general, ha sido sostenible en términos ecológicos y culturales. El sistema que predomina es el agroforestal, combinado, a veces, con cría de animales menores. Los cultivos de arroz, maíz, fríjol, ñame, banano y plátano se realizan para el consumo familiar.

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Características Socio-Ambientales

2) Muchas de las familias Nasos viven de las actividades agropecuarias con lo que consiguen algún ingreso para otras necesidades. El ingreso anual percápita estimado, de acuerdo a las cifras de un censo realizado en el año 2000, oscila entre $32.00 dólares, en promedio, en Loma Bandera, y los $397.00 dólares promedio en Sodí, lo cual sitúa a casi toda la población Naso en condiciones de extrema pobreza.

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La Comarca Naso Tjer Di

1) El proyecto de la Comarca Naso sigue siendo de gran importancia para ese pueblo. La mayor parte de la gente con quien he podido hablar lo describan como más que un anhelo histórico, ya que lo vean también como un derecho colectivo a un reconocimiento nacional que puede garantizar la seguridad de sus tierras y así asegurar la continuidad de su lengua, cultura y modo de vivir.

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La Comarca Naso Tjer Di

2) Sign refers to the Naso Internal Regulations adopted in 1973. These 49 articles and amendments cover a range of topics including everything from alcohol to zoning rules, many of which are no longer applied; for example: the travel restrictions that required the Naso to obtain the permission of their local authorities before leaving their area, and prohibitions against women working for wages or marrying non-naso. English translation: Attention members of the public. We wish to inform those who are not native Naso (ex: tourists and visitors that from time to time come here to hunt or cut trees and have come for legitimate business! From now on respected visitors when you pass through you must identify yourselves as it does you no harm to cooperate with internal and national regulations. If not, we will not be sorry. Thank you. Signed the Naso people. Logo of the Naso Kings.

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La Comarca Naso Tjer Di

1) Desde el punto de vista de los no-Nasos, la aprobación de la Comarca Naso Tjër Di solicita opiniones contradictorias. Por ejemplo, algunos han sugerido que la asamblea legislativa quiere aprobar la ley 19 de la Comarca para otorgar un valor jurídico a las instituciones y autoridades tradiciones y así legitimizar su derecho de tomar decisiones en nombre de todo el pueblo Naso (ver aprobar el proyecto hidroeléctrico sobre el río Bonyic).

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La Comarca Naso Tjer Di

2) Otros crean sencillamente que todos los panameños deberían de tener los mismos derechos sin consideración de raza.

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El Bosque Protector Palo Seco

1) Los bosques del territorio Naso son una de las áreas remanentes muy ricas en biodiversidad y ecosistemas terrestres y así tienen un valor incalculable para el país y para los Naso quienes dependen en gran medida de ellos. En reconocimiento de las necesidades de conservar y proteger esa riqueza natural el Gobierno de Panamá creó en 1983 el Bosque Protector Palo Seco con una superficie de 125,000 Ha. Como señala la Ley 1 del 3 de febrero de 1994, por la cual se crea la Ley Forestal de la República de Panamá, los bosques de protección son: "Aquellos que sean considerados de interés nacional o regional para regular el régimen de las aguas; proteger cuencas hidrográficas, embalses, obras de infraestructura de interés público, albergar y proteger especies de vida silvestre; o contribuir con la seguridad nacional;"

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El Bosque Protector Palo Seco

2) Así que lejos de ser un obstáculo a la construcción de una represa sobre el río Bonyic, el estatus legal del área como Bosque Protector ha servido de fundamento legal para justificar el control y manejo del área por parte de las instituciones estatales. Es mas, la misma ley forestal parece ser responsable por el hecho de que la empresa privada que detiene las concesiones para el uso y aprovechamiento de las aguas del río Bonyic (en el caso Hidro Ecologico del TeribeHET S.A.) no requiere conseguir las concesiones forestales adicionales necesarias para proteger las cuencas hidrográficas que regulan el régimen de las aguas que solo puede garantizar, a largo plazo, la viabilidad de las inversiones millonarias previstas para el área.

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La Hidroeléctrica de Bonyic

1) Hoy, hay un grupo liderado por el ya destituido y supuestamente re-elegido Rey Tito Santana y sus seguidores dentro del Consejo Naso de Dirigentes, que promueve el proyecto hidroeléctrico. En ese grupo se encuentran también la mayoría de las familias que recibieron algún ingreso por trabajar en la primera fase del estudio del proyecto.

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La Hidroeléctrica de Bonyic

2) Pero la falta de transparencia en la toma de decisiones con respecto a las negociaciones con la empresa HET sobre compensación y beneficios ha contribuido a agravar la crisis interna de legitimidad de la autoridades tradicionales Naso, y a raíz de este problema se formó – con la apreciable mediación de las autoridades nacionales y de la policía – un consenso amplio sobre la necesidad de elecciones para ubicar el legítimo representante del poder institucional entre los Nasos. Todo lo cual debería de implicar un amplio proceso democrático y participativo del pueblo Naso en el orden de las decisiones. Cosa que hasta la fecha no se ha dado de manera adecuado para el grupo opuesto representado por Valentin Santana (tío de Tito). (I might add here that Tito Santana recently singled me out in the national press and local media as the financier of the rebels who have held de facto - if not de jure - power in Sieyllik the administrative center for the Naso region since January of 2005).

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La Oposición al Proyecto

1) La principal oposición al proyecto esta constituida por una facción bastante numerosa quienes reconocen a Valentin Santana como el legítimo Rey Naso (the man in the white shirt with thewooden staff seen here greeting supporters outside the Palace on election day). Ese grupo se queja más por la forma en que el proyecto ha sido administrado por sus autoridades (i.e. Tito Santana y compañía) que como resultado de un rechazo de antemano de cualquier desarrollo hidroeléctrico en su área. Sin embargo, a menudo que la crisis interna de legitimidad no se resuelve de manera justo y legal, la situación conflictiva esta sirviendo para radicalizar las posiciones de la oposición al proyecto. Let me back up at bit for a moment to say that in the three months following the September 2004 signing of elections agreements by both Kings, the Government of Panama showed no intensions of honoring its commitments. Frustrated by the lack of progress, the opposition group (i.e. King Valentin Santana) stepped up the pressure in Jan. 2005 by occupying the People’s Palace. Within days the Government again agreed to hold elections to determine who should be the legitimate traditional Naso authority.

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La Oposición al Proyecto

2) Only problem was that Government organized these elections in such a biased and autocratic manner designed explicitly to favor their preferred candidate (Tito Santana) that the opposition group refused to go along with the charade. Never the less, the Government signed an agreement with Tito Santana (the only candidate to appear on the ballot) and set about preparing a new electoral list of voters, which the opposition maintains was a fraud and allowed Tito Santana to pressure people into registering in order to be eligible to receive the King's favorsshould the hydro electric project planned for the region go forward.Al manifestar su inconformidad absoluta con el proceso de votación organizado por el gobierno, el grupo de Valentín Santana se declaró “a favor de un autentico proceso de toma de decisiones dentro de un legítimo marco de respeto y confianza mutua entre la nación panameña y nuestro pueblo.”

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La Crisis Interna

1) Las cifras oficiales del Tribunal Electoral reportan que solo 378 personas – de los más de 1600 electores potenciales (o sea 23%) – apoyaron al candidato gubernamental (i.e. Tito Santana). En 2 comunidades solo votaron 3 y 7 personas respectivamente, mientras que en otras ninguno se presento.

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La Crisis Interna

2) Fortalecidos por el poco apoyo que recibió el único candidato, el grupo de Valentín Santana reiteró su inconformidad absoluta con la propuesta de la Dirección Nacional de Política Indigenista de reinstalar el supuesto “rey reelecto” en el Palacio de Sieyllik el 17 de abril pasado.Still the Government persists in its single minded determination to recognize the one candidate most friendly to their wishes (i.e. Hydro development) against the will, traditions and the rights of the majority of the Naso people. Hmmm...

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Comarca + Represa = Cual Futuro?

1) Por fin, existe un tercer grupo de tamaño impreciso quienes ni apoyan ni rechazan el proyecto hidroeléctrico. Los miembros de este grupo dicen no contar con la información adecuada para decidir si o no al proyecto. Talvez hay aquí algunos que aunque si tienen bastante conocimiento de las oportunidades y amenazas que representan el proyecto, solo difícilmente llegan a evaluar su futuro y el de sus hijos con o sin la represa.

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Comarca + Represa = Cual Futuro?

2) Si nos acordamos de todos los cambios socio-tecnológicos, ambientales, culturales, políticos y incluso demográficos que ocasionó la construcción de un canal interoceánico en Panamá, podemos imaginar algunos de los efectos – si bien a escala mucho mas reducida – del proyecto hidroeléctrico sobre el río Bonyic.

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Preliminary Conclusions

1) Resource tenure is of primary importance to the economic, cultural & ecological viability of indigenous communities.

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Preliminary Conclusions

2) Indigenous strategies for subsistence, conservation and sustainable commerce (tourism, wildlife products, etc.) can also make important contributions to:

• Local & regional economic viability;• Protecting non-market values in land (biodiversity, water, cultural values,

etc.)

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Preliminary Conclusions

1) And yet the Naso case also seems to confirm an important point about institutional arrangements for Rural Poverty Reduction and Resource Conservation; namely that it matters less which rules a community adopts than how well they monitor and enforce the rules they do set.

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Preliminary Conclusions

2)Therefore Positive outcomes are most likely where indigenous peoples possess:• Both legal & real empowerment over these resources, • Adequate institutional arrangements for decision-making & enforcement,

& • Social capital to perform such tasks.

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Preliminary Conclusions

3) Thus comprehensive approaches are required to ensure effective indigenous territorial control and should also include mechanisms for:

1. Strengthening groups for holding rights to land & other resources;2. Negotiating with the diverse interests of other stakeholders, &3. Establishing a platform of relevant knowledge, technological options &

policy instruments for managing resources internally for achieving local aspirations.

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Thank you – Gracias – Merci