Implementing IHL: participation of the American States in IHL treaties and their national...

8/2/2019 Implementing IHL: participation of the American States in IHL treaties and their national implementation - report 20

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5/54

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6/54

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7/54

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8/54

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9/54

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VDJ MCJXOAMB QVMVJQ

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vdjox Fjqvxzavo`b+ Nmbzmx =1+ =??1 $AUA =??1/


10/54

WMxV O

=7

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H" Azqv`cmx ODK

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mv vdj Kmzvjxwmadv Ajbvxj `x Obvjxbmvo`bmk Kmu+ Zboyjxqov `

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fmvj+ ov a`yjxq ?: Qvmvjq mbf ov obakzfjq bmvo`bmk wxmavoajq ob ODK

hmqjf `b cokovmx cmbzmkq+ bmvo`bmk kjeoqkmvo`b+ nzxoqwxzfjbaj+

mbf iaomk qvmvjcjbvq"

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Jk Qmkymf`x+ Ezmvjcmkm+ Cjtoa`+ Boamxmezm+ Wmbmcm+ Wmxmezm+

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ob @av`hjx 87==" Vdj zwfmvj a`xxjqw`bfobe v` Ezmvjcmkm mbf

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m qzccmx ` vdj wxmavoaj ` vdj Qvmvjq xjemxfobe c`qv ` vdj

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hj a`bqzkvjf mv dvvw>uuu"oaxa"`xeazqv`cmx#odkjbefàq

d`cj mbf uokk hj zwfmvjf b mb mbbzmk hmqoq"

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Cjtoa`


11/54

WMxVOAOWMVO@B @I VDJ MCJxOAMB QVMVJQ OB ODK VxJMVOJQ

==

OCWKJCJBVOBE ODK

A`byjbvo`b+ `b Nzbj 8=+ 87=7+ mbf vdj 8774 A`byjbvo`b `b

Akzqvjx Czbovo`bq b Fjajchjx 87+ 87=="

Jazmf`x qoebjf zw v` vdj 8774 A`byjbvo`b `b Akzqvjx

Czbovo`bq b Cm ==+ 87=7"

Jk Qmkymf`x qoebjf zw v` vdj 8774 A`byjbvo`b `b Akzqvjx

Czbovo`bq `b Nmbzmx =7+ 87=="

Exjbmfm hjamcj m wmxv v` vdj X`cj Qvmvzvj ` vdj

Obvjxbmvo`bmk Axocobmk A`zxv b Cm =?+ 87=="

Ezmvjcmkm qoebjf zw v` vdj 8774 A`byjbvo`b `b Akzqvjx

Czbovo`bq b B`yjchjx 1+ 87=7"

D`bfzxmq qoebjf zw v` vdj =?94 A`byjbvo`b `b vdj

B`b#Mwwkoamhokov ` Qvmvzv`x Kocovmvo`bq v` Umx Axocjq

mbf Axocjq memobqv Dzcmbov+ vdj =?59 A`byjbvo`b `b vdj

Wx`dohovo`b vdj Cokovmx x Mb D`qvokj Zqj Jbyox`bcjbvmkC`foamvo`b Vjadbo}zjq $JBC@F/+ mbf Wx`và`k Y 8771 b

Jtwk`qoyj Xjcbmbvq Umx+ b Mzezqv =9+ 87=7"

Boamxmezm qoebjf zw v` vdj 8774 A`byjbvo`b `b Akzqvjx

Czbovo`bq b B`yjchjx 8+ 877?"

Wmbmcm qoebjf zw v` Wx`và`k Y ` 8771 `b Jtwk`qoyj

Xjcbmbvq ` Umx+ mbf v` vdj 8774 A`byjbvo`b `b Akzqvjx

Czbovo`bq+ h`vd `b B`yjchjx 8?+ 87=7< mbf v` vdj

Obvjxbmvo`bmk A`byjbvo`b `x vdj Wx`vjavo`b ` Mkk Wjxq`bq

x`c Jb`xajf Foqmwwjmxmbaj+ `b Nzbj 86+ 87=="

Qmobv Kzaom hjamcj m wmxv v` vdj X`cj Qvmvzvj ` vdj

Obvjxbmvo`bmk Axocobmk A`zxv b Mzezqv =4+ 87=7"

Qmobv Yobajbv mbf vdj Exjbmfobjq qoebjf zw v` vdj 8774

A`byjbvo`b `b Akzqvjx Czbovo`bq `b @av`hjx 8?+ 87=7"

`b Fjajchjx 9+ 87=7 ov mkq` hjamcj m wmxv v` vdj =?47

A`byjbvo`b `b Wx`dohovo`bq `x Xjqvxoavo`bq `b vdj Zqj `

Ajxvmob A`byjbvo`bmk Ujmw`bq Udoad Cm Hj Fjjcjf v` Hj

Jtajqqoyjk Obnzxo`zq `x v` Dmyj Obfoqaxocobmvj Jjavq mbf

ovq Mffovo`bmk Wx`và`kq O+ OOO+ OY+ mbf OY< mbf v` vdj @wvo`bmk

Wx`và`k v` vdj A`byjbvo`b `b vdj Xoedvq ` vdj Adokf+ `bvdj Oby`kyjcjbv ` Adokfxjb ob Mxcjf A`boav+ `b Cmxad 8?+

87=="

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Akzqvjx Czbovo`bq b Qjwvjchjx 8=+ 87=="

A" Cmob Xmvoamvo`bq fzxobe 87=7#87==

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zboyjxqmko~mvo`b ` ODK vxjmvojq" Qjyjxmk Qvmvjq+ kolj D`bfzxmq+

mxj mh`zv v` xmvo mkk vdj vxjmvojq mbf dmyj jtwxjqqjf qzad

obvjbvo`b"

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`bjq kolj vdj 8774 A`byjbvo`b b Akzqvjx Czbovo`bq $xmvojf h =7

Cjchjx Qvmvjq fzxobe qmof wjxo`f/+ hzv mkq` vdj =?47 A`byjbvo`b

`b A`byjbvo`bmk Ujmw`bq+ mbf vdj Mffovo`bmk Wx`và`k Y ob

wmxvoazkmx+ dmyj hjjb xmvojf h mb obaxjmqobe bzchjx Qvmvjq"

Ov oq u`xvd v` wòbv `zv vdj qoeboambv a`bvxohzvo`b cmfj h vdj

Mcjxoamq v` vdj xmvoamvo`b vdj 8779 Obvjxbmvo`bmk A`byjbvo`b

`x vdj Wx`vjavo`b ` Mkk Wjxq`bq x`c Jb`xajf Foqmwwjmxmbaj

mf`wvjf ob Fjajchjx 87=7" Dmk vdj xqv vujbv Qvmvjq wmxvojq

v` vdoq a`byjbvo`b mxj Qvmvjq vdj djcoqwdjxj+ kolj dmk vd`qj

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xmvojf ov ob Nzbj 87== mbf `vdjx Qvmvjq uokk q``b `kkù qzov" Ob

A`k`chom+ mwwx`ymk h A`bexjqq mbf h vdj A`bqvovzvo`bmk A`zxvoq zbfjx um mbf wjbfobe xmvoamvo`b"

Vdj jtvjbv ` xmvoamvo`b jbn`jf h vdj X`cj Qvmvzvj ` vdj

OAA oq yjx doed vdx`zed`zv vdj Mcjxoamq" Vu` c`xj Qvmvjq dmyj

xmvojf ov ob vdoq wjxo`f" Ov u`zkf hj a`byjbojbv vdmv vdj `vdjx

Qvmvjq vdmv dmyj b`v xmvojf ov jv f` q` mq q``b mq w`qqohkj"

Vdj xmvoamvo`b wxàjqq xjcmobq mavoyj+ mq vdj Cjchjx Qvmvjq

mxj wjxcmbjbvk jtwxjqqobe vdjox obvjbv v` xmvo mkk ODK vxjmvojq+

udokj vdjox Bmvo`bmk A`ccovvjjq `b ODK mbmk~j vdj amqj kjq+

mbf vdjox kjeoqkmvoyj hxmbadjq ` wùjx mxj azxxjbvk jtmcobobe

vdj xmvoamvo`b ODK vxjmvojq wjbfobe xmvoamvo`b"

Mbvoezm mbf Hmxhzfm qoebjf zw v` vdj A`byjbvo`b `b

Akzqvjx Czbovo`bq mbf vdj =?47 A`byjbvo`b `b Wx`dohovo`bq

`x Xjqvxoavo`bq `b vdj Zqj ` Ajxvmob A`byjbvo`bmk Ujmw`bq

Udoad Cm Hj Fjjcjf v` Hj Jtajqqoyjk Obnzxo`zq `x v` Dmyj

Obfoqaxocobmvj Jjavq mbf ovq Mffovo`bmk Wx`và`kq O+ OOO+ mbf OY+

`b Mzezqv 81+ 87=7"

Mxejbvobm qoebjf zw v` vdj Mffovo`bmk Wx`và`k OOO v` vdj

Ejbjym A`byjbvo`bq 877: b Cmxad =9+ 87=="

Adokj qoebjf zw v` vdj 8774 A`byjbvo`b b Akzqvjx Czbovo`bq

`b B`yjchjx =9+ 87=7"

@b B`yjchjx 86+ 87=7 A`k`chom qoebjf zw v` vdj Qja`bf

Wx`và`k Vdj Dmezj A`byjbvo`b =?:6 `x vdj Wx`vjavo`b

Azkvzxmk Wx`wjxv ob Vocjq Mxcjf A`boav Cmxad 89+ =???"

Vdj mwwx`ymk h A`bexjqq mbf h vdj A`bqvovzvo`bmk A`zxv oq

zbfjx um mbf wjbfobe xmvoamvo`b"

A`qvm Xoam qoebjf zw v` vdj 8774 A`byjbvo`b `b Akzqvjx

Czbovo`bq `b Mwxok 84+ 87=="

F`coboamb Xjwzhkoa qoebjf zw v` vdj =?47 A`byjbvo`b `b

Wx`dohovo`bq x Xjqvxoavo`bq b vdj Zqj Ajxvmob A`byjbvo`bmk

Ujmw`bq Udoad Cm Hj Fjjcjf v` Hj Jtajqqoyjk Obnzxo`zq x

v` Dmyj Obfoqaxocobmvj Jjavq mbf ovq Mffovo`bmk Wx`và`kq O+ OO+

OOO+ mbf OY+ mq ujkk mq v` vdj 877= Mcjbfcjbv v` Mxvoakj O qmof


12/54

WMxV O

=8

OCWKJCJBVOBE ODK

Qvmvzq ` Wmvoaowmvo`b ` Mcjoamb Qvmvjq

A`zbv

W`vjavo`b ` Yoavocq ` Mcjf A`bioavq $./

EA O#OY =?6? MW O =?55 MW O # AODJ MW OO =?55 MW OOO 877: @W AMA 8777 FI @BZ 8779

= Mbvoezm mbf Hmxhzfm 79/=7/=?49 79/=7/=?49 79/=7/=?49

8 Mxejbvobm =4/7?/=?:9 89/==/=?49 ==/=7/=??9 89/==/=?49 =9/71/87== =7/7?/8778 =6/=8/8775

1 Hmdmcmq ==/75/=?5: =7/76/=?47 =7/76/=?47

6 Hmxhmf`q =7/7?/=?94 =?/78/=??7 =?/78/=??7

: Hjkoaj 8?/79/=?46 8?/79/=?46 8?/79/=?46 71/76/8775 7=/=8/8771

9 H`koyom =7/=8/=?59 74/=8/=?41 =7/74/=??8 74/=8/=?41 88/=8/8776 =5/=8/8774

5 Hxm~ok 8?/79/=?:5 7:/7:/=??8 81/==/=??1 7:/7:/=??8 84/74/877? 85/7=/8776

4 Ambmfm =6/7:/=?9: 87/==/=??7 87/==/=??7 87/==/=??7 89/==/8775 75/75/8777

? Adokj =8/=7/=?:7 86/76/=??= 86/76/=??= 86/76/=??= 79/75/877? 1=/75/8771 74/=8/877?

=7 A`k`chom 74/==/=?9= 7=/7?/=??1 =5/76/=??9 =6/74/=??: 8:/7:/877:

== A`qvm Xoam =:/=7/=?9? =:/=8/=?41 7?/=8/=??? =:/=8/=?41 17/79/8774 86/7=/8771

=8 Azhm =:/76/=?:6 8:/==/=?48 81/79/=??? 78/7?/8775 78/78/877?

=1 F`coboam 84/7?/=?4= 8:/76/=??9 8:/76/=??9 87/7?/8778

=6 F`coboamb Xjwzhkoa 88/7=/=?:4 89/7:/=??6 89/7:/=??6 7=/76/877?

=: Jazmf`x ==/74/=?:6 =7/76/=?5? =7/76/=?5? 75/79/8776 87/=7/877?

=9 Jk Qmkymf`x =5/79/=?:1 81/==/=?54 81/==/=?54 =8/7?/8775 =4/76/8778

=5 Exjbmfm =1/76/=?4= 81/7?/=??4 81/7?/=??4

=4 Ezmvjcmkm =6/7:/=?:8 =?/=7/=?45 =?/=7/=?45 =6/71/8774 7?/7:/8778

=? Ezmbm 88/75/=?94 =4/7=/=?44 =4/7=/=?44 8=/7?/877?

87 Dmovo ==/76/=?:5 87/=8/8779 87/=8/8779

8= D`bfzxmq 1=/=8/=?9: =9/78/=??: =9/78/=??: 74/=8/8779 =6/74/8778 7=/76/8774

88 Nmcmoam 87/75/=?96 8?/75/=?49 8?/75/=?49 7?/7:/8778

81 Cjtoa` 8?/=7/=?:8 =7/71/=?41 75/75/8774 =:/71/8778 =4/71/8774

86 Boamxmezm =5/=8/=?:1 =?/75/=??? =?/75/=??? 78/76/877? =5/71/877:

8: Wmbmcm =7/78/=?:9 =4/7?/=??: 89/=7/=??? =4/7?/=??: 74/74/877=

89 Wmxmezm 81/=7/=?9= 17/==/=??7 17/7=/=??4 17/==/=??7 =1/=7/8774 85/7?/8778

85 Wjxz =:/78/=?:9 =6/75/=?4? =6/75/=?4? 74/7:/8778

84 Qmobv Lovvq mbf Bjyoq =6/78/=?49 =6/78/=?49 =6/78/=?49

8? Qmobv Kzaom =4/7?/=?4= 75/=7/=?48 75/=7/=?48

17 Qmobv Yobajbv mbf Vdj Exjbmfobjq 7=/76/=?4= 74/76/=?41 74/76/=?41 8?/71/87==

1= Qzxobmcj =1/=7/=?59 =9/=8/=?4: =9/=8/=?4:

18 Vxobofmf mbf V hme` 86/7?/=?91 87/75/877= 87/75/877= 87/75/877=

11 Zbovjf Qvmvjq i Mcjxoam 78/74/=?:: 74/71/8775 81/=8/8778

16 Zxzezm 7:/71/=?9? =1/=8/=?4: =5/75/=??7 =1/=8/=?4: 7?/7?/8771 76/71/877?

1: Yjbj~zjkm =1/78/=?:9 81/75/=??4 81/75/=??4 81/7?/8771

V`vmk xJEO@B 1: 16 == 11 =: 86 4

ZBOYJxQMK =?6 =9? 5= =9: := =8? =4


13/54


=1

OCWKJCJBVOBE ODK

b Vjmvojq vdmv mj ` xjkjymbaj ` ODK $mq ` =?#B`y#87==/

Obvjbmvo`bmk Aocobmk Kmu $./ W`vjavo b Azkvzmk W`wjv ob vdj Jyjbv Mcjf A`bioav $./ Jbyo`bcjbv $./

AQK =?94 OAA =??4 DAAW =?:6 DAAW WO =?:6 DAAW WOO =??? JBC@F =?59

=4/79/877= 8:/=7/=?44

89/74/8771 74/78/877= 88/71/=?4? =7/7:/8775 75/7=/8778 87/71/=?45

=7/=8/8778 7?/76/8778 78/=7/8774 78/=7/8774

7:/76/8777

79/=7/=?41 85/79/8778 =5/==/8776

87/79/8778 =8/7?/=?:4 =8/7?/=?:4 81/7?/8776 =8/=7/=?46

75/75/8777 ==/=8/=??4 8?/==/877: 8?/==/877: ==/79/=?4=

8?/79/877? ==/7?/8774 ==/7?/8774 ==/7?/8774 89/76/=??6

7:/74/8778 =4/79/=??4 =4/79/=??4 86/==/87=7

85/76/877? 75/79/877= 71/79/=??4 71/79/=??4 7?/=8/8771 75/78/=??9

=1/7?/=?58 89/==/=?:5 89/==/=?:5 =7/76/=?54

=8/78/877= 7?/==/=??8

=8/7:/877: 7:/7=/=?97 8=/71/8778 71/71/877?

7:/78/8778 78/=7/=?:9 74/78/=?9= 78/74/8776

=?/75/877= 85/71/8778 85/71/8778

=?/7:/87==

78/=7/=?4: =?/7:/=??6 76/78/877: 8=/71/=?44

86/7?/8776

7=/75/8778 8:/=7/8778 8:/=7/8778 89/7=/8771 =9/74/87=7

=:/71/8778 84/=7/877: 75/7:/=?:9 75/7:/=?:9 75/=7/8771

71/7?/=?49 8:/==/=?:? 8:/==/=?:? 7=/79/877= 79/7?/8775

8=/79/8775 8=/71/8778 =5/75/=?98 74/71/877= 74/71/877= =1/7:/8771

81/7?/8774 =6/7:/877= 7?/==/8776 7?/==/8776 7?/==/8776

==/74/8771 =7/==/877= 8=/75/=?4? 8=/75/=?4? 86/7:/877:

88/74/8779

=4/74/87=7 85/7:/=??1

7?/==/=?4= 71/=8/8778 85/76/=???

=:/75/8774

79/76/=???

=1/71/877? =5/7=/=?47

8=/7?/877= 84/79/8778 86/7?/=??? 86/7?/=??? 71/7=/8775 =9/7?/=??1

75/79/8777 7?/7:/877:== 85 88 =? =4 =9

:1 ==7 =81 =77 :9 51


14/54

WMxV O

=6

OCWKJCJBVOBE ODK

Qvmvzq ` Wmvoaowmvo`b ` Mcjoamb Qvmvjq

A`zbvEW =?8: HUA =?58

AAU =?47 aaa

AAU =?47 AAU WO =?47 AAU WOO =?47 AAU WOOO =?47

= Mbvoezm mbf Hmxhzfm 85/76/=?4? 8?/7=/8771 81/74/87=7 81/74/87=7 81/74/87=7

8 Mxejbvobm =8/7:/=?9? 7:/=8/=?5? 78/=7/=??: 78/=7/=??: 78/=7/=??: 78/=7/=??:

1 Hmdmcmq 89/==/=?49

6 Hmxhmf`q =9/75/=?59 =9/78/=?51

: Hjkoaj 87/=7/=?49

9 H`koyom =1/74/=?4: 17/=7/=?5: 8=/7?/877= 8=/7?/877= 8=/7?/877= 8=/7?/877=

5 Hxm~ok 84/74/=?57 85/78/=?51 71/=7/=??: 71/=7/=??: 71/=7/=??: 71/=7/=??:

4 Ambmfm 79/7:/=?17 =4/7?/=?58 86/79/=??6 86/79/=??6 86/79/=??6 86/79/=??6

? Adokj 78/75/=?1: 88/76/=?47 =:/=7/8771 =:/=7/8771 =:/=7/8771

=7 A`k`chom =?/=8/=?41 79/71/8777 79/71/8777 79/71/8777 79/71/8777

== A`qvm Xoam =5/71/877? =5/=8/=?51 =5/=8/=??4 =5/=8/=??4 =5/=8/=??4 =5/=8/=??4

=8 Azhm 86/79/=?99 8=/76/=?59 78/71/=?45 78/71/=?45 78/71/=?45 78/71/=?45

=1 F`coboam 74/==/=?54

=6 F`coboamb Xjwzhkoa 74/=8/=?57 81/78/=?51 8=/79/87=7 8=/79/87=7 8=/79/87=7 8=/79/87=7

=: Jazmf`x =9/7?/=?57 =8/71/=?5: 76/7:/=?48 76/7:/=?48 76/7:/=?48 76/7:/=?48

=9 Jk Qmkymf`x 1=/=8/=??= 89/7=/8777 89/7=/8777 89/7=/8777 89/7=/8777

=5 Exmbmfm 71/7=/=?4? 88/=7/=?49

=4 Ezmvjcmkm 71/7:/=?41 =?/7?/=?51 8=/75/=?41 8=/75/=?41 8=/75/=?41 8=/75/=?41

=? Ezmbm

87 Dmovo

8= D`bfzxmq =6/71/=?5? 17/=7/8771 17/=7/8771 17/=7/8771 17/=7/8771

88 Nmcmoam 84/75/=?57 =1/74/=?5: 8:/7?/8774 8:/7?/8774 8:/7?/8774

81 Cjtoa` 84/7:/=?18 74/76/=?56 ==/78/=?48 ==/78/=?48 ==/78/=?48 ==/78/=?48

86 Boamxmezm 7:/=7/=??7 75/74/=?5: 7:/=8/8777 7:/=8/8777 7:/=8/8777

8: Wmbmc 76/=8/=?57 87/71/=?56 89/71/=??5 89/71/=??5 89/71/=??5 89/71/=??5

89 Wmxmezm 88/=7/=?11 7?/79/=?59 88/7?/8776 88/7?/8776 88/7?/8776 88/7?/8776

85 Wjxz =1/74/=?4: 7:/79/=?4: 71/75/=??5 71/75/=??5 71/75/=??5

84 Qmobv Lovvq mbf Bjyoq 85/76/=?4? 78/76/=??=

8? Qmobv Kzaom 8=/=8/=?44 89/==/=?49

17 Qmobv Yobajbv mbf Vdj Exjbmfobjq 86/71/=??? =1/7:/=??? 79/=8/87=7 79/=8/87=7 79/=8/87=7

1= Qzxobmcj 79/7=/=??1

18 Vxobofmf mbf V hme` 1=/74/=?98 =?/75/8775

11 Zbovjf Qvmvjq i Mcjxoam =7/76/=?5: 89/71/=?5: 86/71/=??: 86/71/=??: 86/71/=??: 8=/7=/877?

16 Zxzezm =8/76/=?55 79/76/=?4= 79/=7/=??6 79/=7/=??6 79/=7/=??6 79/=7/=??6

1: Yjbj~zjkm 74/78/=?84 =4/=7/=?54 =?/76/877: =?/76/877: =?/76/877: =?/76/877:

V`vmk xJEO@B 89 11 86 86 =4 86

ZBOYJxQMK =19 =91 === =7? ?1 =7:


15/54


=:

OCWKJCJBVOBE ODK

b Vjmvojq vdmv mj ` xjkjymbaj ` ODK $mq ` =?#B`y#87==/

Ujmw`bq $./

AAU m 877= AUA =??1 @vvmum Vjmv =??5Akzqvj

Czbovo`bq 8774U WOY =??: AAU WOO m =??9 AAU WY 8771

81/74/87=7 8?/74/877: 71/7:/=??? 81/74/87=7

8=/=7/=??4 8=/=7/=??4 8:/78/8776 78/=7/=??: =6/7?/=???

8=/76/877? 1=/75/=??4

71/75/8775 89/7=/=???

7=/=8/8771 81/76/=??4

8=/7?/877= 8=/7?/877= =6/74/=??4 7?/79/=??4

76/=7/=??? 76/=7/=??? =1/71/=??9 17/76/=???

7:/7=/=??4 7:/7=/=??4 =?/7:/877? 88/75/8778 89/7?/=??: 71/=8/=??5

=:/=7/8771 =:/=7/8771 =4/74/877? 85/7?/8775 =8/75/=??9 =7/7?/877= =9/=8/87=7

79/71/8777 79/71/8777 87/7:/877? 7:/76/8777 79/7?/8777

=5/=8/=??4 =5/=8/=??4 85/76/877? 71/79/877? 1=/7:/=??9 =5/71/=??? 84/76/87==

=5/=7/8775 8?/76/=??5

=8/78/877= 89/71/=???

8=/79/87=7 8=/79/87=7 8=/79/87=7 85/71/877? 17/79/8777 87/=8/87==

=9/=8/8771 =6/74/8777 =7/71/877? =7/71/877? 79/7?/=??: 8?/76/=??? ==/7:/87=7

89/7=/8777 89/7=/8777 81/71/8779 =1/7?/8775 17/=7/=??: 85/7=/=??? =7/7=/87==

71/79/877: =?/74/=??4

17/74/8778 8?/=7/877= 84/78/8774 =1/78/877? =8/78/8771 89/71/=??? 71/==/87=7

=8/7?/=??5 7:/74/8771

88/78/8779 =:/78/8779

17/=7/8771 17/=7/8771 =9/74/87=7 8?/74/877: 86/7?/=??4

8:/7?/8774 8:/7?/8774 8:/7?/8774 8:/7?/8774 74/7?/8777 =5/75/=??4

=7/71/=??4 88/7:/8771 8?/74/=??6 7?/79/=??4 79/7:/877?

7:/=8/8777 7:/=8/8777 =:/7?/877: 79/7?/8775 7:/=7/=??? 17/==/=??4 78/==/877?

89/71/=??5 71/=7/=??? 8?/==/87=7 =9/74/8776 75/=7/=??4 75/=7/=??4 8?/==/87=7

71/=8/8774 88/7?/8776 71/=8/8774 71/=8/8774 7=/=8/=??6 =1/==/=??4

71/75/=??5 71/75/=??5 8?/7:/877? =6/78/877: 87/75/=??: =5/79/=??4

8=/7:/8776 78/=8/=??4

7?/76/=??5 =1/76/=???

79/=8/87=7 79/=8/87=7 79/=8/87=7 =4/7?/8778 7=/74/877= 8?/=7/87=7

84/76/=??5 81/7:/8778

86/79/=??5 85/76/=??4 8=/7?/87==

8=/7=/877? 86/7:/=??? 8=/7=/877? 8=/7=/877? 8:/76/=??5

=4/74/=??4 =4/74/=??4 75/74/8775 75/74/8775 79/=7/=??6 75/79/877= 86/7?/877?

=?/76/877: 71/=8/=??5 =6/76/=???

88 8= =: =4 1: 11 =1

?: ?1 98 58 =44 =:9 94


16/54

WMXV OO


17/54

=5

H" Kjeoqkmvoyj+ Xjezkmv`x+ Wxmavoamk+ mbf WzhkoaW`koa Cjmqzxjq

=" Wjbmk Xjwxjqqo`b

Mf`wvjf Xzkj

A`k`chom"

Cokovmx Axocobmk A`fj $CAA/ Kmu =675 87=7" Wzhkoqdjf

ob vdj Fomxo` @aomk$@iaomk Em~jvvj/ `b Mzezqv =5+ 87=7"

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x`c vdj cokovmx axocobmk nzxoqfoavo`b> v`xvzxj+ ejbàofj+

jb`xajf foqmwwjmxmbaj+ axocjq memobqv dzcmbov+ `x vd`qj

axocjq memobqv ODK mq qjv `xvd h obvjxbmvo`bmk a`byjbvo`bq

mbf vxjmvojq xmvojf h A`k`chom" Vdjxj`xj+ qobaj vdj jbvx

obv` `xaj ` vdj CAA Kmu =675 ` 87=7+ qzad `jbajq

cm `bk hj obyjqvoemvjf mbf vxojf h vdj wx`qjazv`xq mbf

nzfejq ` `xoeobmk nzxoqfoavo`b hjk`beobe v` vdj Nzfoaomk

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hmqjf `b vdj qzhqvmbvoyj xzkjq ` vdj Axocobmk A`fj Kmu

:?? ` 8777 mbf ` vdj A`fj ` Axocobmk Wxàjfzxj Kmu?79 8776"

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a`bvxohzvj v` vdj doqv`xoamk vxzvd mbf xjfxjqq+ q` vdmv vdj cm

xjcmob xjj mbf wzxqzj vdjox xjobvjexmvo b obv` qàojv"

Foxjavoyj 7=9 ` 87=7 h vdj Mvv`xbj Ejbjxmk `b d`coaofjq

memobqv wjxq`bq wx`vjavjf h ODK ` @av`hjx =6+ 87=7"

Mocjf mv mvv`xbjq mv kmu mbf kmu jb`xajcjbv mejbvq+ vdj

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qzh`xfobmvjq cm mffxjqq vdj mbmkqoq ` mb d`coaofj `

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h vdj @iaj ` vdj Mvv`xbj Ejbjxmk ob obyjqvoemvo`bq mbf

axocobmk wxàjjfobeq x vxomkq b maa`zbv qmof jbaj"

CJMQZXJQ I@X VDJ

OBVJXBMVO@BMK OCWKJCJBVMVO@B

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M" A`cwkjcjbvmx Mavo`bq h vdj Qvmvjq

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kmu v` hj jjavoyjk jb`xajf ob wxmavoaj `baj mxcjf a`boav dmq

zbkjmqdjf"

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a`bvxohzvobe v` vdj zkkkcjbv ` vdoq vmql" Izxvdjxc`xj+ vdj OAXA

oq uokkobe v` a`bvobzj a``wjxmvobe vùmxf vdj madojyjcjbv qzad

e`mk"

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bmvzxj+ xmbeobe x`c kjeoqkmvoyj mbf xjezkmv`x mfnzqvcjbvq v`

mfcoboqvxmvoyj+ wxmavoamk mbf jfzamvo`bmk cjmqzxjq"

Kocm A`bjxjbaj

LmxjkBmymxx`/OAXA


18/54

WMxV OO

=4

OCWKJCJBVOBE ODK

Ezmvjcmkm" Vdj Axocobmk A`fj xj`xc oq qvokk wjbfobe

mwwx`ymk" Dùjyjx+ `b Qjwvjchjx 9 87=7 vdj Ezmvjcmkmb

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ovq Qwmboqd max`bc/ qzhcovvjf m hokk hj`xj vdj cmeoqvxmvjq

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ovq Qwmboqd max`bc/ obvjbfq v` wx`w`qj v` vdj Qzwxjcj A`zxv

vdj obakzqo`b ` m qwjaomk kmu `b umx axocjq ob vdj Axocobmk

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ov `x wmxkomcjbvmx foqazqqo`b"

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vxjmv+ mk`be uovd vd`qj ob vdj =?6? Ejbjym A`byjbvo`bq mbf

vdj Mffovo`bmk Wx`và`k O ` =?55 oq azxxjbvk zbfjx xjyoju mv

fojxjbv e`yjxbcjbv kjyjkq"

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mbf mwwx`ymk h Wmxkomcjbv"

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19/54

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20/54

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21/54


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81

OCWKJCJBVOBE ODK

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86

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WMxV OO

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OCWKJCJBVOBE ODK

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A

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qja`bfmx jfzamvo`

Implementing IHL: participation of the American States in IHL treaties and their national...

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