Increasing Dependency: North Korea’s Economic Relations With China

8/3/2019 Increasing Dependency: North Korea’s Economic Relations With China

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/increasing-dependency-north-koreas-economic-relations-with-china 1/17 Uchrib 46

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/increasing-dependency-north-koreas-economic-relations-with-china 2/17



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RK LCIZTNJB jnzndn|b+ Jnzn( pntzglrhnthw ect 40>0( kcz gk zmb RK jnzndn|b ntb etci Fhcdnh Ztnjb Nzhn|+

Kczb? Egfrtb| ntb kcz njor|zbj ect gkehnzgck+

n Jnzn ect Gkjgn ect 4005 nkj 4006 mnub dbbk njor|zbj ect nppntbkz ig|lcjgkf+



6= ZMB ACTBN BLCKCIGL GK\ZGZRZB

nkj *76 ighhgck gk 4006+< Inoct jckct| gklhrjbj zmb

Rkgzbj \znzb|( Brtcpbnk Rkgck lcrkztgb|( Kctvnw(

\vgzbthnkj( nkj Lnknjn+ Gk 4007( zmb RK ptcugjbj

*>: ighhgck gk ngj( gklhrjgkf *6 ighhgck etci zmb

Vcthj Eccj Ptcftni+ Zmb Rkgzbj \znzb| nh|c |mgppbj

*>+7 ighhgck gk mrinkgzntgnk ngj zc Kctzm Actbn gk

40>0 nkj tbpctzbj b}pctz| ce *6<=(000 ce |rlm ngj gk

Intlm 40>0+

Lmgkn‗| blckcigl n||g|znklb zc Kctzm Actbn nllcrkz|

ect ndcrz mnhe ce nhh Lmgkb|b ectbgfk ngj+ Dbgogkf ptc)

ugjb| zmb ngj jgtblzhw zc Pwckfwnkf( zmbtbdw bkndhgkf gz

zc dwpn|| zmb RK+ Ect b}niphb( gk >775 Dbgogkf nftbbj

zc ptcugjb zmb JPTA vgzm etbb nkkrnh |mgpibkz| ce

>+< ighhgck zck| ce cgh nkj 4+2 ighhgck zck| ce lcnh ect

zmb bk|rgkf egub wbnt|+: Lmgkn g| ndhb zc r|b gz| n||g|)

znklb zc Kctzm Actbn zc prt|rb gz| cvk pchgzglnh fcnh|

gkjbpbkjbkzhw ce zmb lck|ztngkz| dw czmbt lcrkztgb|+ Gz

g| vgjbhw dbhgbubj zmnz |cib Lmgkb|b eccj ngj g| znabk

dw zmb JPTA ighgzntw+2

Vgzm tb|pblz zc lciicjgzgb| ltgzglnh zc zmb Kctzm Ac)

tbnk blckciw( tbhgnklb ck Lmgkn g| ~rgzb |ztgagkf+ Gk

40>0( crz ce *5: ighhgck gk gipctz| ce lbtbnh|( Lmgkn

ptcugjbj *50 ighhgck( ct 7: pbtlbkz+ Zmb tbingkjbt ce

zmb lbtbnh gipctz| lnib etci eccj ngj etci zmb Rkgzbj

\znzb| nkj Lnknjn nkj vmnz |bbi zc db prtlmn|b| etci

lcrkztgb| |rlm n| Ratngkb nkj Zmnghnkj+

Kczb zmnz bubk zmcrfm Lmgkn b}pctzbj *420 ighhgck gk

eccj|zree| zc zmb JPTA gk 40>0( Lmgkn nh|c gipctzbj

*67 ighhgck gk eccj etci zmb JPTA+ Zmb|b gipctz|

lck|g|zbj ptgintghw ce eg|m nkj |mbhheg|m -*27 ighhgck'(

etrgz| nkj krz| -*7 ighhgck'( nkj ig|lbhhnkbcr| ftngk|

-*2 ighhgck'+ Pwckfwnkf nppntbkzhw mn| gipctzbj

n~rnlrhzrtb zblmkchcfw etci Lmgkn zc gkltbn|b ptcjrl)

zgck ce lrhzgunzbj eg|m nkj |mbhheg|m ect b}pctz+

Gk igkbtnh erbh cgh|( Lmgkn g| zmb inoct |rpphgbt zc

Kctzm Actbn+ Ltrjb cgh ehcv| zmtcrfm n pgpbhgkb etci

Hgnckgkf Ptcugklb gk kctzmbn|zbtk Lmgkn zc zmb JPTA+

Gk 40>0( zmb PTL b}pctzbj *:67 ighhgck gk igkbtnh

erbh( cgh|( nkj bhblztglgzw zc Kctzm Actbn+

N| gk czmbt ntbn| ce pchglw( Lmgkn g| vghhgkf zc r|b

nkwzmgkf gk gz| lckztch zc fngk blckcigl ct pchgzglnh

njunkznfb+ Dbgogkf mn| r|bj gz| b}pctz| ce cgh zc zmb

JPTA zc npphw ptb||rtb zc Pwckfwnkf gk inzzbt| ce

pchglw+ Gk 400< nkj gk 4005( Lmgkn vn| tbpctzbj zc

mnub zbipctntghw lrz cee zmb |rpphw ce pbztchbri zc zmb

JPTA gk tb|pck|b zc Kctzm Actbn‗| krlhbnt nkj ig|)

|ghb zb|z|+ Gk Jblbidbt 40>0( Lmgkn tbpctzbjhw nfngk

r|bj n lrzcee ce gz| cgh zmtcrfm zmb pgpbhgkb zc jg||rnjb

Pwckfwnkf etci tbznhgnzgkf nfngk|z \crzm Actbn ect

lckjrlzgkf hgub)egtb b}btlg|b| nezbt zmb Kctzm‗| ntzgh)

hbtw |mbhhgkf ce Wbckpwbckf G|hnkj+5 Mcvbubt( bubk

ge Lmgkn jgj zbipctntghw mnhz b}pctz| ce pbztchbri nz

zmnz zgib( zmb uchrib vn| injb rp hnzbt( |gklb tbpctzbj

ztnjb jnzn gkjglnzb kc jblhgkb gk b}pctz| ce ltrjb cgh ect

zmb bkzgtb ickzm ce Jblbidbt 40>0+ Lmgkn‗| b}pctz|

ce ltrjb cgh zc Kctzm Actbn gkltbn|bj dw <= pbtlbkz(

zc *<0+= ighhgck( gk Jblbidbt cubt zmnz gk Kcubidbt

40>0 nkj gkltbn|bj ertzmbt gk Onkrntw 40>>+

Zc tbjrlb gz| tbhgnklb ck Lmgkn( zmb JPTA mn| dbbk

|bbagkf czmbt gipctz |crtlb| ect bkbtfw+ Dblnr|b ce

RK blckcigl nkj egknklgnh |nklzgck|( Kctzm Actbn

zbkj| kcz zc gipctz jgtblzhw etci lcrkztgb| drz gk|zbnj

ptclrtb| ltrjb nkj tbegkbj pbztchbri zmtcrfm n kbz)

vcta ce cgh ztnjbt| nkj dnka| gk zmb Igjjhb Bn|z nkj

bh|bvmbtb+ \rlm |mgpibkz|( mcvbubt( |zghh ntb tbpctzbj

n| ctgfgknzgkf gk zmb b}pctzgkf lcrkztw+ Zmg| drwgkf

ce cgh ck gkzbtknzgcknh intabz| lcib| nz n zgib zmnz

Gkjgn g| b}pbtgbklgkf n |rtphr| gk gz| jcib|zgl |rpphw

ce tbegkbj pbztchbri nkj mn| phnlbj n lnp ck ptglb|

ect fn|chgkb zmnz inab| b}pctzgkf ictb ptcegzndhb zmnk

|bhhgkf jcib|zglnhhw+ Gk 40>0( Gkjgn b}pctzbj *<<0

ighhgck gk igkbtnh erbh cgh| -tbegkbj' zc Kctzm Actbn(

rp etci *454 ighhgck gk 4007+ Bfwpz nh|c mn| dbbk

jbbpbkgkf gz| blckcigl zgb| zc zmb JPTA+ Gk 40>0(

:+ Kglmchn| Bdbt|znjz( ‘\znzg|zglnh Dhnlacrz| gk Kctzm Actbn? Ztnjb Egfrtb| Rklcubtbj(’ Dbwckj Ztnk|gzgck( Intlm“Nptgh >77=(4>“4<+

2+ Dtnjhbw C+ Dnd|ck( ‘Zcvntj| n Pbnlberh Tb|chrzgck vgzm Kctzm Actbn? Ltnezgkf n Kbv Gkzbtknzgcknh Bkfnfbibkz Etnibvcta’-pnpbt ptb|bkzbj nz lckebtbklb lc|pck|ctbj dw zmb Nibtglnk Bkzbtptg|b Gk|zgzrzb( Actbn Blckcigl Gk|zgzrzb( nkj Actbn Gk|zgzrzbect Gkzbtknzgcknh Blckcigl Pchglw( Vn|mgkfzck( J+L+( >4“>< Ebdtrntw 400:'+

5+ \rkkw Hbb( ‘Lmgkn Lrz Cee Cgh zc \zcp K+ Actbn etci Tbznhgnzgkf nfngk|z \crzm(’ Actbn Zgib|( >7 Onkrntw 40>>+

<+ Zmb|b frtb| jc kcz gklhrjb ngj etci \crzm Actbn nkj Lmgkn+ Jnzn etci zmb Ctfnkgnzgck ect Blckcigl Lccpbtnzgck nkj

Jbubhcpibkz( Jbubhcpibkz Lccpbtnzgck Jgtblzctnzb( Jbubhcpibkz N||g|znklb Lciigzzbb‗| |znzg|zgl| jnzndn|b+




Bfwpz tbpctzbj |nhb| ce *452 ighhgck gk igkbtnh erbh

b}pctz| zc Kctzm Actbn+ Zcfbzmbt( Bfwpz nkj Gkjgn

|rpphw ndcrz zmb |nib nicrkz ce igkbtnh erbh zc zmb

JPTA n| jcb| Lmgkn+6

Zmb bkbtfw ztnjb dbzvbbk zmb PTL nkj zmb JPTA(

zmbtbectb( g| kcz n| ckb)|gjbj n| gz g| r|rnhhw lmnt)

nlzbtgbj+ Bubk zmcrfm zmb JPTA gipctzbj *:67 gk

igkbtnh erbh| etci zmb Lmgkn gk 40>0( zmb JPTA nh|c

b}pctzbj *<76 ighhgck gk igkbtnh erbh| zc Lmgkn‚

nhic|z nhh lcnh+

Lmgkb|b Gkub|zibkz gk zmb JPTA

Lmgkb|b gkub|zibkz gk zmb JPTA mn| dbbk dn|bj ck

lcidgkgkf Lmgkn‗| lnpgznh nkj |aghh| vgzm rkjbtr|bj

tb|crtlb| gk Kctzm Actbn zc fbkbtnzb hbfgzginzb blc)

kcigl nlzgugzw zmnz dbkbegz| dczm |gjb|+ Zmg| gkub|zibkz

mn| dbbk gkltbn|gkf jb|pgzb zmb gipc|gzgck ce blckcigl

|nklzgck| dw zmb RK+ Zmb Lmgkb|b |ztnzbfw vgzm tb|pblz

zc Kctzm Actbn tb|bidhb| zmnz znabk dbectb Mckf Ackf

tbubtzbj zc Lmgkb|b |cubtbgfkzw+ Nezbt nftbbgkf zc

zmb tbubt|gck gk >7=:( Lmgkn tblcfkgbj zmnz gz mnj n

ptcdhbi+ Zmb |znkjntj ce hgugkf vn| |c irlm mgfmbt

gk Mckf Ackf zmnz ptb||rtb zc giigftnzb( hbfnhhw ct

ghhbfnhhw( vn| lck|gjbtndhb+ Nz zmb dctjbt ltc||gkf gkzc

Mckf Ackf( Lmgkb|b frntj| mnj zc hgb jcvk db|gjb zmb

tcnj vgzm igttct| zc |bb vmbzmbt pbcphb vbtb ztwgkf

zc bkzbt Mckf Ackf dw |zcvgkf nvnw rkjbt ztrla|+

Zmb |chrzgck vn| zc tng|b zmb |znkjntj ce hgugkf gk zmb

dctjbtgkf Frnkfjckf ptcugklb dw b|zndhg|mgkf |pblgnh

blckcigl ckb|( nhhcvgkf ectbgfk gkub|zibkz( nkj

przzgkf gk phnlb untgcr| czmbt blckcigl tbecti|+ Dw

zmb zgib ce zmb ectinh tbubt|gck ce Mckf Ackf zc zmb

PTL gk >776( zmb kbntdw Lmgkb|b lgzgb| ce Frnkfmcr

nkj \mbkmbk |pctzbj mgfm)tg|b drghjgkf|( ztneegl oni|(

lbhh pmckb|( nkj inkw ce zmb nllcrztbibkz| ce icjbtk

hgeb zmnz b}g|zbj gk Mckf Ackf+

Hgabvg|b( n inoct zmtr|z ce zmb Lmgkb|b blckcigl

|ztnzbfw vgzm tb|pblz zc zmb JPTA g| zc ltbnzb nk

gkzbftnzbj gkjr|ztgnh tbfgck eclr|bj ck zmb Oghgk nkj

Hgnckgkf Ptcugklb| nkj zmb dctjbtgkf gkjr|ztgnh

ptcugklb| gk Kctzm Actbn+ Zmb phnk gklhrjb| drghjgkf

tcnj|( pntzglrhnthw ckb lckkblzgkf zmb Tnogk pctz gk

Kctzm Actbn zc lcnh igkb| nkj gkjr|ztgb| gk hnkjhclabj

Oghgk ptcugklb( giptcugkf zmb|b pctz enlghgzgb|( ltbnzgkf

n etbb ztnjb ckb ck zvc g|hnkj| gk zmb dctjbt tgubt

dbzvbbk Jnkjckf gk Lmgkn nkj \gkrgor gk zmb JPTA(

gkub|zgkf gk Kctzm Actbnk gkjr|ztgb|( nkj bubkzrnhhw

drghjgkf nk gkjr|ztgnh lciphb} |gighnt zc zmb Anb|ckf

gkjr|ztgnh lciphb}( vmglm g| cpbtnzbj dw \crzm Actbnk

lcipnkgb|+ Zmg| |ztnzbfw vn| fgubk gipbzr| gk 40>0 n|

zmb JPTA tblcfkgbj zmnz gz vn| ent dbmgkj gk gz| fcnh

ce dblcigkf n ‘|ztckf nkj ptc|pbtcr| knzgck dw 40>4’

nkj Lmgkn vn| ptbpntgkf gz| >4zm Egub Wbnt Phnk( n phnk

zmnz bipmn|gb| jbubhcpibkz nvnw etci zmb bn|z lcn|z

nkj ictb gk zmb gkzbtgct tbfgck| ce zmb lcrkztw+

Jrtgkf zmb pn|z jblnjb( Lmgkn mn| dbbk rtfgkf

Pwckfwnkf zc echhcv gz| cvk jbubhcpibkz pnzzbtk ce

tbecti( cpbkgkf( nkj tnpgj blckcigl ftcvzm( drz zmb

bubt |r|pglgcr| JPTA tbfgib mb|gznzbj zc znab |zbp|

zc tbecti zmb blckciw zmnz lcrhj hbnj zc n hcc|bkgkf

ce zmbgt ftgp ck |clgbzw+ JPTA hbnjbt|mgp bubk zcca

n jbzcrt gkzc Ugbzkni( zmgkagkf zmnz zmb Ugbzknib|b

b}pbtgbklb vgzm tbecti vn| ictb njnpzndhb zc Kctzm

Actbn‗| blckcigl lckjgzgck|+ Nezbt |bubtnh ug|gz|

zc Ugbzkni nkj ztnk|hnzgkf Ugbzknib|b fcubtkibkz

inkrnh|( hbnjbt| gk Pwckfwnkf nppntbkzhw lcklhrjbj

zmnz( nhzmcrfm Ugbzkni jgj ceebt |cib hb||ck|( tbhwgkf

ck zmb irzrnh gkzbtb|z( ptc}gigzw( egknklgnh tb|crtlb|(

nkj lnpndghgzw ce Lmgkn vn| zmbgt db|z dbz ect nlmgbugkf

zmbgt fcnh| dczm gk zmb |mctz zbti nkj gkzc zmb erzrtb+

Zmb jbubhcpibkz |ztnzbfw zmnz mn| bibtfbj nppbnt|

zc dbkbegz dczm |gjb|+ Gz g| dn|bj( egt|z( ck r|gkf zmb

tb|crtlb| nkj fbcftnpmw ce zmb JPTA zc fbkbtnzb

ictb blckcigl nlzgugzw nkj zc ptcugjb irlm)kbbjbj

gklcib ck dczm |gjb| ce zmb dctjbt+ \blckj( zmb JPTA

g| b}pblzbj kcz ckhw zc tbhw ck Lmgkn ect egknklgnh

lnpgznh nkj b}pbtzg|b drz zc nlzrnhhw nhhcv Lmgkb|b

dr|gkb||pbcphb zc inknfb lbtzngk bkzbtptg|b| nkj

nlzgugzgb|+ Zmr|( zmb JPTA vghh kbbj zc prz gk phnlb

zmb lciibtlgnh nkj ztnk|pctznzgck gketn|ztrlzrtb nkj

fcubtkibkz npptcunh ptclb|| zmnz g| kblb||ntw zc nz)

ztnlz ectbgfk gkub|zibkz kcz ckhw etci Lmgkn drz etci

czmbt lcrkztgb| ce zmb vcthj+

Zmb egt|z inoct |zbp gk zmg| |ztnzbfw g| lbkzbtbj ck vmnz

mn| dbbk zbtibj zmb Tn|ck \pblgnh Jg|ztglz+ Zmb jg|ztglz

vn| knibj nezbt zmb zvc zcvk| ce Tnogk nkj \ckdckf

gk Kctzm Actbn+ Gk >77> zmg| ntbn vn| jb|gfknzbj zc db

zmb JPTA‗| egt|z etbb ztnjb ckb( drz( rkhgab zmb Anb)

6+ Jnzn etci Rkgzbj Knzgck| Lciicjgzw Ztnjb \znzg|zgl| -RKlciztnjb'1 nkj Bfwpzgnk nkj Gkjgnk ztnjb |znzg|zgl|+



=0 ZMB ACTBN BLCKCIGL GK\ZGZRZB

|ckf gkjr|ztgnh lciphb}( gz kbubt lnib zc etrgzgck+ Zmb

kbv Tn|ck ptcoblz( hnrklmbj ceeglgnhhw gk Inw 40>>(

g| dbgkf jbubhcpbj nllctjgkf zc n Lmgkb|b phnk( vgzm

Lmgkb|b lcipnkgb| inknfgkf zmb gkub|zibkz| nkj

cpbtnzgck|+ Zmb jbubhcpibkz phnk lnhh| ect drghjgkf

ct rpftnjgkf tcnj| nkj pctz enlghgzgb|1 b|zndhg|mgkf

gkzbtknzgcknh etbgfmz dtcabtnfb( b}pctz ptclb||gkf(

nkj egknklgnh gk|zgzrzgck|1 nkj gkub|zgkf gk fbkbtnzgkf

bhblztglgzw( lcnh igkgkf( cgh tbegkbtgb|( inkrenlzrtgkf(

nkj zcrtg|i+ Gkgzgnhhw( bhblztglgzw g| dbgkf gipctzbj

etci Lmgkn+ Zmb Tn|ck gkjr|ztgnh lciphb} g| dbgkf

cpbtnzbj n| Lmgkb|b( nkj Lmgkb|b lcipnkgb| ntb zc

db ndhb zc mgtb Kctzm Actbnk vctabt| vmc vghh bntk

ectbgfk lrttbklw ect dczm zmbi|bhub| nkj zmb JPTA

fcubtkibkz+

Ck 40 Jblbidbt 40>0 zmb \nkfjg Frnk~rk Gkub|z)

ibkz Lcipnkw etci Lmgkn tbpctzbjhw |gfkbj n

ibictnkjri ce rkjbt|znkjgkf vgzm Pwckfwnkf‗|

Gkub|zibkz nkj Jbubhcpibkz Ftcrp gk vmglm zmb

Lmgkb|b lcipnkw nftbbj zc gkub|z *4 dghhgck gk zmb

Tn|ck \pblgnh Jg|ztglz+ Gkgzgnhhw( gz g| zc gkub|z *<00

ighhgck gk lck|ztrlzgkf n lcnh)egtbj pcvbt phnkz nz n

JPTA lcnh igkb nkj drghj n tnghvnw( tcnj|( nkj mnt)

dct| nkj pgbt| kbnt gz+ Zmb lcipnkw nh|c phnk| zc drghj

nk cgh tbegkbtw zc tbegkb ltrjb cgh gipctzbj etci zmb

Igjjhb Bn|z nkj Tr||gn nkj |bhh zmb crzprz zc Lmgkn

nkj czmbt lcrkztgb|+= Nknhw|z| |nw Kctzm Actbn mcpb|

zc zcrz zmb |rllb||erh jbubhcpibkz ce Tn|ck n| nk

nlmgbubibkz ce Agi Ockf)rk( zmb nppntbkz |rllb||ct

zc Agi Ockf)gh+7

Nkczmbt ntbn ce ocgkz jbubhcpibkz mn| dbbk zmb \gkrgor

|pblgnh blckcigl ckb+ Gz vn| dbfrk gk 4004 drz mn|

kbubt hgubj rp zc gz| pczbkzgnh+ Gz g| hclnzbj gk Kctzm

Actbn jgtblzhw nltc|| etci Jnkjckf ck zmb Lmgkb|b

|gjb( nkj zmb dtgjfb ltc||gkf zmb tgubt zmbtb g| n inoct

ntzbtw dbzvbbk Lmgkn nkj zmb JPTA+ Lmgkn mn| ptci)

g|bj zc drghj nk njjgzgcknh dtgjfb ltc||gkf zmb tgubt

zmnz vghh nh|c mnkjhb tngh ztneegl+ Zmb lrttbkz eclr| g|

ck n etbb ztnjb ckb zc db b|zndhg|mbj ck zmb Vgmvn

nkj Mrnkfogkdgkf G|hnkj| gk zmb Wnhr Tgubt |bpntnzgkf

zmb lgzgb| ce \gkrgor nkj Jnkjckf+ Lmgkn tbpctzbjhw

mn| kbfczgnzbj n >00)wbnt hbn|b ck zmb zvc g|hnkj|

nkj gkzbkj| zc gkub|z *=00 ighhgck zmbtb ect gkjr|ztgnh

jbubhcpibkz+ Vgzm hgzzhb tg|a ce pchgzglnh ‘lckznigkn)

zgck’ ce Kctzm Actbnk| etci ug|gzct| zc zmb g|hnkj|(

Lmgkb|b lgzgbk| ntb zc db nhhcvbj ug|n)etbb nllb|| zc

zmb g|hnkj|+ Zmb ngi g| zc drghj nk gkjr|ztgnh pnta ck

zmb g|hnkj| |gighnt zc zmb Anb|ckf gkjr|ztgnh lciphb}

gk Kctzm Actbn kbnt zmb dctjbt vgzm \crzm Actbn+

Lmgkn g| zmb hntfb|z ectbgfk jgtblz gkub|zct gk Kctzm

Actbn ge zmb \crzm Actbnk gkub|zibkz gk zmb Anb|ckf

gkjr|ztgnh lciphb} g| kcz lcrkzbj+ Gk 4006( zmb zcznh

ectbgfk jgtblz gkub|zibkz -EJG' gkzc zmb JPTA tb)

pctzbj zc zmb RK nicrkzbj zc *56 ighhgck( nk nicrkz

zmnz b}lhrjb| gkub|zibkz etci \crzm Actbn+ Ce zmg|(

Lmgkn |rpphgbj *>=+: ighhgck+ Gk 400=( ce n zcznh ce *::

ighhgck( Lmgkn |rpphgbj *:>+4 ighhgck+ Fgubk zmb |gb

ce zmb phnkkbj gkub|zibkz| gk zmb Tn|ck nkj \gkrgor

ptcoblz|( Lmgkn‗| jgtblz gkub|zibkz gk zmb JPTA g|

pcg|bj zc gkltbn|b jtninzglnhhw+

Ndcrz 400 Lmgkb|b lcipnkgb| cpbtnzb gk zmb JPTA(

ce vmglm =5 ntb hg|zbj ck Lmgkn‗| Igkg|ztw ce Lci)

ibtlb vbd|gzb+ Ce zmb|b lcipnkgb| gk Kctzm Actbn(

<2 ntb gk igkgkf( >> gk nftglrhzrtb nkj zgidbt( >6 gk

gkjr|ztgnh pntz| nkj inzbtgnh|( 6 gk nppntbh( : gk czmbt

lck|ribt fccj|( > gk gtck nkj |zbbh( nkj > gk nrzcic)

zgub ubmglhb| nkj pntz|+ Zmb czmbt 7 lcipnkgb| ntb gk

ztnk|pctznzgck ct ztnjgkf+>0

Lmgkn nkj Blckcigl \nklzgck|

Zmb PTL lck|zgzrzb| n hntfb fnp gk zmb lgtlhb ce

lcrkztgb| zmnz mnub npptcubj RK \blrtgzw Lcrklgh

Tb|chrzgck| >6>= nkj >=6: nkj ntb b}pblzbj zc

giphbibkz zmbi+ Lmgkn znab| n igkginhg|z npptcnlm

zc giphbibkzgkf |nklzgck| ck Kctzm Actbn+ Kctzm

Actbn lckzgkrb| zc r|b ngt nkj hnkj tcrzb| zmtcrfm

Lmgkn vgzm hgzzhb tg|a ce gk|pblzgck( nkj hr}rtw fccj|

etci Lmgkn nkj etci czmbt lcrkztgb| zmtcrfm Lmgkn

lckzgkrb zc ehcv nhic|z rkndnzbj zc Pwckfwnkf+ Gk

=+ Ac \cc)|ra( ‘Lmgkn Dnla Kctzm‗| Tn|ck Ptcoblz(’ Occkf Nkf Jnghw( 6 Onkrntw 40>>+

7+ Pnta Igk)mbb( ‘K+ Actbn‗| Tn|ck \pblgnh Jg|ztglz Lcrhj Cpbk Lcrkztw zc Lmgkn(’ Mnkawctbm -Bkfhg|m bjgzgck'( : Inw 40>>+

>0+ ‘Jgtblzctw ce PTL Bkzbtptg|b| gk Kctzm Actbn(’ Lmgkn“C\L Tbpctz gk Lmgkb|b( Bkfhg|m( >7 Nptgh >>( nunghndhb gk Cpbk\crtlb Lbkzbt( jclribkz kc+ EBN40>>0:400>5772( 40 Nptgh 40>>+



ACTBN)LMGKN BLCKCIGL TBHNZGCK\ =>

njjgzgck( Kctzm Actbn r|b| etckz lcipnkgb| gk Lmgkn

zc ptclrtb gzbi| rkjbt |nklzgck+>>

Zmb Lmgkb|b fcubtkibkz jgj lnklbh n ocgkz ubkzrtb

vgzm Kctzm Actbn zc ptcjrlb unknjgri -r|bj zc

zcrfmbk |zbbh nhhcw| r|bj gk ig||ghb ln|gkf|' nkj mn|

gkzbtlbpzbj n |mgpibkz ce 60 aghcftni| ce unknjgri

mgjjbk gk n ztrlahcnj ce etrgz ltc||gkf zmb dctjbt gkzc

Kctzm Actbn+>4 Lmgkn tbpctzbjhw nh|c mn| lnhhbj n

mnhz zc zmb vcta dw n Lmgkb|b gkub|zibkz lcipnkw

zc drghj enlghgzgb| ect n lcppbt igkb gk Mwb|nk vgzm

n Kctzm Actbnk ztnjgkf lctpctnzgck rkjbt blckcigl

|nklzgck|+><

Gk b}pctz| ce hr}rtw fccj|( mcvbubt( Lmgkn lhbnthw mn|

kcz jckb irlm zc |zbi zmb ehcv ce |rlm fccj| gkzc zmb

JPTA+ Lmgkn lhngi| zmnz zmb dnk g| kcz bkectlbndhb

dblnr|b zmb RK tb|chrzgck jgj kcz |pblgew vmnz fccj|

ntb lck|gjbtbj zc db hr}rtw gzbi|+ Zmb jbegkgzgck ce n

hr}rtw fccj jcb| untw dw lcrkztw( drz lbtzngk gzbi|

vcrhj |bbi cdugcr| ect gklhr|gck+ Ect b}niphb( gk

Orhw 40>0( Tnjgc Etbb N|gn tbpctzbj zmnz Agi Ockf)

gh mnj ptcugjbj >50 hr}rtw lnt| -injb gk Lmgkn' zc

jgtblzct| ce ptcugklgnh lciigzzbb| ce zmb Actbnk

Vctabt|‗ Pntzw nkj zc irkglgpnh lciigzzbb |bltbzntgb|

-mgfmbt)hbubh ceeglgnh| nhtbnjw mnj ubmglhb|'+>: \rlm

lnt| vcrhj db gklhrjbj ck n hg|z ce hr}rtw fccj| dw

nhic|z nkw lcrkztw+

Ge zmb R+\+ nkj RA jbegkgzgck| ce hr}rtw fccj| ntb

r|bj( gk 4007 lcrkztgb| zmnz tbpctz ztnjb zc zmb RK

b}pctzbj *4>4+4 ighhgck gk hr}rtw fccj| zc Kctzm

Actbn+ Lmgkn hbj zmb vnw( vgzm b}pctz| ce hr}rtw

fccj| ce *><5+> ighhgck -ic|zhw zcdnllc( lciprzbt|(

nkj lnt|'+ Dtngh b}pctzbj *<5 ighhgck -ic|zhw zcdnllc

nkj ptblgcr| |zckb|'( \gkfnpctb *47 ighhgck -ic|zhw

>4+ ‘Lmgkn Ecgh| \irffhgkf ce Ig||ghb)R|b Inzbtgnh zc Kctzm Actbn(’ Lmc|rk Ghdc( 42 Orhw 4007+

><+ ‘K+ Actbn Igkgkf Ptcoblz Drlahb| rkjbt RK \nklzgck|(’ Lmc|rk Ghdc( <0 Orhw 4007+

>:+ Agi Znb Mckf( ‘Agi Ockf)gh \mcvbt| Hcwnh| vgzm Lnt|(’ Jnghw KA ( <0 Orhw 40>0+

>>+ Jnugj Nhdtgfmz nkj Pnrh Dtnkknk( ‘Znagkf \zcla? Kctzm Actbn‗| Rtnkgri Bktglmibkz Ptcftni(’ Gk|zgzrzb ect \lgbklb nkjGkzbtknzgcknh \blrtgzw( = Clzcdbt 40>0+

*0

*>0(000(000

*40(000(000

*<0(000(000

*:0(000(000

*20(000(000

*50(000(000Czmbt

Iczct ubmglhb|

Lck|ribt bhblztckgl|

Eccj nkj dbubtnfb|

06#40>006#400706#400=06#400606#400506#4002

Egfrtb >? Lmgkb|b B}pctz| ce Hr}rtw Fccj| zc zmb JPTA( Orhw 4002“Intlm 40>>

\crtlb? Lckftb||gcknh Tb|bntlm \btuglb1 rkjbthwgkf jnzn nllb||bj zmtcrfm Fhcdnh Ztnjb Nzhn| vgzm zmb r|b ce ickzmhw Lmgkb|b ztnjb jnzn+

RK Tb|chrzgck >=6:Orkb 4007

RK Tb|chrzgck >6>=Clzcdbt 4005

*20+: ighhgck gk Jblbidbt 400=(gklhrjb| -gk ighhgck|'?

Hbnzmbt fccj| *>6+5Ntzglhb| ce ert 5+<Ltr|znlbnk|( |mbhheg|m 2+6B}btlg|b nkj pcch b~rgpibkz :+5Iczct ubmglhb| :+2Zcdnllc <+0Ecrkzngk pbk| 4+0

Ptblgcr| |zckb| >+=Zbhbug|gck|( ptcoblzct| >+2



=4 ZMB ACTBN BLCKCIGL GK\ZGZRZB

zcdnllc'( nkj Tr||gn *: ighhgck -ic|zhw lnt|( |cib

dbbe nkj lciprzbt|( drz kc nhlcmchgl dbubtnfb|'+

Vb|zbtk ug|gzct| zc Pwckfwnkf gk \bpzbidbt 40>0

tbpctzbj zmnz zmbtb |bbibj zc db kc |lntlgzw ce hr}rtw

fccj| gk intabz| zmbtb+ Ic|z ce zmb hr}rtw fccj|

|bbibj zc db etci Lmgkn( drz zmc|b etci Onpnk nh|c

vbtb phbkzgerh( Lhbnthw( Lmgkn mn| kcz dbbk bkectlgkf

zmb RK |nklzgck| ck hr}rtw fccj|+

N| |mcvk gk zmb echhcvgkf Egfrtb >( Lmgkb|b b}pctz|

ce hr}rtw fccj| zc zmb JPTA ehrlzrnzb dw ickzm drz

fbkbtnhhw ntb gkltbn|gkf+ Zmbtb g| n |pgab gk prtlmn|b|

gk Jblbidbt bnlm wbnt( ptb|rindhw zc |rpphw zmb

intabz ect Kbv Wbnt fgez|+

Egfrtb > |mcv| zmnz Lmgkb|b b}pctz| ce hr}rtw eccj

gzbi| mnub jgigkg|mbj lck|gjbtndhw etci *5+= igh)

hgck gk Jblbidbt 400= zc *>+> ighhgck gk Intlm

40>>+ Zmb|b gklhrjb ptbpntbj dbbe( lnugnt( ptbpntbj

|mbhheg|m( nkj nhlcmchgl dbubtnfb|+ Hgabvg|b( Lmgkb|b

b}pctz| ce lck|ribt bhblztckgl| -pbt|cknh lciprzbt|

nkj zbhbug|gck |bz|( ect b}niphb' mnub dbbk |gfkgeglnkz(

pntzglrhnthw gk 4002( 4005( nkj gk 4007( drz gk bnthw

40>> zmbw jtcppbj zc btc+ Lmgkb|b b}pctz| ce iczct

ubmglhb| ntb mgfmhw untgndhb drz ntb tg|gkf jb|pgzb zmb

|nklzgck|+ Gk 40>0( Lmgkn b}pctzbj <(>=< nrzcicdghb|

vctzm *<>+: ighhgck nkj :(0>> ztrla| vctzm *==+< igh)

hgck zc zmb JPTA+ Zmb ‘Czmbt’ lnzbfctw gk Egfrtb >

gklhrjb| zcdnllc( hbnzmbt nppntbh( mgfm)bkj zndhbvntb(

nkj lnibtn|+ Lmgkb|b b}pctz| ce zcdnllc ptcjrlz| nz

dbzvbbk *> ighhgck nkj *4+2 ighhgck pbt ickzm ntb

pntzglrhnthw gk jbinkj ntcrkj zmb Kbv Wbnt+

Giphglnzgck| ect \crzm Actbn

Zmb tnpgjhw jbubhcpgkf \gkc“Kctzm Actbnk blckcigl

tbhnzgck|mgp pc|b| |bubtnh pchglw jghbiin| ect \crzm

Actbn+ Nhzmcrfm Lmgkn mn| nhvnw| dbbk nhhgbj vgzm

zmb JPTA( gz mn| kcz dbbk rkzgh hnzbhw zmnz Pwckfwnkf

mn| dbbk vghhgkf zc icub zcvntj cpbkgkf gz| blckciw

ictb zc Lmgkb|b nkj czmbt ectbgfk gkub|zibkz nkj

zc fgub |cib mbbj zc zmb tbecti| bubk nz zmb tg|a ce

pmghc|cpmglnh ‘pchhrzgck’ zmnz lnk cllrt+

Ecrt lckehrbkz ectlb| ntb hgabhw lckztgdrzgkf zc vmnz

nppbnt| zc db n kbv |znklb gk Kctzm Actbnk pchglw+

Bnlm ce zmb|b ectlb| |bbi| zc enuct Lmgkn cubt \crzm

Actbn+ Zmb egt|z g| zmb kbbj ect Kctzm Actbn zc ebbj gz|

pbcphb nkj zc dblcib n ‘|ztckf nkj ptc|pbtcr| knzgck

dw 40>4+’ Bubk vgzm crz|gjb gkub|zibkz( zmg| g| rk)

hgabhw zc cllrt( drz Lmgkb|b gkub|zibkz nkj blckcigl

lccpbtnzgck vghh mbhp+ Ckb ce zmb hb||ck| Pwckfwnkf

mn| hbntkbj etci zmb Anb|ckf gkjr|ztgnh lciphb} g|

zmnz gz g| n ‘ickbw inlmgkb’ zmnz ir|z tbingk gk cpbtn)

zgck tbfntjhb|| ce pchgzglnh nkj |blrtgzw jg|przb| vgzm

\crzm Actbn+ Kcv Lmgkn g| ck znp zc ltbnzb n |blckj

ickbw inlmgkb gk zmb Kctzm+

\blckj( zmb jg|n|ztcr| lrttbklw tbecti ce Kcubidbt

nkj Jblbidbt 4007( nzzbipz| zc tchh dnla zmb cpbtn)

zgck ce intabz|( nkj czmbt tblgjgug|z pchglgb| inknfbj

zc nkfbt kcz ckhw zmb bubt)|reebtgkf kckbhgzb| gk Kctzm

Actbn drz zmb bhgzb| zcc+ Zmbw |nv zmb lrttbklw tbecti

n| n ibnk| zc lckeg|lnzb vbnhzm+ Gz g| kc vckjbt zmnz

zmb ntlmgzblz ce zmg| pchglw vn| b}blrzbj nkj mg| tbhn)

zgub| nttb|zbj+ Zmb|b dczlmbj nzzbipz| nz tbecti( phr|

zmb ug|gz| dw Agi Ockf)gh zc Lmgkn gk 40>0 nkj 40>>(

|bbibj zc cpbk zmb vnw ect Lmgkn zc fngk vgjbt nllb||

zc zmb Kctzm Actbnk blckciw nkj zc ptclbbj vgzm

vmnz \crzm Actbn mn| dbbk mnipbtbj gk nllciphg|m)

gkf dblnr|b ce pchgzglnh nkj |blrtgzw lck|gjbtnzgck|+

Zmb JPTA kcv mn| kc lmcglb drz zc tbhw ck Lmgkn

zc mbhp drghj gz| gkjr|ztgb| nkj n||g|z gz blckciglnhhw+

Pwckfwnkf kcv ir|z tbnhgb zmnz gz| nzzbipz| nz zrtk)

gkf dnla zmb lhcla ck intabz| ntb erzghb nkj zmnz gz|

db|z dbz ect dblcigkf n |ztckf nkj ptc|pbtcr| knzgck

g| zc njcpz ictb ce zmb |nib tbecti| zmnz ztnk|ectibj

zmb Lmgkb|b blckciw+

Zmgtj( Lmgkn |bbi| zc db hclagkf rp |rpphgb| ce knzr)

tnh tb|crtlb| gk zmb JPTA+ Nhzmcrfm gz g| kcz lhbnt

vmnz ptglb Lmgkb|b lcipnkgb| ntb pnwgkf ect nllb||

zc zmb|b tb|crtlb|( zmb PTL g| tnpgjhw dblcigkf zmb

ickcp|ckg|z drwbt+ Dw zmb zgib \crzm Actbn g| gk n

pc|gzgck zc znp zmb|b tb|crtlb|( gz inw egkj zmb lmcglb

|rpphgb| ntb nhtbnjw znabk+

Ecrtzm( \crzm Actbn mn| nhvnw| n||ribj zmnz erzrtb

tbrkgeglnzgck vghh dtgkf n ibtfgkf ce zmb zvc blckc)

igb| nkj n tbctgbkznzgck zcvntj bnlm czmbt+ Mcvbubt(

zmb hntfb bzmkgl Actbnk pcprhnzgck gk zmb Lmgkb|b

ptcugklb| nhckf zmb dctjbt vgzm zmb JPTA gk lci)

dgknzgck vgzm nzzbipz| nz ictb blckcigl gkzbftnzgck

lcrhj ibnk zmnz ftnjrnhhw zmb kctzmbtk pntz| ce zmb

JPTA vghh dblcib |c ctgbkzbj zcvntj Lmgkn zmnz(

gk nk blckcigl |bk|b( zmbw lcrhj dblcib nhic|z hgab



ACTBN)LMGKN BLCKCIGL TBHNZGCK\ =<

nk nrzckcicr| Lmgkb|b tbfgck+ Bubk ge zmnz jcb| kcz

cllrt( gz vghh hb||bk zmb ptb||rtb zc tbrkgzb vgzm \crzm

Actbn+

Jgla A+ Knkzc g| n |pblgnhg|z gk gkjr|ztw nkj ztnjb -|b)

kgct hbubh' nkj ectibt mbnj ce dczm zmb Gkzbtknzgcknh Ztnjb nkj Egknklb \blzgck nkj zmb N|gn \blzgck nz zmbLckftb||gcknh Tb|bntlm \btuglb ce zmb Hgdtntw ce Lck)

ftb||+ Mb vcta| ptgintghw ck R+\+ gkzbtknzgcknh ztnjbnkj knklb nkj ck R+\+ blckcigl tbhnzgck| vgzm N|gn+

Mb tblbgubj mg| I+N+ nkj Pm+J+ jbftbb| gk blckcigl| etci Mntuntj Rkgubt|gzw nkj nk I+\+ jbftbb etci zmb Knzgcknh Vnt Lchhbfb gk knzgcknh |blrtgzw |zrjgb|+ Mbmn| prdhg|mbj kribtcr| ocrtknh ntzglhb|( tbpctz|( nkj lmnpzbt| gk dcca|+



Actbn Blckcigl Gk|zgzrzb

>=00 A \ztbbz( K+V\rgzb >0>0

Vn|mgkfzck J+L+( 40005

Njjgzgcknh Lciibkzntw nkj Nknhw|g|

Actbn? Blckcigl Ptc|pblz| nkj Lmnhhbkfb| nezbt zmbFhcdnh Tblb||gck

Nlmgbubibkz| gk \bcrh nkj Actbn‗| Tchb gk zmb F)40

Netgln nkj \crzm Actbn‗| Hbnjbt|mgp ce zmb F)40

Actbn‗| Ftbbk Ftcvzm \ztnzbfw? N Vn|mgkfzck Pbt|pblzgub

Nk Clbnk gk Ztcrdhb( Nk Clbnk ce Cppctzrkgzw

\w|zbi Ntlmgzblzrtb ect Beeblzgub Ftbbk Egknklb gk Actbn

Blckcigl Giphglnzgck| ect \crzm Actbn ce zmb LrttbkzZtnk|ectinzgck gk zmb Igjjhb Bn|z

Actbn)Netgln? Bibtfgkf Cppctzrkgzgb|

R+\+)Actbn Blckcigl Tbhnzgck|? N Ugbv etci \bcrh

N Kbv Pmn|b gk Lmgkn“Kctzm Actbn Tbhnzgck|

Gkltbn|gkf Jbpbkjbklw? Kctzm Actbn‗| Blckcigl Tbhnzgck|vgzm Lmgkn

Zmb Blckcigl| ce Tbrkgeglnzgck

Mrink Tb|crtlb| nkj Actbnk Tbrkgeglnzgck

Actbn)Lmgkn Blckcigl Pntzkbt|mgp? Zmb Zmgtj Lmgkn Tr|m

\bhblzbj Lciibkzntw

Actbn nkj zmb Vcthj BlckciwL+ Etbj Dbtf|zbk( Pbzbt|ck Gk|zgzrzb ect Gkzbtknzgcknh Blckcigl|

Actbn‗| Lmnhhbkfb| nkj Cppctzrkgzgb| gk 40>>Lmnb Vcca( Actbn Gk|zgzrzb ect Gkzbtknzgcknh Blckcigl Pchglw

N Tbehblzgck ck zmb \bcrh \riigzPnrh Uchlabt( Ectibt Lmngtink ce zmb Ebjbtnh Tb|btub

Zmb F)40? Nlmgbubibkz| nkj Lmnhhbkfb|\nAckf Gh( Actbn Gkzbtknzgcknh Ztnjb N||clgnzgck

Actbnk Ftbbk Ftcvzm gk n Fhcdnh Lckzb}zMnk \brkf)|cc( Fhcdnh Ftbbk Ftcvzm Gk|zgzrzb

Actbn‗| Ftbbk Bkbtfw Pchglgb| nkj Ptc|pblz|Vmnkf Occmc( Actbn Gk|zgzrzb ce Bkbtfw Tb|bntlm

Increasing Dependency: North Korea’s Economic Relations With China

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