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Train-the-Trainer (2016) will be held between 15-17 June in Bangalore.

Indian National CongressFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaNot to be confused with Indian National Congress (Organisation).

Indian National Congress भरतय   रषट    रय   क ग रस 

President Sonia Gandhi

Parliamentary

Chairperson

Sonia Gandhi

Lok Sabha leader Mallikarjun Kharge

Rajya Sabha leader Ghulam Nabi Azad

(Leader of the Opposition in Raja

Sabha!

Founded "# $e%ember &##'(&) ears ago!

Headquarters "*+ Akbar Road+ Ne, $elhi &&)))&

Newspaper Congress Sandesh

Student wing  National Students -nion of .ndia

outh wing .ndian /outh 0ongress

!omen"s wing Mahila 0ongress

Labour wing .ndian National 1rade -nion 0ongress

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#embership %2 ") million3&4

Ideology 5opulism

So%ial demo%ra%

$emo%rati% so%ialism

So%ial liberalism

Gandhian so%ialism

Se%ularism

Politi$al position 0entre6left3"4

International a%%iliation 5rogressi7e Allian%e34

So%ialist .nternational 3*4

Colours   $eep sk blue 3'43843943#4

&CI Status  National 5art3:4

'llian$e -nited 5rogressi7e Allian%e (-5A!

Seats in Lok Sabha *' ; '*'

3&)4 (%urrentl ()*members < + Speaker!

Seats in Rajya Sabha 8* ; "*'

3&&4 (%urrentl ,*-members!

Seats in .idhan Sabhas #"# ; *+&")

Seats in .idhan Parishads 8* ; *'*

&le$tion symbol

!ebsite

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,,,2in%2in

• 5oliti%s of .ndia

• 5oliti%al parties

• =le%tions

5art of a series on the

Indian National Congress

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• 5resident

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>istor• =le%tion histor

Committees

• All .ndia

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The Indian National Congre ( pronunciation (help·info)) (INC, often called the Congre), isone of two major  political parties in India; the other bein the !haratiya "anata #arty$%&'

onress is one of the larest and oldest political parties in the world$ The party was founded in&**+ durin the !ritish aj; its founders include -llan .cta/ian 0ume (a prominent member ofthe Theosophical 1ociety), 2adabhai 3aoroji and 2inshaw Wacha$ In the late nineteenth andearly to mid4twentieth centuries, onress became a pi/otal participant in the IndianIndependence 5o/ement, with o/er &+ million members and o/er 67 million participants in itsopposition to !ritish colonial rule in India$%&8

 -fter independence in &9:6, onress became Indias dominant political party; as of '7&+, in the&+ eneral elections since independence, it has won an outriht majority on si< occasions andhas led the rulin coalition a further four times, headin the central o/ernment for :9 years$

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There ha/e been se/en onress #rime 5inisters, the first bein "awaharlal 3ehru (&9:6=>:),and the most recent 5anmohan 1inh ('77:=&:)$ The partys social liberal platform is enerallyconsidered to be on the centre4left of Indian politics$%&:

From '77: to '7&:, the onress4led ?nited #roressi/e -lliance, a coalition of se/eral reionalparties, formed the Indian o/ernment and was headed by #rime 5inister 5anmohan 1inh$ In

3o/ember '7&:, the party was in power in ten states and had a majority in si< =  -runachal#radesh, 0imachal #radesh, @arnataka, 5anipur , 5ehalaya and 5iAoram$In -ssam, @erala and?ttarakhand it shared power with its alliance partners$ The onress haspre/iously directly ruled -ndhra #radesh, Tamil 3adu,Bujarat, 5adhya#radesh, ajasthan, #unjab and Boa$ In the '7&: eneral election, the onress had its poorestpost4independence eneral election performance, winnin only :: seats of the +:84memberhouse$

The onress social policy is based upon the Bandhian principle of  1ar/odaya = the liftin up of all sections of society = which in/ol/es the impro/ement of the li/es of economicallyunderpri/ileed and socially marinalised people$ The party primarily endorsessocial liberalism =seekin to balance indi/idual liberty and social justice, and secularism = assertin the riht to befree from reliious rule and teachins$

Content

  %hide

• &0istory

o &$&#re4independence

&$&$&Foundation

&$&$'Carly years

&$&$8onress as a mass mo/ement

o &$'#ost4independence

&$'$&3ehruD1hastri era (&9:6=>>)

&$'$'Indira era (&9>>=*:)

&$'$8aji/ Bandhi and ao era (&9*+=9*)

&$'$:5odern era

• 'Clection symbol

• 8In eneral elections

• :urrent structure and composition

o :$&1tate and territorial units

• +Ideoloy and policies

o +$&Cconomic policy

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o +$'0ealthcare and education

o +$81ecurity and home affairs

o +$:Forein policy

• >#resence in /arious states

o >$&Eist of current ?#- hief 5inisters

• 6Eist of #rime 5inisters

• *Eist of #rime 5inisters (former onress members)

• 91ee also

•

&7eferences

• &&Further readin

• &'C<ternal links

History Main article: History of the Indian National Congress

The history of the Indian 3ational onress (I3) falls into two distinct eras

• The pre4independence era, when the party was the umbrellaoranisation leadin the campain for independence;

• The post4independence era, when the party has had aprominent place in Indian politics$

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 -$ .$ 0ume, one of the founders of the Indian 3ational onress

!re-inde"enden#eSee also: Indian independence o!eent 

First session of Indian 3ational onress, !ombay, '*=8& 2ecember &**+

5ahatma Bandhi spinnin yarn, in the late &9'7s

$oundation

The onress was founded in &**+ by Indian and !ritish members of the Theosophical1ocietymo/ement, includin 1cotsman -llan .cta/ian 0ume$%&+ It has been suested %by who" thatthe idea was concei/ed in a pri/ate meetin of &6 men after a Theosophical on/ention heldin 5adras in 2ecember &**:$ 0ume took the initiati/e, and in 5arch &**+ the first noticecon/enin the first Indian 3ational ?nion to meet in #oona the followin 2ecember was issued$%&>

Its objecti/e was to obtain a reater share in o/ernment for educated Indians and to create aplatform for ci/ic and political dialoue between educated Indians and the !ritish aj$ Theonress met each 2ecember$ The first meetin was scheduled to be held in #oona, but due toa choleraoutbreak there it was shifted to !ombay$ 0ume oranised the first meetin in !ombaywith the appro/al of the Giceroy Eord 2ufferin$ Womesh handra !onnerjee was the firstpresident of the onress; the first session was held from '*=8& 2ecember &**+, and was

attended by 6' deleates$ epresentin each pro/ince of India, the #artys deleates comprised+: 0indus and ' 5uslims; the rest were of #arsi and "ain backrounds$%&6

%arl& &ear

Within the ne<t few years, the demands of the onress became more radical in the face ofconstant opposition from the !ritish o/ernment, and the party decided to ad/ocate in fa/our ofthe independence mo/ement because it would allow a new political system in which theonress could be a major party$ !y &97+, a di/ision between the moderates led by Bokhale =who downplayed public aitation = and the new He<tremistsH = who ad/ocated aitation andrearded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism = opened$ !al BanadharTilak = who tried to mobilise 0indu Indians by appealin to an e<plicitly 0indu political identitydisplayed in the annual public Banapati festi/als he inauurated in western India = was

prominent amon the e<tremists$%&*

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The onress included a number of prominent political fiures; 2adabhai 3aoroji, a member ofthe sister  Indian 3ational -ssociation was elected president of the party in &**> and was the firstIndian 5ember of #arliament in the !ritish 0ouse of ommons (&*9'=9+)$ It also included !alBanadhar Tilak, !ipin handra #al, Eala Eajpat ai, Bopal @rishna Bokhale and 5ohammed -li"innah = later leader of the5uslim Eeaue and instrumental in the creation of #akistan$ Theonress was transformed into a mass mo/ement by 1urendranath !anerjea and 1ir 0enry

otton durin the partition of !enal in &97+ and the resultant 1wadeshi mo/ement$%&6

Gopal Krishna Gokhale+ a

%onstitutional so%ial reformer and

moderate nationalist+ ,as ele%ted

 president of the .ndian National

0ongress in &:)'2

0ongress @etremist@ Bal

Gangadhar 1ilak  speaking in &:)9

as the 5art split into theModerates and the =tremists2

Seated at the table is Aurobindo

Ghoshand to his right (in the %hair!

is G2 S2 Khaparde+ both allies of

1ilak2

Congre a a 'a 'oe'ent

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3etaji 1ubhash handra !ose, when he was president of the onress #arty

5ahatma Bandhi returned from 1outh -frica in &9&+$ With the help of the moderate roup led byBhokhale, Bandhi became president of the onress, and formed an alliance with the @hilafat5o/ement$ In protest, a number of leaders = hittaranjan 2as, -nnie !esant, and 5otilal3ehru = resined to set up the 1waraj #arty$ The @hilafat mo/ement collapsed and the onresswas split$ -fter the First World War , the party became associated with 5ahatma Bandhi, whoremained its unofficial spiritual leader and icon$ %&9 The rise of Bandhis popularity andhis 1atyaraha art of re/olution led to support from1ardar Gallabhbhai #atel, #andit "awaharlal3ehru, 2r$ ajendra #rasad, @han 5ohammad -bbas @han, @han -bdul Bhaffar@han, hakra/arti ajopalachari, 2r$ -nuraha 3arayan 1inha, "ayaprakash 3arayan, "i/atram@ripalani, and 5aulana -bul @alam -Aad$ The pre/ailin nationalism, Bandhis popularity, andpolices aimed at eradicatin caste differences, untouchability, po/erty, and reliious and ethnicdi/isions, the onress became a forceful and dominant roup$ -lthouh its members werepredominantly 0indu, it had members from other reliions, economic classes, and ethnic andlinuistic roups$%citation needed 

 -t the onress &9'9 Eahore session under the presidency of  "awaharlal 3ehru, #urna

1waraj (complete independence) was declared as the partys oal, declarin '> "anuary &987 asH#urna 1waraj 2iwasH, Independence 2ay$ The same year, 1rini/as Iyener was e<pelled fromthe party for demandin full independence, not just home rule as demanded by Bandhi$ %'7

The !ritish o/ernment allowed pro/incial elections in India in the winter of &98>=86 underthe Bo/ernment of India -ct &98+$ Clections were held in ele/en pro/inces = 5adras, entral#ro/inces, !ihar, .rissa, ?nited #ro/inces, !ombay #residency, -ssam, 3WF#, !enal, #unjaband 1indh$ -fter contestin these elections, the Indian 3ational onress ained power in eihtof the pro/inces = the three e<ceptions were !enal, #unjab, and 1indh$ The -ll4India 5uslimEeaue failed to form the o/ernment in any pro/ince$ %'& The onress ministries resined in.ctober and 3o/ember &989 in protest aainst Giceroy Eord Einlithows declaration that Indiawas a bellierent in the 1econd World War without consultin the Indian people$ %''

In &989, 1ubhas handra !ose, the elected president in both &98* and &989, resined from theonress o/er the selection of the workin committee$ The party was not the sole representati/eof the Indian polity = other parties includin 0indu 5ahasabha and Forward !loc$%'8 The partywas an umbrella oranisation, shelterin radical socialists, traditionalists, and 0indu and 5uslimconser/ati/es$ -ll the socialist roupins, includin the onress 1ocialist #arty, @rishak #raja#arty, and 1warajya #arty, were e<pelled by Bandhi, alon with 1ubhas handra !ose in &989$%&9

In &9:8 -Aad 0ind  = an Indian pro/isional o/ernment = had been established in 1inapore andwas supported by "apan$%':%'+

In &9:> Indian soldiers, who had fouht alonside the "apanese durin World War II, were triedby the !ritish in the I3- trials$ In response the onress helped to form the I3- 2efenceommittee, which assembled a leal team to defend the case of the soldiers of the -Aad 0ind

o/ernment$ The team included se/eral famous lawyers, includin!hulabhai 2esai, -saf -li, and"awaharlal 3ehru$%'> The same year, onress members initially supported the sailors who led

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the oyal Indian 3a/y mutiny, but they withdrew support at the critical juncture and the mutinyfailed$%citation needed 

!ot-inde"enden#e

 -fter Indian independence in &9:6, the Indian 3ational onress became the dominant politicalparty in the country$ In &9+', in the first eneral election held after Independence, the party sweptto power in the national parliament and most state leislatures$ The party held power nationallyuntil &966 when it was defeated by the "anata coalition$ It returned to power in &9*7 and ruleduntil &9*9, when it was once aain defeated$ It formed the o/ernment in &99& at the head of acoalition, as well as in '77: and '779, when it led the ?nited #roressi/e -lliance$ 2urin thisperiod the onress remained centre4left in its social policies while steadily shiftin from asocialist to a neoliberal economic outlook$ The #artys ri/als at state le/el has been nationalparties the !haratiya "anata #arty (!"#), the ommunist #arty of India (5ar<ist) (#5), and/arious reional parties such as Telu 2esam$%citation needed 

Nehru*hatri era (1+,766)

"awaharlal 3ehru, the first onress #rime 5inister of India (&9:6=>:)

From &9+& until his death in &9>:, "awaharlal 3ehru was the onress paramount leader underthe tutelae of 5ahatma Bandhi, whose Indian independence mo/ement dominated theonress #arty$ onress ained power in landslide /ictories in the eneral elections of &9+&=+', &9+6, and &9>'$%'6 2urin his tenure, 3ehru implemented policies based on importsubstitution industrialisation and ad/ocated a mi<ed economy, where the o/ernment4controlled public sector  co4e<isted with the pri/ate sector $%'* 0e belie/ed the establishment ofbasic and hea/y industries was fundamental to the de/elopment and modernisation of the Indianeconomy$%'6 The 3ehru o/ernment directed in/estment primarily into key public sectorindustries = steel, iron, coal, and power = promotin their de/elopment with subsidies andprotectionist policies$%'* 3ehru embracedsecularism, socialistic economic practices based onstate4dri/en industrialisation, and a non4alined and non4confrontational forein policy thatbecame typical of the modern onress #arty$%'9 The policy of non4alinment durin the old

War  meant 3ehru recei/ed financial and technical support from both the Castern !loc andthe Western !loc to build Indias industrial base from nothin$ %87%8&

2urin his period in office, there were four known assassination attempts on 3ehru$ %8' The firstattempt on his life was durin partition in &9:6 while he was /isitin 3orth4West Frontier#ro/ince in a car$ The second was by a knife4wieldin rickshaw4puller in 5aharashtra in &9++$%88 The third attempt happened in !ombay in &9+>$%8: The fourth was a failed bombin attempt onrailway tracks in 5aharashtra in &9>&$%8' 2espite threats to his life, 3ehru despised ha/ine<cess security personnel around him and did not like his mo/ements to disrupt traffic$ %8' In &9>:,3ehru died because of an aortic dissection, raisin uestions about the partys future$ %8+%8>%86

 -fter 3ehrus death, @$ @amaraj became the president of the -ll India onress ommittee$%8* @amaraj had also been in/ol/ed in the Indian independence mo/ement and he introducededucation to millions of the rural poor by pro/idin free education alon with  a free midday meal,when he was chief minister of Tamil 3adu (&9+:=>8)$%89

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 -s a member of Hthe syndicateH = a roup within the onress = he proposed the @amaraj#lan that encouraed si< onress chief ministers and si< senior cabinet ministers to resin totake up party work$%:7%:&%:' @amaraj was widely credited as the HkinmakerH in Indian politics forbrinin Eal !ahadur 1hastri to power in &9>:$%:8 3o leader e<cept 1hastri had 3ehrus popularappeal$%:: 1hastri became a national hero followin the /ictory in the Indo4#akistani War of &9>+$%:+ 0is sloan, H"ai "awan "ai @isanH (H0ail the soldier, 0ail the farmerH), became /ery popular

durin the war$%:> 1hastri retained many members of 3ehrus ouncil of 5inisters; T$ T$@rishnamachari was retained as theFinance 5inister of India, as was 2efence5inister  Jashwantrao ha/an$%:6 1hastri appointed 1waran 1inh to succeed him as C<ternal -ffairs 5inister $%:*

1hashtri appointed Indira Bandhi = "awaharlal 3ehrus dauhter and former partypresident = 5inister of Information and !roadcastin$%:9 BulAarilal 3anda continued asthe5inister of 0ome -ffairs$%+7 -s #rime 5inister, 1hastri continued 3ehrus policy of  non4alinment %+& but built closer relations with the 1o/iet ?nion$ In the aftermath of the 1ino4IndianWar  of &9>', and the formation of military ties between the hina and #akistan, 1hastriso/ernment e<panded the defence budet of Indias armed forces$ 0e also promoted the Whitee/olution = a national campain to increase the production and supply of milk bycreatin 3ational 2airy 2e/elopment !oard$%+'

The 5adras anti40indi aitation of &9>+ occurred durin 1hastris tenure$%+8%+: .n && "anuary&9>>, a day after sinin the Tashkent 2eclaration, 1hastri died in Tashkent = reportedly due to aheart attack but the circumstances of his death remain mysterious$ %++%+>%+6

Indira era (1+66,)See also: #he $ergency (India)%  &ssassination of Indira 'andhi % and *+ anti,Si-h riots

 -fter 1hastris death, the onress elected Indira Bandhi as leader o/er 5orarji 2esai$ .nceaain, politician @$ @amaraj was instrumental in achie/in this result$ In &9>6, followin a poorperformance in the eneral election, Indira Bandhi started mo/in towards the political left$ In&9>9, she was in dispute with senior party leaders on a number of issues; the party president  1$3ijalinappa e<pelled her from the onress$%+*%+9 Bandhi launched her own faction of the I,

retainin the support of most of the onress 5#s, >+ of which supported  the oriinal party$%citation

needed 

In the mid4term parliamentary elections held in &96&, the Bandhi4led onress () #arty won alandslide /ictory on a platform of proressi/e policies such as the elimination of po/erty (Baribi0atao)$%>7 The policies of the onress () #arty under Bandhi before the &96& electionsincluded proposals to abolish the #ri/y #urse to former rulers of the#rincely states and the &9>9nationalisation of the &: larest banks in India$ %>&

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Indira Bandhi, second4lonest4ser/in #rime 5inister of India and the only woman to hold the office

In the mid4&967s, the 3ew onress #artyKs popular support bean to wane$ From &96+,BandhiKs o/ernment rew increasinly more authoritarian and unrest amon the oppositionrew$ .n &' "une &96+, the 0ih ourt of -llahabad declared Indira Bandhis election to the Eok1abha Lndash the lower house of IndiaKs parliament = /oid on the rounds of electoralmalpractice$%>' 0owe/er, Bandhi rejected calls to resin and announced plans to appeal tothe 1upreme ourt$ 1he mo/ed to restore order by orderin the arrest of most of the oppositionparticipatin in the unrest$ In response to increasin disorder and lawlessness, Bandhis cabinetand o/ernment recommended that #resident Fakhruddin -li -hmed declare a 1tate of

Cmerency, which he declared on '+ "une &96+ based on the pro/isions of -rticle 8+' of theonstitution$%citation needed 

2urin the nineteen4month emerency, widespread oppression and abuse of power by Bandhisunelected youner son and political heir 1anjay Bandhi and his close associates occurred$ %>8%>:

%>+ This period of oppression ended on '8 "anuary &966, when Bandhi released all politicalprisoners and called fresh elections to the Eok 1abha to be held in 5arch$ %>> The Cmerencyofficially ended on '8 5arch &966;%>6 in that months parliamentary elections, theopposition "anata #arty Won a landslide /ictory o/er the onress, winnin '9+ seats in the Eok1abha aainst the onress &+8$ Bandhi lost her seat to her "anata opponent,  aj 3arain$ .n' "anuary &96*, she and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party, popularlycalled onress (I)Mthe I  sinifyin Indira$ 2urin the ne<t year, her new party attracted enouhmembers of the leislature to become the official opposition$ %citation needed 

In 3o/ember &96*, Bandhi reained a parliamentary seat$ In "anuary &9*7, followin a landslide/ictory for the onress (I), she was aain elected prime minister$ %>* The national electioncommission declared onress (I) to be the real Indian 3ational onress in &9*> and thedesination I  was dropped$%>9

2urin Bandhis new term as prime minister, her younest son 1anjay died in an aeroplanecrash in "une &9*7$%67%6& This led her to encourae her elder son aji/, who was workin as apilot, to enter politics$ Bradually, Indira Bandhis politics and outlook rew more authoritarian andautocratic, and she became the central fiure of the onress$ -s prime minister, she becameknown for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power$ %citation needed 

Bandhis term as prime minister also saw increasin turmoil in #unjab with demands for 1ikhautonomy by "arnail 1inh !hindranwale and his militant followers$%6' In &9*8, theyheaduartered themsel/es in the Bolden Temple in  -mritsar  and started accumulatin weapons$%68 In "une &9*:, after se/eral futile neotiations, Bandhi ordered the Indian -rmy to enter the

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Bolden Temple to establish control o/er the temple comple< and remo/e !hindranwale and hisarmed followers$ This e/ent is known as .peration !lue 1tar $%6:

.n 8& .ctober &9*:, two of Bandhis bodyuards, 1atwant 1inh and !eant 1inh, shot her  withtheir ser/ice weapons in the arden of the prime ministers residence in response to herauthorisation of .peration !lue 1tar $%68 Bandhi was due to be inter/iewed by the !ritish

actor #eter ?stino/, who was filmin a documentary for Irish tele/ision$%6+

0er assassinationprompted the &9*: anti41ikh riots, durin which more than 8,777 people were killed$ %6>

/ai andhi and /ao era (1+5+)

aji/ Bandhi, #rime 5inister of India (&9*:=&9*9) and #resident of the Indian 3ational onress

In &9*:, Indira Bandhis son aji/ Bandhi became nominal head of the onress and became

prime minister upon her assassination$ %66In 2ecember, he led the onress to a landslide /ictory,in which it secured :7& seats in the leislature$ %6* 0is administration took measures to reform theo/ernment bureaucracy and liberalise the countryKs economy$%69 aji/ Bandhis attempts todiscourae separatist mo/ements in #unjab and @ashmir backfired$ -fter his o/ernmentbecame embroiled in se/eral financial scandals, his leadership became increasinly ineffectual$%*7 Bandhi was rearded as a non4abrasi/e person who consulted other party members andrefrained from hasty decisions$%*& The !ofors scandal damaed his imae as an honest politicianbut he was posthumously cleared of bribery alleations in '77:$ %*' .n '& 5ay &99&, Bandhi waskilled by a bomb concealed in a basket of flowers carried by a woman associated with the TamilTiers$%*8 0e was campainin in Tamil 3adu for upcomin parliamentary elections$ In &99*, anIndian court con/icted '> people in the conspiracy to assassinate Bandhi$ %*: The conspirators,who consisted of Tamil militants from 1ri Eanka and their Indian allies, had souht re/ene

aainst Bandhi because the Indian troops he sent to 1ri Eanka in &9*6 to help enforce  a peaceaccord there had fouht with Tamil separatist uerrillas$%*+%*>

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#$ G$ 3arasimha ao ser/ed as the tenth #rime 5inister of India(&99&=9>)$ 0e was the first prime minister

from 1outh India and the state of   -ndhra #radesh$aji/ Bandhi was succeeded as party leader by #$ G$ 3arasimha ao, who was elected primeminister in "une &99&$%*6 0is rise to the prime ministership was politically sinificant because hewas the first holder of this office from 1outh India$ 0is administration o/ersaw a major economicchane and se/eral home incidents that affected Indias national security$%** ao, who heldthe Industries portfolio, was personally responsible for the dismantlin of the Eicence aj, whichcame under the pur/iew of the 5inistry of ommerce and Industry$ %*9 0e is often referred to asthe Hfather of Indian economic reformsH$%97%9&

Future prime ministers  -tal !ihari Gajpayee and 5anmohan 1inh continued the economicreform policies beun by aos o/ernment$ ao accelerated the dismantlin of the Eicence aj,re/ersin the socialist policies of pre/ious o/ernments$ %9'%98 0e employed 5anmohan 1inh as

his Finance 5inister to bein a historic economic chane$ With aos mandate, 1inh launchedIndias lobalisation reforms that in/ol/ed implementin International 5onetary Fund (I5F)policies to pre/ent Indias impendin economic collapse$%*9 ao was also referred toasChana-ya for his ability to push touh economic and political leislation throuh the parliamentwhile he headed a minority o/ernment$%9:%9+

!y &99>, the partys imae was sufferin from alleations of corruption, and in elections that year the onress was reduced to &:7 seats, its lowest number in the Eok 1abha to that point,becomin parliamentKs second larest party$ ao later resined as prime minister and, in1eptember, as party president$%9> 0e was succeeded as president by 1itaram @esri, the partyKsfirst non4!rahmin leader $%96

odern era

1his se%tion needs additional $itations %or /eri%i$ation2 5lease help impro7e thisarti%le b adding %itations to reliable sour%es2 -nsour%ed material ma be %hallenged and

remo7ed2 (August 2015) (  Learn how and when to remove this template message )

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?#- chairperson 1onia Bandhi, the leader of I3 since &99*$

In the &99* eneral election, the onress won &:& seats in the Eok 1abha, its lowest tally untilthen$ To boost its popularity and impro/e its performance in the forthcomin election, onressleaders ured 1onia Bandhi = widow of aji/ Bandhi = to assume the leadership of the party$1he had pre/iously declined offers to become acti/ely in/ol/ed in party affairs and had hithertostayed away from politics$ -fter her election as party leader, a section of the party that objectedto the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the3ationalist onress#arty (3#), led by 1harad #awar $ The breakaway faction commanded stron support in thestate of 5aharashtra and limited support elsewhere$ The remainder continued to be known asthe Indian 3ational onress$%citation needed 

1onia Bandhis appointment initially failed to ha/e an impact; in the snap polls called bythe 3ational 2emocratic -lliance (32-) o/ernment in &999, the onress won &&: seats = its

lowest tally e/er$ The leadership structure was unaltered and the party campained stronly inthe assembly elections that followed$ -t these elections the party was successful; at one point,the onress ruled &+ states$%citation needed  In the '77: eneral election, the onress fored analliance with se/eral reional parties, includin the 3# and the 2ra/ida 5unnetra @aAhaam$The partys campain emphasised social inclusion and the welfare of common people,contrastin with the 32-s HIndia 1hininH campain that souht to hihliht the successes of the32- o/ernment in makin India into a Hmodern nationH$%citation needed  The onress4led ?nited#roressi/e -lliance (?#-) won ''' seats in the new parliament, defeatin the 32- by asubstantial marin$ With the support of the communist front, the onress won a majority andformed the new o/ernment$ 2espite massi/e support from within the #arty, Bandhi declined thepost of prime minister, choosin to appoint 5anmohan 1inh instead$ 1he remained as partypresident and headed the 3ational -d/isory ouncil (3-)$%citation needed 

2urin its first term in office, the ?#- o/ernment passed se/eral bills aimed at social reform$These included an employment uarantee bill, the iht to Information -ct, and ariht toeducation act$ The 3-, as well as the Eeft Front that supported the o/ernment from theoutside, were widely seen as bein the dri/in force behind such leislation$ The Eeft Frontwithdrew its support of the o/ernment o/er disareements about the ?$1$=India i/il 3uclear -reement$ 2espite the effecti/e loss of >' seats in parliament, the o/ernment sur/i/ed thetrust /ote that followed$%9* In the Eok 1abha elections that occurred soon after, the onress won'76 seats, the hihest tally of any party since &99&$ The ?#- as a whole won '>', enablin toform the o/ernment for the second time$ The social welfare policies of the first ?#- o/ernmentand the percei/ed di/isi/eness of the !"# are broadly credited for the /ictory$%99

!y the '7&: Eok 1abha elections, the party had lost much of its popular support, mainly because

of se/eral years of poor economic conditions in the country and rowin discontent o/er a seriesof corruption alleations in/ol/in o/ernment officials, includin the 'B spectrum scam andthe Indian coal allocation scam$%&77%&7& The onress won only :: seats,%&7' which was its worst4

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e/er performance in a national election that brouht into uestion whether it would continue to beidentified as an officially reconised party$%&78

Election symbol

 -s of '7&:, the election symbol of the onress, as appro/ed by the Clection ommission of

India, is an imae of a riht hand with its palm facin front and its finers pressed toether; %&7: thisis usually shown in the centre of a tricolor fla$ The hand symbol was first used by Indira Bandhiwhen she split from the onress () faction followin the &966 elections and created the 3ewonress (I)$%&7+

The symbol of the oriinal onress durin elections held between &9+' and &96& was an imaeof two bullocks with a plouh$%&7> The symbol of Indiras onress () durin the period &96&=66was a cow with a sucklin calf$%&76

In general elections

ear 0eneralele$tion Seats won Change in 1o% seats Per$entage o% /ote .ote swing

.ndian generalele%tion+ &:'&

&st Lok Sabha 8* **2::C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ &:'9

"nd Lok 

Sabha9& 9 *929#C  "29:C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ &:8"

rd Lok 

Sabha8& &) **29"C  2)8C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ &:89

*th Lok 

Sabha"# 9# *)29#C  "2:*C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ &:9&

'th Lok 

Sabha'" 8: *28#C  "2:)C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ &:99

8th Lok 

Sabha&' &:: *2'"C  :2&8C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ &:#)

9th Lok 

Sabha'&  &:# *"28:C  #2&9C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ &:#*

#th Lok 

Sabha*&'  8* *:2)&C  82"C

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.ndian general

ele%tion+ &:#:

:th Lok 

Sabha&:9 "&# :2'C  :2*#C

.ndian generalele%tion+ &::&

&)th Lok Sabha

"**  *9 '288C  2#9C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ &::8

&&th Lok 

Sabha&*)  &)* "#2#)C  92*8C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ &::#

&"th Lok 

Sabha&*&  & "'2#"C  "2:#C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ &:::

&th Lok 

Sabha&&*  "9 "#2)C  "2*#C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ "))*

&*th Lok 

Sabha&*'  " "829C  &28C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ ")):

&'th Lok 

Sabha")8  8& "#2''C  "2)"C

.ndian general

ele%tion+ ")&*

&8th Lok 

Sabha**  &8" &:2C  :2"'C

Current structure and composition

The onress is structured in a hierarchical manner and the oranisational structure, createdby 5ohandas Bandhis re4arranement of the party between &9&* and &9'7 has been larelyretained$%&7* - president and the -ll India onress ommittee (-I) are elected by deleatesfrom state and district parties at an annual national conference, In e/ery Indian state and union

territory = or pradesh = there is a #radesh onress ommittee (#), which is the state4le/elunit of the party responsible for directin political campains at local and state le/els, andassistin the campains for parliamentary constituencies$ %&79 Cach # has a workin committeeof twenty members, most of whom are appointed by the party president = the leader of the stateparty = who is chosen by the prime minister$ Those elected as members of the states leislati/eassemblies form the onress Eeislature #arties in the /arious state assemblies; theirchairperson is usually the partys nominee for hief 5inistership$ The party is also oranised into/arious committees, and sections; it publishes a daily newspaper, the National Herald $%&&7

The -I is composed of deleates sent from the #s$%&&7 The deleates elect onresscommittees, includin the onress Workin ommittee consistin of senior party leaders andoffice bearers$ The -I takes all important e<ecuti/e and political decisions$%&79 1ince IndiraBandhi formed the onress (I) in &96*, the #resident of the Indian 3ational onress has

effecti/ely been the partys national leader, head of the oranisation, head of the Workinommittee and all chief onress committees, chief spokesman, and the onress choice

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for #rime 5inister of India$ onstitutionally, the president is elected by the #s and members of the -I; howe/er, this procedure has often been by4passed by the Workin ommittee, whichhas elected its own candidate$%&&7

The onress #arliamentary #arty (##) consists of elected 5#s in the Eok 1abha and ajya1abha$%&79 There is also a onress Eeislati/e #arty (E#) leader in each state$ The E#

consists of all onress 5embers of the Eeislati/e -ssembly (5E-s) in each state$ In cases ofstates where the onress is sinle4handedly rulin the o/ernment, the E# leader is the hief5inister $%&79 .ther directly affiliated roups include the 3ational 1tudents ?nion of India (31?I),the Indian Jouth onress  = the partys youth win =Indian 3ational Trade ?niononress, 5ahila onress, its womens di/ision, and onress 1e/a 2al = its /oluntaryoranisation$%citation needed 

*tate and territorial unit

• Andaman and Ni%obar 500

• Andhra 5radesh 500

• Aruna%hal 5radesh 500

• Assam 500

• Bihar 500

• 0handigarh 500

• 0hhattisgarh 500

• $adra and Nagar >a7eli 500

• $aman and $iu 500

• $elhi 500

• Goa 500

• Gujarat 500

• >arana 500

• >ima%hal 5radesh 500

• Dammu and Kashmir 500

• Dharkhand 500

• Karnataka 500

• Kerala 500

• Lakshad,eep 5

• Madha 5rades

• Maharashtra 5

• Manipur 500

• Meghalaa 50

• Mizoram 500

•  Nagaland 500

• Odisha 500

• 5udu%herr 50

• 5unjab 500

• Rajasthan 500

• Sikkim 500

• 1amil Nadu 50

• 1elangana 500

• 1ripura 500

• -ttarakhand 5

• -ttar 5radesh 5

• ?est Bengal 5

urther inforation: National Students /nion of India% Indian 0outh Congress% Indian National#rade /nion Congress and Mahila Congress

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Ideology and policies

The onress is a liberal nationalist party that follows a form of  nationalism that supports the/alues of freedom, tolerance, euality, and indi/idual rihts$%&&&

Throuhout much of the old War period, the onress supported a forein policy

of nonalinment that called for India to form ties with both the Western and eastern !locs but toa/oid formal alliances with either$%citation needed  -merican support for #akistan led the #arty to endorsea friendship treaty with the 1o/iet ?nion in &96&$ %citation needed  In '77:, when the onress4led ?nited#roressi/e -lliance came to power, its chairperson 1onia Bandhi une<pectedly relinuished thepremiership to 5anmohan 1inh$ This 1inh4led H?#- IH o/ernment e<ecuted se/eral keyleislations and projects, includin the ural 0ealth 5ission, ?niue Identification -uthority, theural Cmployment Buarantee scheme, and the iht to Information -ct$ %citation needed 

%#ono'i# "oli#&

The onress endorses a mi<ed economy in which the pri/ate sector and the state direct theeconomy, reflectin characteristics of both market economies and planned economies$ Themodern onress ad/ocates import substitution industrialisation; the replacement of forein

imports with domestic products$ The party also belie/es mi<ed economies are likely to protect theen/ironment, standardise the welfare system, and maintain employment standards andcompetition$%citation needed  The onress also belie/es the Indian economy should be liberalised toincrease the pace of de/elopment$ In '77+, #rime 5inister 5anmohan 1inh introduced /alueadded ta<, which replaced sales ta<, and has continued the Bolden Nuadrilateral and thehihway modernisation proram that was initiated by Gajpayees o/ernment$ In '779, Indiaachie/ed its hihest B2# rowth rate of 9O and became the second4fastest rowin majoreconomy in the world$%&&'

3ealth#are and edu#ation

In '77+, the onress4led o/ernment started the 3ational ural 0ealth 5ission, whichemployed about +77,777 community health workers$ It was praised by the -merican

economist "effrey 1achs$

%&&8

 In '77>, it implemented a proposal to reser/e '6O of seats in the -llIndia Institute of 5edical 1tudies (-II51), the Indian Institutes of Technoloy (IITs), the IndianInstitutes of 5anaement (II5s) and other central hiher education institutions for  .ther!ackward lasses, which led to '77> Indian anti4reser/ation protests$%citation needed  The 1inho/ernment also continued the 1ar/a 1hiksha -bhiyan proramme, which includes theintroduction and impro/ement of mid4day school meals and the openin of new schoolsthrouhout India Lndash especially in rural areas Lndash to fiht  illiteracy$%&&: 2urin 5anmohan1inhs prime4ministership, eiht Institutes of Technoloy were opened in the states of -ndhra#radesh, !ihar, Bujarat, .rissa, #unjab, 5adhya #radesh, ajasthan and 0imachal #radesh$%&&+

*e#urit& and ho'e a44air

1his se%tion does not $ite any sour$es2 5lease help impro7e this se%tion b adding

%itations to reliable sour%es2 -nsour%ed material ma be %hallenged and remo7ed2 (August

2015)

The onress has strenthened anti4terrorism laws with amendments to the ?nlawful -cti/ities(#re/ention) -ct (?-#-)$ The 3ational In/estiation -ency (India) (3I-) was created soon afterthe 3o/ '77* 5umbai terror attacks in response to the need for a central aency to combatterrorism$ The ?niue Identification -uthority of India was established in February '779 toimplement the proposed 5ultipurpose 3ational Identity ard with the objecti/e of increasinnational security$

$oreign "oli#&

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5anmohan 1inh with -merican #resident !arack .bama at the White 0ouse

The onress has continued the forein policy started by #$ G$ 3arasimha ao$ This includesthe peace process with #akistan and the e<chane of hih4le/el /isits by leaders from bothcountries$%&&> The party tried to end the border dispute with the #eoples epublic of hinathrouh neotiations$%&&6%&&* elations with -fhanistan ha/e also been a concern of the party;%&&9 durin -fhan #resident 0amid @arAais /isit to 3ew 2elhi in -uust '77*, 5anmohan 1inhincreased the aid packae to -fhanistan for the de/elopment of schools, health clinics,infrastructure, and defence$%&'7 India is now as one of the sinle larest aid donors to -fhanistan$%&'7

When in power between '77: and '7&:, the onress worked on Indias relationship with the?nited 1tates$ #rime 5inister 5anmohan 1inh /isited the ?1 in "uly '77+ to neotiate an Indo4?1 ci/ilian nuclear areement$ ?1 #resident Beore W$ !ush/isited India in 5arch '77>; durinthis /isit a nuclear areement that would i/e India access to -merican nuclear fuel andtechnoloy in e<chane for the I-C- inspection of its ci/il nuclear reactors was proposed$ ./ertwo years of neotiations, followed by appro/al from the I-C-, the 3uclear 1uppliers Broup andthe ?1 onress, the areement was sined on &7 .ctober '77*$%&'&

The onress policy has been to culti/ate friendly relations with "apan and Curopean?nion countries includin the ?nited @indom, France, and Bermany$%&'' 2iplomatic relations with

Iran ha/e continued and neotiations o/er the Iran4#akistan4India as pipeline ha/e taken place$%&'8 In -pril '77> 3ew 2elhi hosted an India=-frica summit that was attended by the leaders of &+ -frican states$%&': onress policy has also been to impro/e relations with other de/elopincountries, particularly !raAil and 1outh -frica$%&'+

Presence in various states

#olitical presence of I3 across states

 -s of 5ay '7&>, onress is in power in the states of 0imachal #radesh, @arnataka, 5anipur,5ehalaya and 5iAoram = where the party has majority support$ In ?ttarakhand it shares power

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with alliance partners$ !efore '7&:, onress o/erned -ndhra #radesh, Tamil 3adu, Bujarat,5adhya #radesh, ajasthan, #unjab, and Boa$%&'>

it o4 #urrent ! Chie4 initer

N

o State234 Chie% #inister

Party2'llian$e

partner C# Sin$e

Seats in

'ssembly

& >ima%hal 5radesh Eirbhadra Singh.ndian National

0ongress"' $e%ember 

")&"8;8#

" Karnataka Siddaramaiah.ndian National

0ongress& Ma ")& &"";""'

Manipur  Okram .bobi Singh .ndian National0ongress

9 Mar%h "))" );8)

* Meghalaa Mukul Sangma.ndian National

0ongress") April ")&) &;8)

' Mizoram 5u Lalthanha,la.ndian National

0ongress

&& $e%ember 

"))#;*)

List of Prime Ministers

No

5Prime #inisters ear

6uratio

nConstituen$y

& Da,aharlal Nehru &:*9F8* &9 ears 5hulpur 

" Gulzarilal Nanda MaFDune &:8*Danuar &:88 "8 das Sabarkantha

Lal Bahadur 

Shastri&:8*F88 " ears Allahabad

* .ndira Gandhi &:88F99+ &:#)F#* &8 ears-ttar 5radesh (Raja Sabha!+ Rae

Bareli+ Medak 

' Raji7 Gandhi &:#*F#: ' ears Amethi

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852 E2 Narasimha

Rao&::&F:8 ' ears  Nandal

9 Manmohan Singh "))*F&* &) ears Assam (Raja Sabha!

List of Prime Ministers (former Congress members)

 - majority of non4onress prime ministers of India are former onress members$

No5 Prime #inisters ear 6uration Constituen$y

& Morarji $esai &:99F9: " ears Surat

" 0haran Singh Dul &:9: Danuar &:#) &9) das Baghpat

E2 52 Singh &:#:F:) & ear   Hatehpur 

* 0handra Shekhar  &::) "" $as Ballia

' >2 $2 $e7e Go,da &::8F:9 & ear   Karnataka (Raja Sabha!

8 .2 K2 Gujral &::9F:# & ear   Bihar  (Raja Sabha!

See also

 Liberalism portal 

 India portal 

 Politics portal 

• onress Workin ommittee

•  -ll India onress ommittee

• #radesh onress ommittee

• 1tatewise Clection history of onress #arty

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• 3ehru 4 FeroAe Bandhi family

• Eist of political parties in India

• #olitics of India

• #resident of the Indian 3ational onress

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&9$ P "ump up to a b Mahata 'andhi . #he 'andhi 5eader: &Sourceboo- of His ife and ritings. 'ro!e 2ress. p. 7E+. IS4N  6*8*87?A+.

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(788*). $<plaining Indian Beocracy: #he real of institutions :state foration and institutional change. O<ford /ni!ersity 2ress;Original fro: /ni!ersity of California 2ress. p. E*. IS4N  6*,8,,EA?AE,7 .

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'*$ P "ump up to a b 1$conoic Ideology of >awaharlalNehru1  (2B). http:@@www.epw.in@ . $conoic and 2olitical ee-ly.5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

'9$ Ju'" u" 8 1History of Indian $conoy 2art II1 . Baily News and &nalysis. BN&. >uly % 78. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+.

87$ Ju'" u" 8 1Nehru: ounding eber of #he non,aligned

o!eent1 . http:@@news.bbc.co.u-@ ( #he 4ritish 4roadcastingCorporation ). 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in|website= (help)

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8&$ Ju'" u" 8 1History and $!olution of Non,&lignedMo!eent1 . http:@@ea.go!.in@ . Ministry of $<ternal &ffairs%'o!ernent of India. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal linkin |website=(help)

8'$ P "ump up to a b c  Nayantara Sahgal ( >anuary 788). >awaharlal

Nehru: Ci!ili9ing a Sa!age orld . 2enguin 4oo-s India. p. E*. IS4N  6*,8,A68,8*?E6,7 .

88$ Ju'" u" 8 Nayantara Sahgal ( >anuary 788). >awaharlalNehru: Ci!ili9ing a Sa!age orld . 2enguin 4oo-s India. p. A8. IS4N  6*,8,A68,8*?E6,7 .

8:$ Ju'" u" 8 Nayantara Sahgal ( >anuary 788). >awaharlalNehru: Ci!ili9ing a Sa!age orld . 2enguin 4oo-s India. p. A. IS4N  6*,8,A68,8*?E6,7 .

8+$ Ju'" u" 8 1#he death of Nehru1 . #he 'uardian (#he 'uardianarchi!e). #he 'uardian News 2ortal. May 7*% 78?. 5etrie!ed 7?

>une 78+.

8>$ Ju'" u" 8 1>awaharlal Nehru (**,A+)1 . http:@@www.bbc.co.u-@ . #he 4ritish 4roadcastingCorporation. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

86$ Ju'" u" 8 1A+: ight goes out in India as Nehrudies1 . http:@@news.bbc.co.u-@  ( #he 4ritish 4roadcastingCorporation ). 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

8*$ Ju'" u" 8 1. aaraD ,ifeHistory1 . http:@@www.perunthalai!ar.org@ . #he 2erun #halai!arorgani9ation. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

89$ Ju'" u" 8 1#he Syndicate: inga-ers ofIndia1 . http:@@pib.nic.in@ . 2ress Inforation 4ureau:'o!ernent ofIndia. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

:7$ Ju'" u" 8 Mahendra 2rasad Singh ( >anuary *). Split in a2redoinant 2arty: #he Indian National Congress in A. &bhina! 2ublications. p. +A. IS4N  6*,*,686,+8,.

:&$ Ju'" u" 8 4ala >eyaraan (7 Septeber 78?). aaraD: #heife and #ies of . aaraD . 5upa 2ublications. pp. EE=EA. IS4N  6*,*,7,?776,6 .

:'$ Ju'" u" 8 N. S. 'ehlot (). #he Congress 2arty in India:2olicies% Culture% 2erforance. Beep F Beep 2ublications. p. *8. IS4N  6*,*,688,?8A,* .

:8$ Ju'" u" 8 Mahendra 2rasad Singh ( >anuary *). Split in a2redoinant 2arty: #he Indian National Congress in A. &bhina! 2ublications. p. +7. IS4N  6*,*,686,+8,.

::$ Ju'" u" 8 5. C. ochar ( >anuary 6). Congress andSocialis: $conoic 2rograes and 2olicies. &nai-a2ublishers F Bistributors. p. ?8. IS4N  6*,*,*AEAE,7+,6 .

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:+$ Ju'" u" 8 1#he Indo,2a-istan war ofAE1 . http:@@indianna!y.nic.in@ . Indian Na!y . 5etrie!ed7?>une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

:>$ Ju'" u" 8 1ife of al 4ahadur Shastri1 . 4usinessStandard  (  &nanda 2ublishers ). &nanda 4a9ar 2atri-a (&42)

'roup. March 7A% 78?. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+.

:6$ Ju'" u" 8 5. B. 2radhan; Madha! 'odbole ( >anuary). Bebacle to 5e!i!al: 0.4. Cha!an as Befence Minister%A7,AE . Orient 4lac-swan. p. 6. IS4N  6*,*,7E8,+66,E .

:*$ Ju'" u" 8  &r!ind 2anagariya 2rofessor of $conoics and>agdish 4hagwati 2rofessor of Indian 2olitical $conoy Colubia/ni!ersity School of International F 2ublic &ffairs ( ebruary788*). India: #he $erging 'iant: #he $erging 'iant . O<ford/ni!ersity 2ress. p. 76.IS4N  6*,8,,*8+7,8 .

:9$ Ju'" u" 8 1History and 2olitics of

India1 . http:@@socialsciences.ucla.edu@ . /C& Bi!ision of SocialSciences. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

+7$ Ju'" u" 8 14iography of 'ul9arilalNanda1 . http:@@pindia.go!.in@ . 2rie Ministers Office. &rchi!edfro the original  on 7* &ugust 787. 5etrie!ed 7?>une 78+. C<ternal link in|website= (help)

+&$ Ju'" u" 8 Narayan &grawal Narayan; al 4ahadur Shastri; Ji!e-Misra; Subha 5a!i (788A). al 4ahadur Shastri% Churn ofConscience. $ternal 'andhi. p. **. IS4N  6*,*,7?,8?,+.

+'$ Ju'" u" 8 1#he hite 5e!olution: &beginning1 . http:@@www.unicef.org@ . /NIC$ . 5etrie!ed7?>une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

+8$ Ju'" u" 8 >yotirindra Basgupta (68). anguage Conflict andNational Be!elopent: 'roup 2olitics and National anguage2olicy in India. /ni!ersity of California 2ress. p. 7?6 .IS4N  6*,8,E78,8E8,A .

+:$ Ju'" u" 8 1#he Madras anti,Hindiagitation1 . http:@@www.Dstor.org@ . Bigital library of acadeic Dournals. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in |

website= (help)

++$ Ju'" u" 8 1Contro!ersial death of Shastri1 . http:@@www.wi-ilea-s,foru.co@ . i-ilea-s oru. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternallink in |website= (help)

+>$ Ju'" u" 8 1al 4ahadur Shastris death in#ash-ent1 . http:@@www.bbc.co@ . 44C . 5etrie!ed7?>une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

+6$ Ju'" u" 8 1al 4ahadurShastri   :1 . http:@@socialsciences.ucla.edu@ . /C& Bi!ision of SocialScience. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

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+*$ Ju'" u" 8 1March to socialis under 2rie Minister Indira'andhi1. #he $conoic #ies ( #he #ies 'roup ). 4ennett%Colean F Co. td. &ug 7+% 78.

+9$ Ju'" u" 8 1A: S. NiDalingappa e<pelled Indira 'andhi fro the2arty1 . India #oday  (&roon 2urie). >uly 7% 7886. 5etrie!ed 7E

>une 78+.

>7$ Ju'" u" 8 1'eneral $lections% India% 6: Statisticalreport1  (2B). http:@@eci.nic.in@ . $lection Coission of India.5etrie!ed 7E >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

>&$ Ju'" u" 8 1$conoic Milestone: Nationalisation of 4an-s(A)1 . orbes India (orbes). Septeber 6% 78E.5etrie!ed Septeber 6% 78E.

>'$ Ju'" u" 8 1#he $ergency% and Indiandeocracy1 . https:@@www.sscnet.ucla.edu. /C& Bi!ision of Social Science. 5etrie!ed 7E >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

>8$ Ju'" u" 8 'hildiyal%% Subodh (Bec 7% 788). 1Cong blaesSanDay 'andhi for $ergency Ke<cessesL1 . #he #ies of India.5etrie!ed ?8 >anuary 78+.

>:$ Ju'" u" 8 $<press News Ser!ice (>un % 78?). 1$ergencypropagandist who banned ishore uar songs1 . Indian$<press. 5etrie!ed 6 >anuary 78+.

>+$ Ju'" u" 8 Basgupta% Swapan (>uly *E). 1#he ife of Indira'andhi1. 4oo- 5e!iews. #hird orld uarterly 7  (?): 6?=

66*. doi :8.8*8@8+?AE*E8*+*A?.

>>$ Ju'" u" 8 1Indian general election%661  (2B). http:@@www.ipu.org@english@hoe.ht. Inter,2arliaentary /nion. 5etrie!ed 7E >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

>6$ Ju'" u" 8 1hat 2rie Minister Indira 'andhis $ergency pro!ed for India1 . 5ediff.co (  &Dit 4ala-rishnan ). 5ediff.co. >une7?% 788. 5etrie!ed 7E >une 78+.

>*$ Ju'" u" 8 1Statistical report general elections%*81  (2B). http:@@eci.nic.in@ . $lection Coission of India. 

5etrie!ed 7E >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

>9$ Ju'" u" 8 12ostindependence: fro doinance todecline1 . http:@@www.britannica.co@ .4ritanica 2ortal. 5etrie!ed 7+>une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

67$ Ju'" u" 8 1#he life and death of SanDay 'andhi1 . #heHindu ( N.5a ). #he Hindu 'roup. ebruary % 78?.5etrie!ed 7E >une 78+.

6&$ Ju'" u" 8 1SanDay 'andhi dies in plane crash1 . #he SydneyMorning Herald ('oogle News). >un 7+% *8. 5etrie!ed 7E>une 78+.

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6'$ Ju'" u" 8 1Operation 4lue Star *+1 . Baily News and &nalysis (Beepa- 5athi). Baini- 4has-ar . A >une 78+.5etrie!ed 7E >une 78+.

68$ P "ump up to a b 1*+: Operation 4lue Star1 . #he Baily#elegraph ( Ian Mac'regor  ). #elegraph Media 'roup. >un A% 78+.

5etrie!ed 7E >une 78+.

6:$ Ju'" u" 8 1Operation 4lue Star1 . #he Hindu ( N.5a ). #he Hindu'roup. >une 8% 78?. 5etrie!ed 7E >une 78+.

6+$ Ju'" u" 8 1*+: Indian prie inister shot dead1 . #he 4ritish4roadcasting Corporation (#he 4ritish 4roadcasting Corporation).4ritish public ser!ice broadcasting statutory corporation. Oct ?%*+. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+.

6>$ Ju'" u" 8 1Jiolence follows 'andhi-illing1. http:@@news.bbc.co.u-@ . #he 4ritish 4roadcastingCorporation. C<ternal link in |website= (help);

66$ Ju'" u" 8 12rie Minister 5aDi! 'andhi% coplete profile1 . http:@@pindia.go!.in@ . 2rie Ministers Office. &rchi!edfro the original  on Septeber 787. 5etrie!ed 7?>une78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

6*$ Ju'" u" 8 1India 'eneral or the *th o- Sabha $lection 5esults ,*+1 .http:@@www.elections.in@ . &ssebly and 2arliaentary$lection 5esults 2ortal. 5etrie!ed7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

69$ Ju'" u" 8 15esurgent India1 . Baily News and &nalysis (Beepa-

5athi). Baini- 4has-ar . >an 77% 78+. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+.

*7$ Ju'" u" 8 15aDi! 'andhi and the story of Indianoderni9ation1 . http:@@www.li!eint.co@ .Mint . 5etrie!ed 7?>une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

*&$ Ju'" u" 8 15aDi! 'andhi% History and2olitics1 . https:@@www.sscnet.ucla.edu@ . /C&% Bi!ision of SocialSciences. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

*'$ Ju'" u" 8 15aDi! 'andhi cleared o!er bribery1 . 44C News. +ebruary 788+. 5etrie!ed 6 March788.

*8$ Ju'" u" 8 1#he assassination of 5aDi! 'andhi1 . NB#J India. 5etrie!ed 7 >une 78+.

*:$ Ju'" u" 8 15aDi! 'andhi assassination case1 . #he #ies'roup ( #he #ies of India ). eb 76% 78+. 5etrie!ed 7>une 78+.

*+$ Ju'" u" 8 B. 5. aarthi-enyan% 5adha!inod 5aDu; 5adha!inod5aDu (788*). 5aDi! 'andhi &ssassination. Sterling 2ublishers 2!t.td. pp. *=. IS4N  6*,*,786,?7AE,8 .

*>$ Ju'" u" 8 1SC refers 5aDi! 'andhi -illersL release case toConstitution 4ench1 . #he Indian $<press. &pril 7E% 78+.5etrie!ed 7 >une 78+.

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*6$ Ju'" u" 8 12J Narasiha 5ao4iography1 . http:@@pindia.nic.in@ . 2rie Ministers Office% India. &rchi!ed fro the original  on 76 Beceber 787. 5etrie!ed 7?>une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

**$ Ju'" u" 8 3arasimha ao = a eformin #5$ 44C News ('8

2ecember '77:)$ etrie/ed ' 5arch '776$

*9$ P "ump up to a b -r/ind @umar, -run 3arendhranath (8 .ctober'77&)$ India must embrace unfettered free enterprise$ Baily Newsand &nalysis$

97$ Ju'" u" 8 #G 3arasimha ao emembered as Father of IndianCconomic eforms$ JO& News('8 2ecember '77:)$  -rchi/ed '9"anuary '779 at the Wayback 5achine$

9&$ Ju'" u" 8 1Narasiha 5ao led India at crucial Duncture% wasfather of econoic refor: 2ranab1 . ? Beceber 787.5etrie!ed 7E >anuary 78?.

9'$ Ju'" u" 8 12J Narasiha 5ao rein!entedIndia1 . http:@@www.thenational.ae@ . #he National . 5etrie!ed 7?>une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

98$ Ju'" u" 8 1oreign 2olicies of IndiaLs 2rieMinisters1  (2B). http:@@www.transnational,perspecti!es.org@ . #ransnational Organi9ation. 5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+. C<ternal link in|website= (help)

9:$ Ju'" u" 8 J. Jen-atesan (=+ >anuary 788E). 1Obituary: &scholar and a politician1 . rontline 22 (). 5etrie!ed ?8

March 788.%dead lin- 

9+$ Ju'" u" 8 #G 3arasimha ao #asses -way  -rchi/ed &3o/ember '776 at the Wayback 5achine$$ etrie/ed 6 .ctober'776$ -rchi/ed & 3o/ember '776 at the Wayback 5achine$%dead lin- 

9>$ Ju'" u" 8 1&tal 4ihari JaDpayees ?,daygo!t.1 . https:@@www.youtube.co. 0ou#ube. 5etrie!ed7+>une 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

96$ Ju'" u" 8 1#he Sitara esri case1 . Baily News and &nalysis (Beepa- 5athi). Baini- 4has-ar . >uly 8% 78.5etrie!ed 7? >une 78+.

9*$ Ju'" u" 8 1Manohan sur!i!es trust !ote1 . India #oday.5etrie!ed A >anuary 78+.

99$ Ju'" u" 8 4idwai% 2raful. 15eading the Jerdict1 . rontline.5etrie!ed A >anuary 78+.

&77$ Ju'" u" 8 17' spectru sca1 . India #oday 'roup (India#oday). October % 787. 5etrie!ed77 >une 78+.

&7&$ Ju'" u" 8 1Coal 4loc- &llocations Sca1 . Baily News and &nalysis. &pril ?8% 78?. 5etrie!ed77 >une 78+.

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&7'$ Ju'" u" 8 1ist of Congress winners1 . CNN , Indian4roadcasting Networ- ( CNN,I4N  ). May 6% 78+. 5etrie!ed 77>une 78+.

&78$ Ju'" u" 8 1Congress Jote Share Bips 4elow 78 2er Cent forirst #ie1 . NB#J India. May 6% 78+. 5etrie!ed 77 >une 78+.

&7:$ Ju'" u" 8 1& Short History of the Congress Hand1 . #he allStreet >ournal  ( News Corp ). Bow >ones F Copany . Mar 7*%787. 5etrie!ed 76 >une 78+.

&7+$ Ju'" u" 8 1How Indiras Congress got its handsybol1 . NB#J  ( 2rannoy 5oy  ). New Belhi #ele!ision iited.Beceber 77% 788. 5etrie!ed 76 >une 78+.

&7>$ Ju'" u" 8 1Indian political party election sybols froE1 . CNN,Indian 4roadcasting Networ- (#J* 4roadcastiited). Networ-* . &pr +% 78+. 5etrie!ed 76 >une 78+.

&76$ Ju'" u" 8 Sangh!i% JiDay (788A). #he Congress% Indira to Sonia'andh. New Belhi: alpa9 2ublications. p. 66. IS4N  *,6*?E,?+8,6 .

&7*$ Ju'" u" 8 Indian National Congress Since Independence.otus 2ress. >anuary 788A. p. 7+.IS4N  6*,*,*?*7,8E8,.

&79$ P "ump up to a b c  d  1Structure of &ll India CongressCoitte1  (2B). &ssociation of Beocratic 5efor. 5etrie!ed 7>une 78+.

&&7$P "ump up to a b c  edar Nath uar ( >anuary 8). 2olitical

2arties in India% #heir Ideology and Organisation. Mittal2ublications. pp. +=+?. IS4N  6*,*,68,78E,.

&&&$Ju'" u" 8 N. S. 'ehlot (). #he Congress 2arty in India:2olicies% Culture% 2erforance. Beep F Beep 2ublications. p. 66. IS4N  6*,*,688,?8A,* .

&&'$Ju'" u" 8 1&nnual percentage growth rate of'B21 . worldban-.org. orld 4an- . 5etrie!ed* Septeber 78+.

&&8$Ju'" u" 8 Sachs% >effrey B. (A March 788E). 1#he $nd of2o!erty1 . #ie.

&&:$Ju'" u" 8 1Birect SS& funds for school panels1 . Beccan Herald.5etrie!ed + >une 78?.

&&+$Ju'" u" 8 1S passes bill to pro!ide II# for eight states.1 . BeccanHerald. 5etrie!ed + >une78?.

&&>$Ju'" u" 8 12osition of negotiation.1 . irstpost  (irstpoststaff). Networ- * . >anuary 78?. 5etrie!ed * &ugust 78+.

&&6$Ju'" u" 8 1IndiaLs prie inister% Manohan Singh% in 4eiDing todiscuss atters of trade and border defence.1 . #he$conoist  ( >ohn Mic-lethwait  ). #he $conoist 'roup. Oct 7A%78?. 5etrie!ed * &ugust 78+.

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&&*$Ju'" u" 8 1Indian 2rie Minister Manohan Singh !isits4eiDing1 . China 4riefing (4usiness Intelligence). Be9an Shira F &ssociates. >anuary +% 788*. 5etrie!ed * &ugust 78+.

&&9$Ju'" u" 8 4aDoria% >ayshree (7? October 788*). 1India, &fghanistan 5elations1 . Council on oreign 5elations. 

5etrie!ed Beceber 788*.

&'7$ P "ump up to a b 144C N$S , South &sia , India announcesore &fghan aid1 . bbc.co.u-.

&'&$ Ju'" u" 8 1/.S.% India in- historic ci!ilian nucleardeal1 . 2eoples Baily. October 788*. 5etrie!ed Beceber 788*.

&''$ Ju'" u" 8 Haass% 5ichard N. (No! 7?% 788). 1& Con!ersationwith 2rie Minister Br. ManohanSingh1 . http:@@www.cfr.org@ . Council on oreign 5elations. 5etrie!ed * &ugust 78+.C<ternal link in |website= (help)

&'8$ Ju'" u" 8 1#he peace pipeline1 . http:@@www.thenational.ae@ . #he National . 5etrie!ed* &ugust 78+. C<ternal link in |website= (help)

&':$ Ju'" u" 8 1Se!eral &frican leaders to attend &frica,Indiasuit% &/ says1 . &frican 2ress International. 7* March 788*.5etrie!ed Beceber 788*.

&'+$ Ju'" u" 8 1India,South &fricarelations1  (2B). http:@@www.ea.go!.in@ . Ministry of $<ternal &ffairs% 'o!ernent of India. 5etrie!ed *Septeber 78+. C<ternal link in |website=(help)

&'>$ Ju'" u" 8 4anerDee% SanDay. 1Congress set to rule 'oaagain1 . #ies of India. 5etrie!ed* Septeber 78+.

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