IMPORTANT: Upcoming Test one week from today Thursday February 2 in class, SSC 2050, at 12:30-2:20...
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Transcript of IMPORTANT: Upcoming Test one week from today Thursday February 2 in class, SSC 2050, at 12:30-2:20...
IMPORTANT: Upcoming Test• one week from today• Thursday February 2• in class, SSC 2050, at 12:30-2:20• worth 10% of course grade• 40 multiple choice questions• Lecture material + assigned focus questions from the text• Test Yourself questions give you some idea of what to expect
REASONING• Deductive reasoning
– Given a set of premises, draw a conclusion– syllogisms– series problems
• Inductive reasoning– See examples and make hypotheses to explain the situation/pattern– Sherlock Holmes
• Errors in reasoning– representativeness overvalued (base rate undervalued)– availability bias
• number of examples encountered biases probability estimates– confirmation bias
• people try to prove rather than disprove their hypothesis• people may do better when scenario involves “cheater detection”
– inability to break out of a mental set– functional fixedness
• Insight– Kohler’s chimps had insight; perhaps crows do too
Three Minute Review
Test YourselfSuppose a researcher gave subjects the following type of problem:
In a group of 100 people, 70 are pilots and 30 are bookkeepers. Of that group, one man is meek, timid, and enjoys helping people. Is he more likely to be a pilot or a bookkeeper? Most subjects would answer:
A. bookkeeper, demonstrating a bias toward representativeness.
B. bookkeeper, demonstrating a prior probability bias.
C. pilot, demonstrating use of the base-rate information given.
D. pilot, demonstrating the availability bias.
E. bookkeeper, demonstrating functional fixedness
Is there one type of intelligence?
Factor analysis• developed by Spearman to tease apart
components of intelligence• are there clusters of correlations that suggest
common underlying factors?
Charles Spearman1863-1945
Factor Analysis
Coke Classic
Dr. Pepper
7-UP Ginger Ale
Coke Classic
--- .70 .65 .75
Dr. Pepper
--- --- .59 .51
7-UP --- --- --- .68
Ginger Ale
--- --- --- ---
Coke Classic
Dr. Pepper
7-UP Ginger Ale
Coke Classic
--- .70 .20 .33
Dr. Pepper
--- --- .16 .18
7-UP --- --- --- .77
Ginger Ale
--- --- --- ---
How much do you like Coke Classic?
How much do you like Dr. Pepper?
r = .70
CORRELATION
CORRELATION MATRIX
General Intelligence: Spearman’s g
• Spearman suggested that scores on each subtest were determined by two factors– g-factor (general intelligence)
• a general factor contributing to all tests
– s-factor (specific factors)• factors that are specific to a particular test (e.g.,
arithmetic vs. spatial tests)
g
What might g be?
• mental speed and working memory?– computer analogy: faster processor and more RAM– significant correlations between reaction times and IQ (r
~-.35)– neural efficiency?– mental quickness may expand capacity of working
memory
• mental self-government?– computer analogy: better operating system
Duncan’s “g-spot”
• lateral prefrontal cortex• activated by high-g
versions of multiple intelligence tests
Non-intelligence control task
Hannibal Lecter: “You see, the brain itself feels no pain, Clarice, if that concerns you. For example, Paul won't miss this little piece here, which is the, uh, part of the prefrontal lobe which they say is the seat of good manners.”
Cattell’s Two-factor theory
• Cattell suggested two main factors in intelligence
• Mental ability derived directly from previous experience.• Examples: vocabulary, information• Ability increases over the lifetime (esp. in an intellectually stimulating environment)• Less influenced by alcohol consumption and brain damage
• Ability to perceive relationships independent of previous experience• Examples: matrix reasoning, object assembly• Ability peaks around age 20-25, then declines
Cattell’s Two-factor theory
Raymond Cattell1905-1998
Correlation between Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence? r ~ .60
World’s highest IQ
Marilyn Vos SavantIQ: 228
Writes magazine advice column “Ask Marilyn”
Does IQ Count?
George W. BushIQ: estimated at ~115-129 World’s most powerful job
Not world’s highest IQ
Does IQ Predict Performance?
• socioeconomic status of parents is a better predictor of achievement than IQ (education, connections?)
• better IQ ~ better performance (r ~ 0.2 - 0.4)• prediction is better for new than experienced
employees
How to appear to have improved your IQ!!
Talking loudly, using proper English, you seem bright, but not related
Judging IQ from short videos
Speak quickly, understandably, with lots of words you seem bright, you are bright
Usin’ slang, saying “um”, being overweight you seem less bright, but not related
Judgments based on just voice more accurate
The Cynic’s View
“Intelligence is what intelligence tests test.”
Are there other types of intelligence?
Stephen Wiltshire• savant• autistic• took much effort to gain minimal language skills• could reproduce highly accurate drawings of buildings and places years after having only glanced at them• had book of his artwork published as a young teenager
Are there other types of intelligence?
Emotional Intelligence• form of social intelligence• the ability to understand and control one’s own emotions
Multiple Intelligences• the existence of specialized skills in a variety of areas
Is IQ hereditary?:The Sereno siblings
• six siblings, all talented academic scientists• parents: artist and educator mother and
engineer and closet-scientist father• genes or environment?
Martyneuroscientist
(vision)
Paulpaleontologist
Joanlinguist
Margaretneuroscientist
(vision)
Anneneuroscientist
(vision)
Saraneuroscientist
(language)
Is IQ hereditary?
Flynn EffectIQ has increased over time
Why?• genes don’t change that rapidly• not likely to be extra schooling because more scholastic tests have
shown smallest increases• more stimulating and complex environments and societies?• better prenatal care and nutrition?
Nature vs. Nurture(or Nativism vs. Empricism)
• Are differences between people due to environmental or genetic differences?
• Misunderstanding the question– “Is a person’s intelligence due more to genes or to
environment?”– no genes = no intelligence– bad environment = little intelligence– both genes & intelligence crucial for any trait
Which contributes more to the area of a desk top? The length of the desk or the width?
Faulty Question
Intelligence VideoDiscovering Psychology (Zimbardo series): Testing and Intelligence
• What is the average IQ?
• What roles did the following people play in the history of intelligence testing
– Francis Galton– Alfred Binet– Lewis Terman (at Stanford)– David Wechsler
• What are the following characteristics and why are they valuable in a test?
– validity– reliability– standardization
• Why is intelligence testing so controversial? Why might intelligence tests be biased to a particular group?
• Is there only one type of “intelligence”? What types of intelligence have been proposed by modern psychologists (particularly Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg)?