Implementation of Wireless Communication Between Computers

8/20/2019 Implementation of Wireless Communication Between Computers

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CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. DETAILS ABOUT RADIO FREQUENCIES

4. DETAILS ABOUT MICROCONTROLLER

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM

6. INTRODUCTION TO SERIAL COMMUNICATION

7. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

8. HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

1!. FABRICATION DETAILS

11. CONCLUSION " REFERENCES

12. BIBLIOGRA#HY


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ABSTRACT

In this project work the basic and essential concepts of radio communication

were utilized to create a wireless communication channel between two Computers. One

computer is placed at the transmitter section. In this section we can see the display of the

parameter values. The second computer is placed at the receiving end, where the

maintenance persons are monitoring the system. ere we can monitor the parameters

condition continuously. ! "IC micro#controller $%&f'((!) and *!+-, /- are used

as interfacing units between the system and 0 transmitter and also at the receiver

section.

The program code is written in !ssembly language and the serial communication

concept is used to transfer the data. This project can be used as an alternate to wireless

communication.


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1. INTRODUCTION

The project report describes on the design development and fabrication of one

demo unit of the project work 1Implementation of wireless communication between

computers2.

3ow a day, with the advancement technology, particularly in the field of *icro#

controllers, all the activities in our daily living have become a part of Information

Technology and we find micro#controllers in each and every application. Thus, trend is

directing towards *icrocontrollers 4ased "roject works. owever, in this project work,

the transferring of data serially is monitored. /ubse5uently, after serial processing, these

signals are encoded. This information is transmitted through 0 transmitter. The received

information $using suitable 0 receiver) is again decoded into digital signal at the

receiver end. Then the decisions are taken with the help of micro#controllers and

associated software.

The micro#controller block is playing a major role in this project work. The

*icro#controller chip is used in this project work is "IC %&f'((!, and this is like heart of

the project work. The "IC micro#controller is 67 pin IC.

*icro controllers are 1embedded2 inside some other device so that they can

control the features or actions of the product. !nother name for a micro#controller,

therefore, is 18mbedded Controller2. *icro controllers are dedicated to one task and run

one specific program. The program is stored in O* $read only memory) and generally

does not change. *icro controllers are often low#price devices. ! battery operated micro#

controller might consume 97 mille watts. ! micro#controller has a dedicated input device

and often $but not always) has a small :8; or :C; display for output. ! micro#controller


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also the input from the device it is controlling and controls the device by sending to

different components in the device.

3ow coming to the project work, to obtain the parameter $transferring of data

serially between to computers) from transmitter to the receiver, where the serial data

transfer is monitored, the radio transmission techni5ue is incorporated in the design. 0or

this adio transmission, there are number of mechanisms by which adio waves may

travel from a transmitting to a receiving antenna. The terms, !?8/, /@A

>!?8/ and /CO"8 or TO"O/8IC >!?8/ designates the more important of

these.

The ground wave can eBist when the transmitting and receiving are close to

surface of the earth and are vertically polarized. The sky wave represents that reaches

receiving antenna as a result of a bending of the wave path introduced by the ionization in

the upper atmosphere. The space wave represents energy that travels from the

transmitting to the receiving antenna in the earth troposphere. The radio transmission at

fre5uencies above about -7*z is normally the space wave propagation. The

transmitters that are fre5uency modulated find eBtensive use at fre5uencies use at

fre5uencies above 67*z.

1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS$

! system is something that maintains its eBistence and functions as a whole

through the interaction of its parts. 8.g. 4ody, *ankind, !ccess Control, etc ! system is a

part of the world that a person or group of persons during some time interval and for

some purpose choose to regard as a whole, consisting of interrelated components, each

component characterized by properties that are selected as being relevant to the purpose.


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8mbedded /ystem is a combination of hardware and software used to achieve a

single specific task.

8mbedded systems are computer systems that monitor, respond to, or control an

eBternal environment.

8nvironment connected to systems through sensors, actuators and other IDO

interfaces.

8mbedded system must meet timing E other constraints imposed on it by

environment.

!n embedded system is a microcontroller#based, software driven, reliable, real#

time control system, autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on diverse

physical variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost

conscious market. !n embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily

for processing, not a software system on "C or =3I+, not a traditional business or

scientific application. igh#end embedded E lower end embedded systems. igh#end

embedded system #


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2. DETAILS ABOUT RADIO FREQUENCIES

2.1 R%&'( F)*+,*-'*/

! radio wave is an electromagnetic wave propagated by an antenna. adio waves

have different fre5uencies, and by tuning a radio receiver to a specific fre5uency you can

pick up a specific signal.

adio is a technology that allows the transmission of signals by modulation of

electromagnetic waves with fre5uencies those of light.

In todayFs economy, people are demanding more and more mobility to function

efficiently. To address this demand, companies are moving data by air instead of wire.

There are many applications in which it is more efficient to move data wirelessly. 0or this

reason, it is necessary to make communications between two "CFs as easy as possible by

allowing people to move computers without moving wires. ! communication client

program will interface with the userFs "C to send data to the wireless data link. On the

opposing end, a different user will use the second communications program to receive the

data from their data link. The data itself will be sent by 0 waves from a transmitter

device to a receiver device. The 0 transmission will be transparent to the users "CFs as

if they were directly connected to each other using a /- crossover cable.


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2.2 I0*0*-%'(-

To implement the wireless /- interface two different circuit boards will be

designed. The two boards will consist of a transmitter and receiver. The transmitter will

accept data from a /- $G#pin) of a "C port and transfer the information to 0 signal.

The receiver will capture the 0 signal, transferring it back to a digital signal, and finally

import it into the /- $G#pin) port of a "C. The purpose of the rest of this document is

to specify the integration of this 0 technology.

2.3 U-'/

!s the unit of fre5uency is the hertz $z), fre5uencies shall be eBpressedH

# in kilohertz $kz), up to and including -777 kz

# in megahertz $*z), above - *z, up to and including -777 *z

# in gigahertz $


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3. DETAILS ABOUT MICROCONTROLLER

The micro#controller is a chip, which has a computer processor with all its support

function, memory $both program storage and !*), and IDO built in to the device. These

built in functions minimize the need for eBternal circuits and devices to design in the final

applications.

*ost microcontrollers do not re5uire a substantial amount of time to learn how to

efficiently program them, although many of then which have 5uirks which you will have

to understand before you attempt to develop your first application.

!long with micro#controllers getting faster, smaller and more power efficient they

are also getting more and more features. Often, the first version of micro#controller will

just have memory and digital IDO, but as the device family matures, more and more pat

numbers with varying features will be available.

>ith all the '79 manufactures products taken into the account, there are over

two hundred different '79 part numbers, each with different features and capabilities.

0or most applications, we will be able to find a device within the family that meets our

specifications with a minimum of eBternal devices, or an eBternal but which will make

attaching eBternal devices easier, both in terms of wiring and programming.

0or many micro controllers, programmers can be built very cheaply, or even built

in to the final application circuit eliminating the need for a separate circuit. !lso

simplifying this re5uirement is the availability of micro#controllers with /!* and

88"O* for control store, which will allow program development without having to

remove the micro controller from the application circuit.


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4. BLOCK DIAGRAM

F',)* 1 F)(0 MA232 () ( F',)* 2 T( MA232 () (


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4.1 DESCRI#TION OF THE BLOCK DIAGRAM

The 4lock diagram of the project work 1Implementation of >ireless

Communication between two Computers2 is eBplained. 0or better understanding, the total

block diagram is divided into two various blocks and each block eBplanation is provided

in this chapter. The complete block diagram consists of the following blocks.

0unctional =nits

*!+- Connector

"ower /upply

eset

*icro#controller

8ncoder#4uffer

;ecoder# 4uffer

/erial Interface

Transmitter

eceiver

!ntenna

4.1.1 F,-'(-% U-'/

The above figure conceptually displays the proposed system architecture for our

project. 8ach boB represents a different functional unit. 8ach boB will be described below

to give the reader a better understanding of this system.


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4.1.2 MA- C(--*()

The *!+- connector will be used to transfer data from the *!+- $%pin)

port of a "C to the input line converter. The connector will be a G7#degree flat mount

design that will allow the pins of a serial connection to be transferred to data lines in a "C

board. ! typical model would be %'#7G0#3; ight !ngle ;#/ub connector made by

3orcomp.

4.1.3 #(*) S,

The !C main 4lock is the power supply which is of single phase -7? ac. This

should be given to step down transformer to reduce the -7? ac voltage to low voltage.

i.e., to &? or %? ac this value depends on the transformer inner winding. The output of

the transformer is given to the rectifier circuit. This rectifier converts ac voltage to dc

voltage. 4ut the voltage may consist of ripples or harmonics.

To avoid these ripples the output of the rectifier is connected to filter. The filter

thus removes the harmonics. This is the eBact dc voltage of the given specification. 4ut

the controller operates at 9? dc and the relays and driver operates at %? dc voltage. /o

we need a regulator to reduce the voltage. ('79 regulator produces 9? dc and ('%

regulator produces %? dc. 4oth are positive voltages.

4.1.4 R*/*

The dual button switch will allow the user to start, stop, and reset the device as

they see fit. It will also have a data line going to the led to indicate if the circuit is onDOff.

4.1.5 M')( C(-)(*)


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*icro controller is a true computer on a chip the design incorporates all of the

features found in a microprocessor C"=H arithmetic and logic unit, stack pointer, program

counter and registers. It has also had added additional features like !*, O*, /erial

IDO, counters and clock circuit.

4.1.6 E-(&*)9B,*)

The 8ncoder#4uffer is to be designed to condition the signal for the transmitter by

adding error detection and encoding. i.e. how 7Fs and %Fs will be declared. One proposal

for is to use *anchester encoding. *anchester encoding uses logic of a high to low as 7

and low to high as a %. That implies that every bit period is divided into two and insures

that the transaction from high to low or low to high is in the middle of each period. 4y

creating this phenomenon we allow the transmitter to synchronize with the receiver at

every bit. >ith this we will be able to maBimize reliability and implement techni5ues to

assist in error detection.

4.1.7 D*(&*)9B,*)

The ;ecoder#4uffer is to be designed to condition the signal for the receiver by

checking for errors and reproducing the %Fs and 7Fs by implementing the same logic as

the encoder. The decoder#buffer will synchronize with the encoder#buffer reading the

information, checking fore errors and sending it on to the serial interface.

4.1.8 S*)'% I-*)%*

The serial interface on the transmitter will accept a data line from the *!+ -

connector and transfer it to TT:DC*O/ standard logic level. The TT:DC*O/ signal will

then be sent on a data line to the 8ncoderD4uffer. The serial interface on the receiver will


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accept a data from the ;ecoderD4uffer and transfer it to TT:DC*O/ standard logic level.

The TT:DC*O/ signal will then be sent on a data line to the *!+- Connector.

4.1. T)%-/0'*)

The transmitter will be an !* hybrid transmitter that operates at a fre5uency of

6--.G *z. The transmitter accepts a TT:DC*O/ signal on a data line from the

8ncoderD4uffer and will output a signal to an antenna. The proposed transmitter is

manufactured in Italy by Telecontrolli s.p.a and supplied by Okwelectronics part number

!*T6#6--.

4.1.1! R**':*)

The receiver will be a !* /uperegen eceiver *odule that operates at a

fre5uency of 6--.G*z. The receiver accepts a signal from an antenna and will output

TT:DC*O/ signal on a data line to the ;ecoderD4uffer. The proposed receiver is

manufactured in Italy by Telecontrolli s.p.a and supplied by Okwelecronics part number

!*-#6--.

4.1.11 A-*--%

=ser defined depending on re5uired signal distance D power.


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5. S*)'% I-*)%*

The serial interface is comprised of a send and receive interface. The send

interface is accomplished by connecting a serial connector to the serial transmit pin,

ground and looping back the re5uest to send $T/) and clear to send $CT/) pins. :ooping

the T/ and CT/ pins allows the computer to effectively control its own handshaking.

The receive interface is accomplished by connecting to the receive pin of a second serial

interface rather than the transmit pin, and once again connecting the T/ and CT/ pins.

JA0',&* S;' K*'-

!/@# in the conteBt of digital communications is a modulation process, which

imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the

number of levels adopted by the digital message. 0or a binary message se5uence there are

two levels, one of which is typically zero. Thus the modulated waveform consists of

bursts of a sinusoid binary !/@ signal $lower), together with the binary se5uence which

initiated it $upper). 3either signal has been band limited. There are sharp discontinuities

shown at the transition points. These result in the signal having an unnecessarily wide

bandwidth. 4and limiting is generally introduced before transmission, in which case

these discontinuities would be Kround offF. The band limiting may be applied to the

digital message, or the modulated signal itself. The data rate is often made a sub#multiple


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of the carrier fre5uency. One of the disadvantages of !/@, compared with 0/@ and "/@,

for eBample, is that it has not got a constant envelope. This makes its processing $e.g.,

power amplification) more difficult, since linearity becomes an important factor.

owever, it does make for ease of demodulation with an envelope detector.

JRF ASK M(&,* 433.2MH<

:ow Cost solution for Telemetry and adio control. >e have mini size transmitter

T>/6-6 and receiver >/6-6 at fre5uencies. The transmitter speed is up to -@bps $uses

/!> device) and the receiver is 9@bps $:C superregen). The operation range is up to

77 feet $(7mts).

T)%-/0'*)

TWS-434 Pin Diagram

R**':*)


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RWS-434 Pin Diagram


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#OWER SU##LY$


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CIRCUIT DESCRI#TION

#OWER SU##LY$

"ower supply unit consists of /tep down transformer, ectifier, Input filter,

egulator unit, Output filter.

The /tep down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from

-7? !C to lower value. This -7 !C voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped

down. The Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step down

the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in its secondary

core. The output from the secondary coil is also !C waveform. Thus the conversion from

!C to ;C is essential. This conversion is achieved by using the ectifier CircuitD=nit.

The ectifier circuit is used to convert the !C voltage into its corresponding

;C voltage. There are alf#>ave, 0ull#>ave and bridge ectifiers available for this

specific function. The most important and simple device used in ectifier circuit is the

diode. The simple function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to

conduct in reverse bias.

The 0orward 4ias is achieved by connecting the diodeFs positive with positive of

the battery and negative with batteryFs negative. The efficient circuit used is the 0ull

wave 4ridge rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the

ripples from the obtained ;C voltage are removed using other circuits available. The

circuit used for removing the ripples is called 0ilter circuit.

Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the ;C voltage are removed and

pure ;C voltage is obtained. !nd also these capacitors are used to reduce the harmonics

of the input voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and


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discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the !C voltage and it will discharge in

negative half cycle. ere we used %777L0 capacitor. /o it allows only !C voltage and

does not allow the ;C voltage. This filter is fiBed before the regulator. Thus the output is

free from ripples.

egulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output voltage

is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input !C voltage. !s and then the !C

voltage changes, the ;C voltage also changes. Thus to avoid this egulators are used.

!lso when the internal resistance of the power supply is greater than -7 ohms, the output

gets affected. Thus this can be successfully reduced here. The regulators are mainly

classified for low voltage and for high voltage. ere we used ('79 positive regulator. It

reduces the &? dc voltage to 9? dc ?oltage.

The 0ilter circuit is often fiBed after the egulator circuit. Capacitor is most often

used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges during

the positive half cycle of the !C voltage and discharges during the negative half cycle. /o

it allows only !C voltage and does not allow the ;C voltage. This filter is fiBed after the

egulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally.

ere we used 7.%L0 capacitor. The output at this stage is 9? and is given to the

*icrocontroller

The output of the ('79 regulator is connected to "IC %&f'((! microcontroller,

transmitter, receives.


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CIRCUIT O#ERATION

The input of the circuit is taken from the main. It is a single#phase -7? ac voltage.

This -7 !C voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down. The /tep down

Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from -7? !C to lower value.

4ecause the microcontroller and sensors are operated at M9? dc voltage and relays and

drivers will be operate at M%? dc voltage. /o first this -7C !C voltage should be

stepped down and then it should be converted to dc. !fter converting to dc it is applied to

controller, sensors, relays and drivers. In this project we used -7D%? step down

transformer. The output of ('79 regulator is given to "IC microcontroller and three

sensors. The main part of this project is "IC micro controller.

JE-(&*)

!n encoder is a circuit in which a code or signal presented in one format can be

changed to format compatible with the circuitry it interfaces with. In case of the T+#7%

the format delivered by the user is a %#bit parallel code consisting of ' address bits and 6

data bits. This code must be changed to a serial format in order to become compatible

with the transmitters input. This is the job of the T+#7% encoder motherboard, or more

specifically, the T%8 encoder IC found on the T+#7% encoder motherboard $an

encoder is already built#in to the T+#GG@6!).

JT)%-/0'*)

! transmitter is a circuit with an output sent through the air by light, sound or

electromagnetic waves at a specific fre5uency. In the case of the T+#GG@6!, the output is

an amplitude modulated radio fre5uency of -77*z. The transmitter receives a coded

signal from the encoder and uses that signal to modulate its -77*z carrier. In simple


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terms, the output of the transmitter is an electromagnetic representation of the input data

code.

JR**':*)

! receiver is a circuit capable of accepting and processing light, sound, or

electromagnetic waves of a specific fre5uency. In the case of the 8#GG, the -77*z

radio fre5uency signal sent by the transmitter is received, and the incoming data eBtracted

from that signal. The eBtracted data is then sent out in serial format to the decoder board.

JD*(&*)

! ;ecoder is a circuit in which a coded signal of a specific format $usually that of

its compatible encoder) is received and changed to a format compatible with the circuitry

it interfaces with $usually the format originally presented to the encoder is the same

format used for the output of the decoder when used in wireless systems, but not always).

In the case of the 8#7%, the incoming code is a % bit serial format. This code must be

checked to ensure that the first ' bits $address bits) match the address of the decoder IC.

This is the job of the 8#7% decoder motherboard, or more specifically, the T%;

decoder IC. 0ound on the 8#7% decoder motherboard.

If the incoming ' bit address is correct, the last 6 bits of the % bit code $data bits)

are passed on to the data outputs of the 8#7%, and the ?alid I; relay closes and remains

closed until the incoming signal is no longer present. The 6 data bits, however, latch and

remain in whatever state they were set to by the last transmission, until they are changed

by the neBt transmission.


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INTRODUCTION TO SERIAL COMMUNICATION

!ll I4* "C and compatible computers are typically e5uipped with two serial

ports and one parallel port. !lthough these two types of ports are used for communicating

with eBternal devices, they work in different ways. ! parallel port sends and receives data

eight bits at a time over ' separate wires. This allows data to be transferred very 5uickly

however, the cable re5uired is more bulky because of the number of individual wires it

must contain. "arallel ports are typically used to connect a "C to a printer and are rarely

used for much else. ! serial port sends and receives data one bit at a time over one wire.

>hile it takes eight times as long as to transfer each byte of data this way, only a few

wires are re5uired. In fact, two#way $full dupleB) communications is possible with only

three separate wires# one to send, one to receive, and a common signal ground wire.

4i#directional communications

Communicating by wires

The "arity 4it

Cable lengths

*!+#-C

;C8 !nd ;T8 devices

G pin to 9 pin !dapters

/ynchronous and !synchronous Communications

JB'9&')*'(-% C(00,-'%'(-/

The serial port on your "C is a full#dupleB device meaning that it can send and

receive data at the same time. In order to be able to do this, it uses separate lines for

transmitting and receiving data. /ome types of serial devices support only one#way


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communications and therefore use only two#wires in the cable N the transmit line and the

signal ground.

JC(00,-'%'- = ='/

Once the start bit has been sent, the transmitter sends the actual data bits. There

may either be 9,&,(, or ' data bits, depending on the number you have selected. 4oth

receiver and the transmitter must agree on the number of data bits, as well as the baud

rate. !lmost all devices transmit data using either ( or ' data bits. 3otice that when only

( data bits are employed, you cannot send !/CII values greater than %(. :ikewise, using

9 bits limits the highest possible value to -%. !fter the data has been transmitted, a stop

bit is sent. ! stop bit has a value of %# or a mark state# and it can be detected correctly

even if the previous data bit also had a value of %. This is accomplished by the stop bitFs

duration.

JT;* #%)' B'

4esides the synchronization provided by the use of start and stop bits, an

additional bit called a parity bit may optionally be transmitted along with the data. !

parity bit affords a small amount of error checking, to help detect data corruption that

might occur during transmission.

JC%=* L*-;/

The *!+#- standard imposes a cable length limit of 97 feet. Aou can usually

ignore this 1standard2, since a cable can be as long as %7777 feet at baud rates up to

%G77 if you use a high 5uality, well shielded cable. The eBternal environment has a large

effect on lengths for unshielded cables.


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JMA232 >?(%* C(-:*)*)@

/ince the /- is not compatible with todays microprocessors and micro

controller, we need line driver to convert the /- signals to TT: voltage levels that

will be acceptable to the '79%Fs T+; and +; pins. One eBample of such a converter is

*!+ - from maBim corp. The *!+ - converts from /- voltage levels to TT:

voltage levels, and vice versa. One advantage of *!+- chip is that it uses a M9?

power source, which is the same as the source voltage for the "IC %&f'((! micro

controller. In other words, with a single M9v power supply we can power both the "IC

and *!+ -, with no need of for the dual power supplies that are common in many

older systems. The *!+ - re5uires four capacitors ranging from % to microfarad.

The most widely used value for this capacitor is microfarad.

#IN DIAGRAM OF MA232$


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JDCE %-& DTE &*:'*/

Two terms you should be familiar with are ;T8 and ;C8. ;T8 stands for ;ata

Terminal 85uipment, and ;C8 stands for ;ata Communication 85uipment. These terms

are used to indicate the pin#out for the connectors on a device and the direction of the

signals on the pins. Aour computer is a ;T8 device, while most other devices are usually

;C8 devices. If you have trouble keeping the two straight then replace the term 1;T8

device2 with your "C and the term ;C8 device with 1remote ;evice2 in the following

discussion. The /#- standard states that ;T8 devices use a 9#pin male connector,

and ;C8 devices use a 9#pin female connector. Aou can therefore connect a ;T8 device

to a ;C8 using a straight pin#for#pin connection. owever, to connect two like devices,

you must instead use a null modem cable. 3ull modem cables cross the transmit and

receive lines in the cable.

The ;T8 device puts this line in a mark condition to tell the remote device that it

is ready and able to receive data. If the ;T8 device is not able to receive data $typically

because its receive buffer is almost full), it will put this line in the space condition as a

signal to the ;C8 to stop sending data. >hen the ;T8 device is ready to receive more

data it will place this line back in the mark condition. The complement of the T/ wire is

CT/, which stands for Clear to /end. The ;C8 device puts this line in a mark condition

to tell the ;T8 device that it is ready to receive the data. :ikewise, if the ;C8 device is

unable to receive data, it will place this line in the space condition. Together, these two

lines make up what is called T/DCT/ or 1hardware2 flow control. The software wedge

supports this type of flow control as well as +onD+off or 1software2 flow control.

/oftware flow control uses special control characters transmitted from one device to


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another to tell the other device to stop or start sending data. >ith software flow control

the T/ and CT/ lines are not used.

DTR stands for ;ata Terminal eady. Its intended function is very similar to the

T/ line. ;/ $;ata /et eady) is the companion to ;T in the same way that CT/ is to

T/. /ome serial devices use ;T and ;/ as signals to simplify confirm that a device

is connected and turned on. The software wedge sets ;T to the mark state when the

serial port is opened and leaves it in that state until the port is closed. The ;T and ;/

lines were originally designed to provide an alternate method of hardware handshaking. It

would be pointless to use both T/DCT/ and ;TD;/ for flow control signals at the

same time. 4ecause of this ;T and ;/ are rarely used for flow control.

JS-;)(-(,/ %-& A/-;)(-(,/ C(00,-'%'(-/

There are two basic types of serial communications, synchronous and

asynchronous. >ith synchronous communications, the two devices initially synchronize

themselves to each other, and then continually send characters to stay in sync. 8ven when

the data is not really being sent, a constant flow of bits allows each device to know where

the other is at any given time. That is, each character that is sent is either actual data or an

idle character. /ynchronous communications allows faster data transfer rates than

asynchronous methods, because additional bits to mark the beginning and end of each

data byte are not re5uired. The serial ports on I4* style "Cs are asynchronous devices

and therefore only support asynchronous serial communications. !synchronous means no

1synchronization2, and thus does not re5uire sending and receiving idle characters.

owever, the beginning and end of each byte of data must be identified by start and stop


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bits. The start bit indicates when the data byte is about to begin and the stop bit signals

when it ends. The re5uirement to send these additional two bits causes asynchronous

communication to be slightly slower than synchronous however it has the advantage that

the processor does not have to deal with the additional idle characters.


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CODING

TRANSMITTER

'-,&*'.;

,-/'-*& '- R

:('& &*%>@

CONFIG>WDTDIS " T " #WRTEN " BOREN " L?#DIS@

:('& 0%'->@

TRISCJ!8!

S#BRGJ2!7

BRGHJ1

RCSTAJ!!

TSTAJ!24

GIEJ#EIEJRCIEJ1

;'*>1@

TREGJ!

;'*>TRMT@

&*%>@


39/76

:('& '-*)), '/)>@

'>RCIFJJ1@

RCIFJ!

RJRCREG

TREGJR

;'*>TRMT@

:('& &*%>@

()>J!J4!!@


40/76

RECEI?ER

'-,&*'.;

,-/'-*& '- R

:('& &*%>@

CONFIG>WDTDIS " T " #WRTEN " BOREN " L?#DIS@

:('& 0%'->@

TRISCJ!8!

S#BRGJ2!7

BRGHJ1

RCSTAJ!!

TSTAJ!24

GIEJ#EIEJRCIEJ1

;'*>1@

;'*>RJJ!@

TREGJR

;'*>TRMT@

RJ!


41/76

:('& '-*)), '/)>@

'>RCIFJJ1@

RCIFJ!

RJRCREG

:('& &*%>@

()>J!J4!!@


42/76

I-/%'- (&'- '-( #IC 0')((-)(*)$

%. >rite the program in *":!4 I;8.

. /ave the file as .c. and compile it.

-. !fter successful compilation of the coding close the *":!4 I;8.

6. 0iB the Controller IC into "IC 0lash kit.

9. Then click on *icro controller *icro /ystems "IC 0lash /oftware Icon on the

desktop.

&. It displays on dialog boB. Then select open and select the program which we

already saved as .c.

(. Then it asks the Confirmation that The IC is empty, select ok.

'. Then it asks 0uses /ettings, select A8/

G. Then it displays 0uses /ettings ;ialog 4oB.

%7. In that put >;T ## J ;isabled, >T## J 8nabled, Oscillator## J +T then click on

O@.

%%. Then it displays the "rogram successfully installed into "IC.

%. Then emove the IC from the "IC 0lash and it is ready for used into the project

or circuit operation.


43/76


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H%)&%)* R*+,')*0*-/$

%. "ower supply unit

. *icro controller

-. *!+ - IC

6. /erial Interface

9. Transmitter and eceiver

#OWER SU##LY UNIT$

C'),' D'%)%0

#(*) /, ,-' (-/'// ( (('- ,-'/

i) /tep down transformer

ii) ectifier unit

iii) Input filter

iv) egulator unit

v) Output filter


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STE#DOWN TRANSFORMER$

The /tep down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from

-7? !C to lower value. This -7 !C voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped

down. The Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step down

the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in its secondary

core. The output from the secondary coil is also !C waveform. Thus the conversion from

!C to ;C is essential. This conversion is achieved by using the ectifier CircuitD=nit.

RECTIFIER UNIT$

The ectifier circuit is used to convert the !C voltage into its corresponding ;C

voltage. There are alf#>ave, 0ull#>ave and bridge ectifiers available for this specific

function. The most important and simple device used in ectifier circuit is the diode. The

simple function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to conduct in

reverse bias.

The 0orward 4ias is achieved by connecting the diodeFs positive with positive of

the battery and negative with batteryFs negative. The efficient circuit used is the 0ull

wave 4ridge rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the

ripples from the obtained ;C voltage are removed using other circuits available. The

circuit used for removing the ripples is called 0ilter circuit.

IN#UT FILTER$

Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the ;C voltage are removed and

pure ;C voltage is obtained. !nd also these capacitors are used to reduce the harmonics

of the input voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and

discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the !C voltage and it will discharge in


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negative half cycle. /o it allows only !C voltage and does not allow the ;C voltage. This

filter is fiBed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from ripples.

REGULATOR UNIT:

('79 egulator

egulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output voltage

is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input !C voltage. !s and then the !C

voltage changes, the ;C voltage also changes. Thus to avoid this egulators are used.

!lso when the internal resistance of the power supply is greater than -7 ohms, the output

gets affected. Thus this can be successfully reduced here. The regulators are mainly

classified for low voltage and for high voltage. 0urther they can also be classified asH

i) "ositive regulator

%###J input pin

###J ground pin

-###J output pin

It regulates the positive voltage.

ii) 3egative regulator

%###J ground pin

###J input pin

-###J output pin

It regulates the negative voltage.


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OUT#UT FILTER$

The 0ilter circuit is often fiBed after the egulator circuit. Capacitor is most often

used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges during

the positive half cycle of the !C voltage and discharges during the negative half cycle. /o

it allows only !C voltage and does not allow the ;C voltage. This filter is fiBed after the

egulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally.

ere we used 7.%L0 capacitor. The output at this stage is 9? and is given to the

*icrocontroller.

MICRO CONTROLLER$

! computer#on#a#chip is a variation of a microprocessor which combines the

processor core $C"=), some memory, and IDO $inputDoutput) lines, all on one chip. The

computer#on#a#chip is called the microcomputer whose proper meaning is a computer

using a $number of) microprocessor$s) as its C"=s, while the concept of the

microcomputer is known to be a microcontroller. ! microcontroller can be viewed as a

set of digital logic circuits integrated on a single silicon chip. This chip is used for only

specific applications.

AD?ANTAGES OF USING A MICROCONTROLLER O?ER

MICRO#ROCESSOR$

! designer will use a *icrocontroller to

%.


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6. !* and O* are inbuilt in the *C.

9. Cheap compared to *".

&. *ulti machine control is possible simultaneously.

8BamplesH

'79% $!T*!:), "IC $*icrochip), *otorola $*otorola), !* "rocessor,

!pplicationsH

Cell phones, Computers, obots, Interfacing to two pcFs.

M')((-)(*) C()* F*%,)*/$

igh#performance I/C C"=.

Only -9 single word instructions to learn.

!ll single cycle instructions eBcept for program branches which are two cycle.

Operating speedH ;C # 7 *z clock input ;C # 77 ns instruction cycle.

=p to '@ B %6 words of 0:!/ "rogram *emory, =p to -&' B ' bytes of ;ata

*emory $!*) =p to 9& B ' bytes of 88"O* data memory.

"in out compatible to the "IC%&C(-4D(64D(&D((

Interrupt capability $up to %6 sources)

8ight level deep hardware stack

;irect, indirect and relative addressing modes.

"ower#on eset $"O).

"ower#up Timer $">T) and Oscillator /tart#up Timer $O/T).

>atchdog Timer $>;T) with its own on#chip C oscillator for reliable operation.

"rogrammable code#protection.


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"ower saving /:88" mode.

/electable oscillator options.

:ow#power, high#speed C*O/ 0:!/D88"O* technology.

0ully static design.

In#Circuit /erial "rogrammingP $IC/") P.

/ingle 9? In#Circuit /erial "rogramming capability.

In#Circuit ;ebugging via two pins.

"rocessor readDwrite access to program memory.

>ide operating voltage rangeH .7? to 9.9?.

igh /inkD/ource CurrentH 9 m!.

Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges.

:ow#power consumption.

In this project we used "IC %&f'((! microcontroller. "IC means "eripheral Interface

Controller. The "IC family having different series. The series are %# /eries, %6# /eries,

% /eries, %'# /eries, and 6# /eries. >e used %& /eries "IC microcontroller.

#' M')((-)(*) 16F877A:

• Operating fre5uencyH ;C#7*hz.

• 0lash program memory$%6 bit words)H'@

• ;ata memory$in bytes)H-&'

• 88"O* ;ata memory$in bytes)H9&

• InterruptsH%9

• IDo portsH !,4,C,;,8

• TimersH-

• !nalog comparatorsH


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• InstructionsH-9

#IN DIAGRAM OF #IC 16F874A877A$


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FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF #IC 16F877A


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DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

:ike every other system development design cycle embedded system too have a

design cycle. The flow of the system will be like as given below. 0or any design cycle

these will be the implementation steps. 0rom the initial state of the project to the final

fabrication the design considerations will be taken like the software consideration and the

hardware components, sensor, input and output. The electronics usually uses either a

microprocessor or a microcontroller. /ome large or old systems use general#purpose

mainframe computers or minicomputers.

U/*) I-*)%*/$

=ser interfaces for embedded systems vary widely, and thus deserve some special

comment. =ser interface is the ultimate aim for an embedded module as to the user to

check the output with complete convenience. One standard interface, widely used in

embedded systems, uses two buttons $the absolute minimum) to control a menu system

$just to be clear, one button should be QneBt menu entryQ the other button should be

Qselect this menu entryQ).

!nother basic trick is to minimize and simplify the type of output. ;esigns

sometimes use a status light for each interface plug, or failure condition, to tell what

failed. ! cheap variation is to have two light bars with a printed matriB of errors that they

select# the user can glue on the labels for the language that he speaks. 0or eBample, most

small computer printers use lights labeled with stick#on labels that can be printed in any

language. In some markets, these are delivered with several sets of labels, so customers

can pick the most comfortable language.


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In many organizations, one person approves the user interface. Often this is a

customer, the major distributor or someone directly responsible for selling the system.

#LATFORM$

There are many different C"= architectures used in embedded designs such as

!*, *I"/, ColdfireD&'k, "ower"C, +'&, "IC, '79%, !tmel !? , ', /, ?'97, 0#

?, *- etc.

This in contrast to the desktop computer market, which as of this writing $77-) is

limited to just a few competing architectures, mainly the IntelD!*; B'&, and the

!ppleD*otorolaDI4* "ower"C, used in the !pple *acintosh. >ith the growing

acceptance of Rava in this field, there is a tendency to even further eliminate the

dependency on specific C"=Dhardware $and O/) re5uirements.

/tandard "CD%76 is a typical base for small, low#volume embedded and ruggedized

system design. These often use ;O/, :inuB or an embedded real#time operating system

such as S3+ or Inferno.

! common configuration for very#high#volume embedded systems is the system

on a chip, an application#specific integrated circuit, for which the C"= was purchased as

intellectual property to add to the ICs design. ! related common scheme is to use a field#

programmable gate array, and program it with all the logic, including the C"=. *ost

modern 0"

T((/$

:ike typical computer programmers, embedded system designers use compilers,

assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded system software. owever, they also

use a few tools that are unfamiliar to most programmers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8051http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M32Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debuggerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8051http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M32Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger


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/oftware tools can come from several sourcesH

• /oftware companies that specialize in the embedded market.

• "orted from the


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interrupt lets the debugger operate in hardware in which only the C"= works. The C"=#

based debugger can be used to test and debug the electronics of the computer from the

viewpoint of the C"=. This feature was pioneered on the ";"#%%.

!s the compleBity of embedded systems grows, higher level tools and operating

systems are migrating into machinery where it makes sense. 0or eBample, cell phones,

personal digital assistants and other consumer computers often need significant software

that is purchased or provided by a person other than the manufacturer of the electronics.

In these systems, an open programming environment such as :inuB, O/


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'. Operational test.

G. /afety test.

START U#$

!ll embedded systems have start#up code. =sually it disables interrupts, sets up

the electronics, tests the computer $!*, C"= and software), and then starts the

application code. *any embedded systems recover from short#term power failures by

restarting $without recent self#tests). estart times under a tenth of a second are common.

*any designers have found a few :8;s useful to indicate errors $they help

troubleshooting). ! common scheme is to have the electronics turn on all of the :8;$s) at

reset $thereby proving that power is applied and the :8;s themselves work), whereupon

the software changes the :8; pattern as the "ower#On /elf Test eBecutes. !fter that, the

software may blink the :8;$s) or set up light patterns during normal operation to

indicate program eBecution progress or errors. This serves to reassure most

techniciansDengineers and some users. !n interesting eBception is that on electric power

meters and other items on the street, blinking lights are known to attract attention and

vandalism.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubleshootinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-On_Self_Testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubleshootinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-On_Self_Test


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S(%)* T((/$

%. *":!4

. "rotel

-. "ropic

6. I#Tech "IC C Compiler

M#LAB I-*)%'(-$

*":!4 Integrated ;evelopment 8nvironment $I;8) is a free, integrated toolset for

the development of embedded applications employing *icrochips "IC micro and ds"IC

microcontrollers. *":!4 I;8 runs as a -#bit application on */ >indows, is easy to

use and includes a host of free software components for fast application development and

super#charged debugging. *":!4 I;8 also serves as a single, unified graphical user

interface for additional *icrochip and third party software and hardware development

tools. *oving between tools is a snap, and upgrading from the free simulator to *":!4

IC; or the *":!4 IC8 emulator is done in a flash because *":!4 I;8 has the same

user interface for all tools.

Choose *":!4 C%', the highly optimized compiler for the "IC%' series

microcontrollers, or try the newest *icrochips language tools compiler, *":!4 C-7,

targeted at the high performance "IC6 and ds"IC digital signal controllers. Or, use one

of the many products from third party language tools vendors. They integrate into

*":!4 I;8 to function transparently from the *":!4 project manager, editor and

compiler.


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INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED CP$

E$ H'* K*'

I#T8C /oftware makes industrial#strength software development tools and C

compilers that help software developers write compact, efficient embedded processor

code.

0or over two decades I#T8C /oftware has delivered the industrys most

reliable embedded software development tools and compilers for writing efficient and

compact code to run on the most popular embedded processors. =sed by tens of

thousands of customers including hirlpool, Sualcomm, Rohn ;eere

and many others, I#T8Cs reliable development tools and C compilers, combined with

world#class support have helped serious embedded software programmers to create

hundreds of breakthrough new solutions.

>hichever embedded processor family you are targeting with your software,

whether it is the !*, "ICC or '79% series, I#T8C tools and C compilers can help

you write better code and bring it to market faster.

I#T8C "ICC is a high#performance C compiler for the *icrochip "IC micro

%7D%D%6D%&D%( series of microcontrollers. I#T8C "ICC is an industrial#strength !3/I

C compiler # not a subset implementation like some other "IC compilers. The "ICC

compiler implements full I/OD!3/I C, with the eBception of recursion. !ll data types are

supported including 6 and - bit I888 standard floating point. I#T8C "ICC makes

full use of specific "IC features and using an intelligent optimizer, can generate high#

5uality code easily rivaling hand#written assembler. !utomatic handling of page and bank

selection frees the programmer from the trivial details of assembler code.


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E0=*&&*& C C(0'*)$

!3/I C # full featured and portable

eliable # mature, field#proven technology

*ultiple C optimization levels

!n optimizing assembler

0ull linker, with overlaying of local variables to minimize !* usage

Comprehensive C library with all source code provided

Includes support for 6#bit and -#bit I888 floating point and -#bit long data

types

*iBed C and assembler programming

=nlimited number of source files

:istings showing generated assembler

Compatible # integrates into the *":!4 I;8, *":!4 IC; and most -rd#party

development tools

uns on multiple platformsH >indows, :inuB, =3I+, *ac O/ +, /olaris

8mbedded ;evelopment 8nvironmentH

"ICC can be run entirely from the. This environment allows you to manage all of

your "IC projects. Aou can compile, assemble and link your embedded application with a

single step.


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Optionally, the compiler may be run directly from the command line, allowing

you to compile, assemble and link using one command. This enables the compiler to be

integrated into third party development environments, such as *icrochips *":!4 I;8.

E0=*&&*& //*0 ((/$

A//*0=*)$

!n assembler is a computer program for translating assembly language U

essentially, a mnemonic representation of machine language U into object code. ! cross

assembler $see cross compiler ) produces code for one type of processor, but runs on

another. The computational step where an assembler is run is known as assembly time.

Translating assembly instruction mnemonics into opcodes, assemblers provide the ability

to use symbolic names for memory locations $saving tedious calculations and manually

updating addresses when a program is slightly modified), and macro facilities for

performing teBtual substitution U typically used to encode common short se5uences of

instructions to run inline instead of in a subroutine. !ssemblers are far simpler to write

than compilers for high#level languages.

!ssembly language has several benefitsH

• S**&H !ssembly language programs are generally the fastest programs around.

• S%*H !ssembly language programs are often the smallest.

• C%%=''$ Aou can do things in assembly which are difficult or impossible in

igh level languages.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_language


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• K-(*&*H Aour knowledge of assembly language will help you write better

programs, even when using igh level languages. !n eBample of an assembler we

use in our project is !; 9%.

S'0,%()$

/imulator is a machine that simulates an environment for the purpose of training or

research. >e use a =*"/ simulator for this purpose in our project.

UM#S$

=niversal microprocessor program simulator simulates a microcontroller with its eBternal

environment. =*"/ is able to simulate eBternal components connected to the

microcontroller. Then, debug step is dramatically reduced. =*"/ is not dedicated to only

one microcontroller family, it can simulate all kind of microcontrollers. The main

limitation is to have less than &6@#4ytes of !* and O* space and the good

microcontroller library. =*"/ provide all the facilities other low#cost simulator does not

have. It offers the user to see the Qreal effectQ of a program and a way to change the

microcontroller family without changing I;8. =*"/ provide a low#cost solution to the

problems. =*"/ is really the best solution to your evaluation.

UM#S * *%,)*/$

#The speed, =*"/ can run as fast as %D9 the real microcontroller speed. 3o need to wait

days to see the result of a :C; routine access. !ll the microcontroller parts are

simulated, interrupts, communication protocol, parallel handshake, timer and so on.

# =*"/ have an integrated assemblerDdisassembler and debugger. It is able to accept an

eBternal assembler or compiler. It has a teBt editor which is not limited to &6@#bytes and


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shows keyword with color. It can also communicate with an eBternal compiler to

integrate all the debug facilities you need.

# =*"/ is universal, it can easily be eBtended to other microcontroller with a library. !sk

us for toolkit development.

# 8Bternal resource simulation is not limited. It can be eBtended to your proper needs by

writing your own ;::.

# =*"/ allows you to evaluate at the lowest cost the possibility to build a

microcontroller project without any cable. # =*"/ include a complete documentation on

each microcontroller which describe special registers and each instruction

C(0'*)$

! compiler is a program that reads a program in one language, the source language and

translates into an e5uivalent program in another language, the target language. The

translation process should also report the presence of errors in the source program.

Source

Program→ Compiler →

Target

Program

↓

Error

Messages

There are two parts of compilation. The analysis part breaks up the source program into

constant piece and creates an intermediate representation of the source program. The

synthesis part constructs the desired target program from the intermediate representation.


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T;* (,/'-/ ( ;* (0'*) %)*$

%. "reprocessor.

. !ssembler.

-. :oader and :ink#editor.

! naive approach to that front end might run the phases serially.

%. :eBical analyzer takes the source program as an input and produces a long

string of tokens.

. /yntaB !nalyzer takes an out of leBical analyzer and produces a large tree.

/emantic analyzer takes the output of syntaB analyzer and produces another tree.

/imilarly, intermediate code generator takes a tree as an input produced by semantic

analyzer and produces intermediate code


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#;%/*/ ( (0'*)$

The compiler has a number of phases plus symbol table manager and an error handler.

Input Source

Program

↓

Lexical

Analyzer

↓

Syntax

Analyzer

↓

Symol

Tale

Manager

Semantic

Analyzer

Error

!an"ler

↓

Interme"iate

Co"e


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#enerator

↓

Co"e

$ptimizer

↓

Co"e

#enerator

↓

$ut Target

Program


67/76


68/76


69/76


70/76

COM#ONENTS USED$

1. /tep ;own Transformer $-7D%?) N % 3o.

2. ;iodes $%3677() N 6 3o

3. Capacitors # %777L0 N % 3o p0# %7 3os

4. egulators ('79 N % 3o

5. "IC micro controller $%&f'((!) N 3o

6. Crystal Oscillator $6*z) N 3os

7. *!+- Connectors N 3os

8. eset

. 8ncoder#4uffer N T#%8IC

1!. ;ecoder#4uffer N T#%; IC

11. /erial Interface

12. Transmitter NT>/6-6

13. eceiver N>/6-6


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72/76

FABRICATION DETAILS

The fabrication of one demonstration unit is carried out in the following se5uence.

0inalizing the total circuit diagram, listing out the components and sources of

procurement.

"rocuring the components, testing the components and screening the components.

*aking layout, repairing the interconnection diagram as per the circuit diagram.

!ssembling the components as per the component layout and circuit diagram and

soldering components.

Integrating the total unit, intertwining the unit and final testing the unit.

A##LICATIONS$

%. !dd display

. ailway announcement-. 0actory announcement

6. ;efense communication


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CONCLUSION

The above project has shown the successful implementation of wireless

communication using the "IC %&f'((! micro controller.

! Transmitter kit is developed and connected to "C to eceive the character, the

character is then encoded and transmitted through radio fre5uency. !t the end of receiver

section the decoder will decode the encoded data and applied to the controller. The

receiver data is then transmitted to another "C.

This concludes the communication of data from "C to "C.

JF*%,)* 0(&''%'(-

%. The user could change the signal character into a word or a teBt in order to

improve the communication.

. >hile the transmission and receiving of data there is a possibility for the

eBistence of noise, because of the usage of micro controller. ence we can use a

protocol with the header and tailer and also inclusion of CC checker. /o that the

communication can be achieved with securely.


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B'='()%;$

BOOKS$

Customizing and programming ur pic microcontroller# M* #)*&(

Complete guide to pic microcontroller #*9=((

C programming for embedded systems9 K') ,)*

Teach yourself electronics and electricity# S%- G'='/(

8mbedded *icrocomputer system9 (-%;%- .?%:%-(>2!!!@

8mbedded "IC microcontroller# (;- #*%0%-

Telecommunication and computer by M%)'-

W*= /'*/$

• www.*icrochips.com

• httpHDDwww.mikroelektronika.co.yuDenglishDproductDbooksD"ICbookD7V=v

od.htm

•

www.how stuff works.com

• www.teBasinstruments.com

• www.nationalsemiconductors.com

• www.fairchildsemiconductors.com
http://www.mikroelektronika.co.yu/english/product/books/PICbook/0_Uvod.htmhttp://www.mikroelektronika.co.yu/english/product/books/PICbook/0_Uvod.htmhttp://www.texasinstruments.com/http://www.nationalsemiconductors.com/http://www.fairchildsemiconductors.com/http://www.mikroelektronika.co.yu/english/product/books/PICbook/0_Uvod.htmhttp://www.mikroelektronika.co.yu/english/product/books/PICbook/0_Uvod.htmhttp://www.texasinstruments.com/http://www.nationalsemiconductors.com/http://www.fairchildsemiconductors.com/

Implementation of Wireless Communication Between Computers

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