i

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contain no material previously published or written by another person

which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of my other degree or diploma of

the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has

been made in the text.

Signature

Name: Pramod Kumar

Roll No.; - 1309136706

ii

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Pramod kumar has carried out the research work presented in this

seminar report entitled Adaptive Listen for Energy-Efficient S-MAC protocol in Wireless

Sensor Networks for the award of Master of Technology from Uttar Pradesh Technical

University, Lucknow under my supervision. The thesis embodies result of original work and

studies carried out by Student himself and the contents of the thesis do not form the basis for

the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

Signature Signature

(Mr. Shashi Kumar R) (Mrs. Gayatri Sakaya) Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Department of Electronics and Communication

J.S.S.A.T.E.N. J.S.S.A.T.E.N.

Date:

iii

ABSTRACT

Wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies are considered one of the curious research

areas in wireless as well as the healthcare application industries for improving the quality of

life. The purpose of this report is to provide a clear picture of current developments and future

direction of research on wearable and implantable body area network systems for continuous

monitoring of patients. This report explains the important role of body sensor networks in

medicine to minimize the need for caregivers and help the chronically ill and elderly people live

an independent life, besides providing people with quality care. The report provides several

examples of state of the art technology together with the design considerations like

unobtrusiveness, scalability, energy efficiency, security and also provides a comprehensive

analysis of the various benefits and drawbacks of these systems. Although offering significant

benefits, the field of wearable and implantable body sensor networks still faces major challenges

and open research problems which are investigated and covered, along with some proposed

solutions. A system to remotely monitor a patients blood pressure (BP) is described. The data

is transferred to a central monitoring station using a wireless sensor network for display and

storage. Crossbow MICAz motes were programmed to serve as the network nodes. One mote

was interfaced to the BP monitor for data acquisition and the others were utilized to route the

BP data to the monitoring station. A user-friendly graphical user interface was designed for

monitoring current and past measurements for all patients being monitored. Test results

indicated high accuracy in BP measurements. Power consumption by the BP monitor interfaced

mote was minimized by forcing it into a low power sleep mode when not in use.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Here, I would like to take the opportunity to express my gratitude towards all the people

who have been involved in successful completion of this project. Without whom this project

would have never reached the epic where it is right now.

With sincere respect, I would like to thank my project advisor and first reader Mrs.

Gayatri Sakaya for his valuable time, efforts, guidance and moral support. His continuous

guidance and support led this project to a successful completion. By providing an opportunity

to work on this report, he helped to gain profound knowledge of wireless transmission

fundamentals and different types of sensors used in WIBSN.

I sincerely thank Mr. Shashi Kumar R for providing me important suggestions to perk

up this report. Her support during the final phase of my project was very influential.

Finally, I would like to thank my peers, my friends and my family for providing me

constant inspiration and support during the different phases of the project.

Pramod Kumar

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TABLE of CONTENTS

CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE No.

DECLARATION

CERTIFICATE

i

ii

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iii

iv

LIST OF TABLE

LIST OF FIGURE

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viii

1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY

1.1 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

1.2 MAC PROTOCOLS IN WSN

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1

1

2

4

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOLS

2.2 OPEN ISSUES IN S-MAC PROTOCOL

2.3 SENSOR MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL PROTOCOL

2.3.1 S-MAC Features

2.3.2 Periodic Listen and Sleep

2.3.3 Synchronization

2.3.4 Schedule

2.3.5 Schedule Selection

2.3.6 Schedule Table

2.3.7 Updating and Maintaining Schedules

2.3.8 Neighbor Discovery

2.3.9 Overhearing Avoidance

2.3.10 Carrier Sense

2.3.11 S-MAC Features Available in NS-2

2.3.12 S-MAC Parameters

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6

7

9

9

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12

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14

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19

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23

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3 PROBLEM I HAVE ENCOUNTERED

28

4

MY GOALS FOR 2015

4.1 WORK FLOW

REFERENCES

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28

29

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LIST OF TABLE

TABLE No. NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE No.

1 S-MAC SYNC Packet Format 13

2 S-MAC Schedule Table Format 14

3 Field Definition of Neighbor List 16

4 Algorithm for New SYNC Packet 17

5 Features of S-MAC 23

6 Parameters in S-MAC 23

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No. FIGURE NAME PAGE No.

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Periodic Listen and Sleep

Listen time in S-MAC

10

11

Figure 2.3 Expiration points in between states 11

Figure 2.4 Schedule Table 15

Figure 2.5 Hierarchy of periods in S-MAC 18

Figure 2.6 C and D overhear transmission between A and B 19

Figure 3.2 Time-slot division 27