E Exploratory

Goals:

- to map new territory - to locate indigenous (native) people

- to identify natural resources available (i.e. animals, plants, etc.)

Evidence:

“All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to come”

- (German historian) Heinrich von Treitschke, 1879

P Political

Goals: - to claim land for the “mother country”

- to make sure their country had more resources than other countries - to control another country’s government

Evidence:

“Nations are great in our times only by means of the activities which they develop…(France) out to propagate this influence throughout the world and carry everyone that she can her language, her customs, her flag, her arms, and her genius.”

- -Jules Ferry, 1883 (prime minister of France in the years 1880 -1881 and 1883-1885)

I Ideological

Goals:

- to “improve” non-Europeans’ way of life - to make others more like Europeans

- to make them adopt a European perspective

Evidence:

“I repeat, that the superior races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize the inferior races .... In the history of earlier centuries these duties, gentlemen, have often been misunderstood. . . But, in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.”

-Jules Ferry, 1883 (prime minister of France in the years 1880 -1881 and 1883-1885)

R Religious

Goals:

- to convert native people to the Christian religion - to convince native people that their religion is wrong/“evil”

- to change the beliefs of the next generation

Evidence:

“The Catholic faith and the Christian religion be exalted and everywhere increased and spread, that the health of souls be cared for and that barbarous nations be overthrown and brought to the faith itself.”

-Inter Caetera, May 3, 1493

E Economic

Goals:

- to obtain raw materials to produce goods – supply - to get the native people to purchase European goods and services –

demand - to make money!

Evidence:

“The majority of the raw materials were agricultural products produced on plantations. Plantation crops included tea, India, coffee, cotton, and jute. Another crop was opium. The British shipped opium to China and exchanged it for tea, which they then sold in Britain”

- Patterns of Interaction, 1999 (World History textbook)