Indiana Today 1 - Indiana Today.pdf · Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) 11.Red fox (Vulpes...
Transcript of Indiana Today 1 - Indiana Today.pdf · Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) 11.Red fox (Vulpes...
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Seal of the State of Indiana
The Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Indiana Today
Objectives
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
1. Overview of Indiana’s physiography and climate
2. Introduction to modern biomes
3. Anthropogenic changes to modern Indiana
4. Historical view of life and the Earth
5. Introduction to Earth systems
6. Course overview
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Physiographic Regions of Indiana, 2002, Indiana Geological Survey. H. H. Gray (Data compiler), Kim Sowder (GIS compiler)
Modern Physiographic Regions
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Modern Climate
Indiana (1971-2000)
Mean annual temperature 10.9° C 51.6° F
Mean Jan cold -7.9° C 17.7° F
Mean July warm 29.5°C 85.1° F
Global
Mean annual temperature 14.0° C 57.2° F
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Charles Deam Wilderness Area(photo by Richard FIelds from Natural Heritage of Indiana)
Modern biomes:Deciduous forest
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Wetlands of northern Indiana(photo from Fish Creek Fen in La Porte County by Richard Fields
from Natural Heritage of Indiana)
Modern Biomes:
Flatwoods, or floodplain forests(photo from Versailles State Park in Ripley County by Lee
Casebere from Natural Heritage of Indiana)
Cypress swamp, characteristic of far southwestern Indiana (photo from Hovey Lake, Posey County by Russell Mumford from
Natural Heritage of Indiana)
Wetlands
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Tallgrass prairie with Indian grass(photo by Marion Jackson from Natural Heritage of Indiana)
Modern Biomes:Prairie
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
1. Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) 2. Raccoon (Procyon lotor)3. Long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata)4. Least weasel (Mustela nivalis)5. Mink (Mustela vison)6. Otter (Lontra canadenesis)7. Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)8. Badger (Taxidea taxus)9. Coyote (Canis latrans)10. Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)11. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)12. Bobcat (Lynx rufus)13. Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans)14. Gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)15. Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger)16. Franklin ground squirrel (Spermophilus franklinii)17. Thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus
tridecemilineatus)18. Red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)19. Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus)20. Woodchuck (Marmota monax)21. Beaver (Castor canadensis)22. Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)23. Swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus)24. Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridianus)25. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginiaus)
(total 58)
Modern Biota:Mammals(excluding bats, shrews , moles and small rodents)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Modern BiomesLand Cover map
Forest 4,343,879 19.5%Wetlands 995,553 4.7%Prairie 1,000 >0.1%Agricultural 15,100,000 70.7%Developed 911,443 4.3%
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Seal of the State of Indiana
What about the Buffalo?The present is the key to the past...
... but the past was different from the present.
Sir Archibald Geikie(1905, The Founders of Geology)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Lindsey et al., 1965. Soil relations and distribution map of vegetation of pre-settlement Indiana. Botanical Gazette, 126: 155-163.
Forest 20,000,000 87.1%
Wetlands 1,500,000 6.4%
Prairie 2,000,000 8.5%
Pre-1800 BiomesLand Cover map
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Early European Settlement in Indiana
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Sycamore in Wabash River bottoms (photo by Robert Ridgway , from Natural Heritage of Indiana)
Tuliptrees near Vincennes (photo by Robert Ridgway, 1888, from Natural Heritage of Indiana)
The Deciduous Forests of Indiana
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
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J. Heredity, 1915
The largest deciduous tree in the United States in 1915American Sycamore, Platanus occidentalisWorthington, Indiana (Greene County)
45.3 ft in circumferenceWabash Lowlands
Floodplain of West Fork of White River
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Historic mammal species in Indiana
Mountain lion(Puma concolor)
Red wolf(Canis rufus)
Black bear (Ursus americanus)Elk or Wapati(Cervus canadensis)
American bison (Bison bison) Porcupine(Erithizon dorsatum)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
1732 1806
1783
1838
1812
The Buffalo Trace
Forest bisonBialowieza Forest
Poland
from WIlson, G. R. 1919. Early Indiana Trails and Surveys
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
The Buffalo TraceOld bison trail in southern Indiana from Big Bone Lick, Kentucky to western prairies. Indiana’s first roadPhoto Taken on the northern edge of the Buffalo Trace Park in Palmyra, Harrison County, Indiana. (Wikipedia)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Clearing of Indiana (1800-1917)
Cleared land and girdled trees near Wheatland, Knox County. Photo 1885 by Robert Ridgway (from Natural Heritage of
Indiana).
1800 20,000,000 87.1%
1870 6,600,000 28.7%
1917 1,660,000 7.2%
2011 4,500,000 19.5%
Forested acres in Indiana
Modern Indiana agricultural landscape. (photo by Lee Casebere from Natural Heritage of Indiana).
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Lindsey et al., 1965. Soil relations and distribution map of vegetation of pre-settlement Indiana. Botanical Gazette, 126: 155-163.
ForestWetlandsPrairieClearedUrban
Changes in Land CoverPre-1800 2001
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Indiana’s extirpation timeline
87.1% 28.7% 7.2% 19.5% % Forest
5,641 988,416 2,700,000 6,080,485 Population
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Indiana’s extirpated vertebrates
Mountain lion(Puma concolor)
Red wolf(Canis rufus)
Black bear (Ursus americanus)
Elk or Wapati(Cervus canadensis)
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
American bison (Bison bison)
Porcupine(Erithizon dorsatum)
Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
Carolina parakeet(Conuropsis carolinensis)
Globally extinct: 1918
Passenger pigeon(Ectopistes migratorius) Globally extinct: 1900
Since 1800
6 actinopterygians 1 squamate 8 birds (two globally extinct)11 mammals26 total
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Expansion of mammals in Indianapost-1800
Coyote (Canis latrans)
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)
White tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Expansion of mammals in Indianapost-1800
1972
1995
Taulman and Robbins, 1996. Journal of Biogeography, 23: 635-648
Coyote (Canis latrans)
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)
White tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Extinction and Extirpation
Extinction— the loss of a species through the disappearance of all of its members.
Extirpation (=Local extinction)— the loss of a species in a particular geographic region, but where it continues to exist elsewhere.
Global extinction— the loss of a species everywhere.
Mass extinction— a phenomenon where a large percentage of the Earth’s species become extinct in a geologically short period of time, usually due to the effects of a common global-scale process.
Background extinction— the almost constant (geologically speaking) loss of species for specific, local reasons.
Pseudoextinction— definitional loss of a species when an evolving lineage is divided into more than one species. In pseudoextinction descendants live on, even though none of them are classified as belonging to their ancestral species. Sometimes called a “book-keeping extinction”.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Stanley, SM (2005) Earth System History
Earth systemsCycles of chemicals, nutrients, etc. that link life, rocks, atmosphere, and oceans on large scales. These systems change, sometimes over both long and short timescales. Changes in one part of the system are linked to changes in another.
Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
CO2 and O2 are important to several Earth system cycles
Evaporation, biomass, photosynthesis, and carbon and carbonate deposition are important to both biogeochemical cycles
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Remains of 1964 forest fire (photo from Indiana Wildfire)
Carbon and Indiana’s ForestsForests are short-term carbon sinks: 55 metric tons of carbon / hectare (ha) 24.5 tons / acre
ballpark figure based on US Forests by Birdsey, 1990
• Carbon obtained from atmosphere by photosynthesis
• Death, decay, and burning release the carbon into atmosphere as CO2
• In stable forest system, the amount removed equals amount released
• Deforestation results in net release, reforestation results in net sequestering
Area Forested(acres)
Change in Area(acres)
Carbon flux(millions of tons)
1800 20,000,0001870 6,600,000 -13,400,000 +328.31917 1,660,000 -5,000,000 +122.52011 4,500,000 2,900,000 -17.1
Net: +433.7
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
This CourseObjectives
1. To learn about Indiana’s paleontological and geological history2. To learn about the geological and evolutionary processes that have shaped
that history3. To learn about the history of major groups of organisms, the origins of life
on land, growth of the North American continent, changes in Earth’s atmosphere and oceans
4. To better understand large scale Earth systems
Organization
A. Overview of Indiana geology and paleontologyB. Historical geology of IndianaC. Concepts, natural resources, recent geological history
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Places to see Indiana’s natural habitats
Old Growth ForestDonaldson’s Woods and Schmelz Nature PreserveOne of the most impressive stands of original forests remaining in IndianaSpring Mill Park, near Mitchell, Lawrence Countyhttp://www.in.gov/dnr/naturepreserve/files/Mitchell-Donaldson.pdf
Prairie and Wetlands Hoosier Prairie Nature PreserveRemnant of prairie landscape mixed with wetlandsHoosier Prairie Preserver, near Griffith, Lake Countyhttp://www.in.gov/dnr/naturepreserve/files/NP_Hoosier_Prairie-color.pdf
WetlandsTwin Swamps Nature PreserveSwamp cottonwood-bald cypress swamp and flatwoodsNear Hovey Lake, Posey Countyhttp://www.in.gov/dnr/naturepreserve/files/np_Twin_Swamps_color022609.pdf
Further ReadingThe Natural Heritage of IndianaBy Marion Jackson (editor)1997, Indiana University Press