Imperialism

Motives for Imperialism

Motives for Imperialism

• Economic- need for new markets and raw materials

• Political– boost national pride, expand territory, exercise military force

• Social- racism, Social Darwinism, spread Christianity, white man’s burden

Forms of Colonial ControlForms of

ImperialismCharacteristics African Example

Colony Country governed internally by a foreign power

Somaliland by France

Protectorate Country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power

Niger River Delta by Britain

Sphere of Influence Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Liberia by the United States

Management MethodsIndirect Control Direct Control

Characteristics

-Local officials were used

-Limited self-rule

-Goal to develop future leaders

-Govt’s based on European styles, but may have local rulers

Characteristics

-Foreign officials brought into rule

- No self-rule

-Gold assimilation

-Govt’s institutions based only on European styles

Examples

-British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma

-U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands

Examples

-French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam

-German colonies such as Tanganyika

Scramble for Africa• 1882- King Leopold II of Belgium claims the

Congo– Claims to end slavery

• 1880- Scramble for Africa begins

• Berlin Conference in 1884-85– Africa divided with little thought to how African

ethnic or linguistic groups were distributed

• By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free from European control

King Leopold

Scramble for Africa

Berlin Conference

Africa 1914

African Conflicts

• South Africa– 1816- Shaka Zulu– Boers and the Great Trek– Boer War 1899-1902

• Ethiopia– Menelik II– Battle of Adowa- Ethiopians defeat Italians

Shaka Zulu

Menelik II

“Heart of Darkness”

Impacts on Africa

• Positive– Reduced Local Warfare– Improved Sanitation– Life Span and Literacy Rates Increased

• Negative– Loss of land and independence– Breakdown of traditional culture– Division of Continent

Imperialism in India• Fall of Mughal Empire- Controlled by British

East India Company (“Jewel in the Crown”)

• Negative Impacts– Loss of self-sufficiency– Cash crops leads to famine– Indian companies go out of business– Loss of traditional culture

• Positive Impacts– Industrialization– Education– Sanitation

Sepoy Rebellion

• Sepoys- Indian soldiers in British Army (mainly Muslim and Hindu)

• Rifle Cartridges greased with beef and pork fat

• Leads to Sepoy Rebellion• Failed Rebellion leads to Direct Rule (Raj)• New Direct Rule (Raj) paid by Salt Tax• Growing Indian Nationalism / Modernization

– Ram Mohun Roy– Indian National Congress– Muslim League

Southeast AsiaPower Lands Claimed Major Trade

Products

Dutch Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Bali

Oil, Tin, rubber

British Malaysia, Burma Tin, Rubber

French Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

Rice

Americans Philippines, Hawaii

Sugar, Bananas, Pineapples

China Rejects Trade with the West

Opium War

Opium War effects• Treaty of Nanjing

– Britain given Hong Kong– Extraterritorial Rights

• Taiping Rebellion

• Empress Cixi self-strengthening movement

• China Carved into Spheres of Influence– Open Door Policy

• Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Rebellion

Japan

• Matthew Perry and the Treaty of Kanagawa

• Meiji Era– Modernized gov’t– Modernized army– Modernized education– Modernized economy / Industrialization

Imperial Japan

• Sino-Japanese War– Gained Taiwan and Pescadores Islands

• Russo-Japanese War– Disputed land of Manchuria and Korea– Defeated Russians (great humiliation)– Japan annexes Korea in 1910