Impact of Services Trade Liberalization on Employment and People Movement in South Asia

8/3/2019 Impact of Services Trade Liberalization on Employment and People Movement in South Asia

1/48

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jwc }jwdc}cm j} }ec ycwrhic yci}`w+

OCL Iljyyhbhij}h`k? B:=, B:2, B77, B79


4/48


I`k}ck}y

:+ Hk}w`msi}h`k ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 97+

Ycwrhic Yci}`w Qcwb`wnjkic hk Y`s}e Jyhj +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =

9+ ]wckmy hk Ycwrhicy Cnql`xnck} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ :=

9+: Wcdh`kjl ]wckmy hk Ycwrhicy Cnql`xnck}+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ :=9+7 I`sk}wx ]wckmy hk Ycwrhicy Cnql`xnck} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ :4

=+ Cnql`xnck} ]wckmy hk Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx jkm Gsyhkcyy Qw`icyy @s}y`swihkd +++++ 79=+: Hkmhj +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7==+7 Ywh Ljkfj +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 74=+9 Gjkdljmcye +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 91=+= Qjfhy}jk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:

3+ @rcwycjy Cnql`xnck} hk }ec Ycwrhic Yci}`w jkm Y`s}e Jyhjk T`wfcwy ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 973+: Mcy}hkj}h`k Njwfc}y b`w Y`s}e Jyhjk T`wfcwy +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9=3+7 Gjwwhcwy }` N`mc = Cuq`w}y bw`n Y`s}e Jyhj +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 95

2+ Ycwrhicy Cnql`xnck} Q`lhihcy ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 952+: Yfhlly jkm Esnjk Wcy`swic Mcrcl`qnck} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 982+7 Njkjdhkd Ljg`w N`ghlh}x +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =7

4+ I`kilsyh`k +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ==Wcbcwckicy ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =3


5/48


9

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7+ YCWRHIC YCI]@W QCWB@WNJKIC HK Y@S]E JYHJ

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y}cjmx }ejk }ej} `b ycwrhicy+ Jdwhisl}swc dw`t}e ejy gcck nsie l`tcw jkm ehdelx r`lj}hlc+]ec wcdh`kjl qhi}swc jly` e`lmy j} }ec hkmhrhmsjl i`sk}wx lcrcl+ Jl}e`sde }ec wclj}hrc qcwb`wnjkic`b ycwrhicy hk }cwny `b }ec yci}`wy dw`t}e wj}c jkm jly` e`t }ehy i`nqjwcy }` `rcwjll DMQdw`t}e rjwhcy jiw`yy }ec b`sw Y`s}e Jyhjk i`sk}whcy skmcw mhyisyyh`k, j gw`jmlx i`nn`kqj}}cwk cncwdcy? Ycwrhicy ejrc gcck dw`thkd bjy}cw }ejk }ec wcy} `b }ec ci`k`nx hk jll }ecyci`sk}whcy, }ecwcgx eclqhkd wjhyc `rcwjll DMQ dw`t}e+ Bhdswc : jkm ]jglc : ysnnjwhc }ecyc}wckmy+

i`kysnq}h`k jgw`jm wcbcwy }` }ec n`rcnck} `b i`kysncwy }` jk`}ecw i`sk}wx }` i`kysnc ycwrhicy `rcwycjy jy hk}`swhyn ycwrhicy6 n`mc 9 `w i`nncwihjl qwcyckic wcbcwy }` }ec cy}jglhyenck} `b ysgyhmhjwhcy, gwjkiecy, o`hk}rck}swcy, c}i+ }` qw`rhmc j ycwrhic }ew`sde hkrcy}nck} `rcwycjy6 jkm n`mc = `w n`rcnck} `b kj}swjl qcwy`kywcbcwy }` }ec }cnq`wjwx iw`yy.g`wmcw n`rcnck} `b qcwy`ky hk jk hkmcqckmck} ijqjih}x `w jy qjw} `b gsyhkcyycy}jglhyenck}y }` qw`rhmc j ycwrhic hk jk`}ecw i`sk}wx ysie jy }ec n`rcnck} `b y`b}tjwc qw`bcyyh`kjly }` jk`}ecwi`sk}wx }` qw`rhmc ycwrhicy }` ilhck}y `rcwycjy+ N`mc = m`cy k`} hkr`lrc ck}wx hk}` }ec qcwnjkck} ljg`sw njwfc},qcwnjkck} wcyhmckic `w ih}hckyehq+

7 e}}q?//sky}j}y+sk+`wd/skym/ykjjnj/mklLhy}+jyq


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3

Bhdswc :? I`nq`skm Jkksjl Dw`t}e Wj}c `b Ycwrhicy @s}qs} jkm @rcwjll Dw`yy M`ncy}hiQw`msi}, :8837118

%#(

IJDW > I`nq`skm Jkksjl Dw`t}e Wj}c

DMQ > Dw`yy M`ncy}hi Qw`msi}

Y`swic? Ijlislj}cm syhkd Kj}h`kjl Jii`sk}y Njhk Jddwcdj}cy Mj}jgjyc

e}}q?//sky}j}y+sk+`wd/skym/ykjjnj/mklLhy}+jyq

]jglc :? Mcijmc.Thyc I`nq`skm Jkksjl Dw`t}e Wj}c `b Ycwrhicy

%#(

Xcjw :85:.:881 :88:.7111 711:.7118

Gjkdljmcye 3+:4 =+88 2+74

Hkmhj 2+=: 4+3: 8+:8

Qjfhy}jk 2+=3 =+7= 3+42

Ywh Ljkfj =+22 3+35 2+9=Y`swic? Ijlislj}cm syhkd Kj}h`kjl Jii`sk}y Njhk Jddwcdj}cy Mj}jgjyce}}q?//sky}j}y+sk+`wd/skym/ykjjnj/mklLhy}+jyq

Jy hy crhmck} bw`n }ec qwcicmhkd iejw} jkm }jglc, ycwrhicy `s}qs} ejy }ckmcm }` lcjm `rcwjllDMQ hk jll b`sw i`sk}whcy, gs} qjw}hisljwlx Hkmhj+ ]ec dw`t}e qcwb`wnjkic `b ycwrhicy ejy b`w }ecn`y} qjw} hnqw`rcm yhkic :85:, cyqcihjllx hk }ec q`y}.7111 qcwh`m jkm b`w Hkmhj hk qjw}hisljw+Msc }` }ecyc }wckmy, }ec i`k}whgs}h`k `b ycwrhicy }` m`ncy}hi `s}qs} ejy hkiwcjycm hk jll b`swi`sk}whcy jkm jii`sk}y b`w n`wc }ejk ejlb `b }echw DMQ+ ]ehy hkiwcjycm yejwc ejy gcck mhwci}lx

j} }ec cuqckyc `b }ec jdwhisl}swc yci}`w mswhkd :8817114, tehlc }ec i`k}whgs}h`k `b }ec hkmsy}wxyci}`w ejy hkiwcjycm `klx njwdhkjllx `w ejy gcck y}jdkjk} `rcw }ehy qcwh`m+ ]jglc 7 ehdelhde}y}ehy yehb} hk yci}`w i`nq`yh}h`k b`w }ec b`sw i`sk}whcy+


8/48


2

]jglc 7? Yci}`w I`nq`yh}h`k `b Dw`yy M`ncy}hi Qw`msi} hk Y`s}e Jyhjk I`sk}whcy, :8517114

%#(

I`sk}wx Yci}`w :851 :853 :881 :883 7111 7114Gjkdljmcye Jdwhisl}swc =1+41 95+75 9=+23 91+12 78+37 7=+=8

Njksbji}swhkd :9+22 :7+83 :=+93 :4+5: :5+11 71+55

Ycwrhicy =3+2= =5+44 3:+11 37+:9 37+=5 3=+27

Hkmhj Jdwhisl}swc 94+:3 99+51 91+71 73+89 7:+88 :4+59

Njksbji}swhkd :4+55 :8+47 7:+54 79+72 77+:: 7:+34

Ycwrhicy ==+85 =2+=4 =4+89 31+5: 33+81 21+21

Qjfhy}jk Jdwhisl}swc 91+:: 72+34 7=+58 73+95 7=+72 71+81

Njksbji}swhkd :5+48 71+38 77+5: 77+=1 77+89 73+98

Ycwrhicy 3:+:1 37+5= 37+91 37+79 37+5: 39+4:

Ywh Ljkfj Jdwhisl}swc 91+2= 75+4: 73+99 7:+85 :5+42 :3+38

Njksbji}swhkd 71+38 71+38 79+47 72+98 75+83 75+51

Ycwrhicy =5+44 31+41 31+8= 3:+29 37+78 33+2:Y`swic? Js}e`wy ijlislj}h`ky gjycm k Skh}cm Kj}h`ky klhkc y}j}hy}hijl mj}jgjyc

Jk cujnhkj}h`k `b }ec ysgyci}`w i`nq`yh}h`k `b ycwrhicy DMQ b`w }ec b`sw i`sk}whcy bsw}ecwwcrcjly }ec jwcjy tecwc cjie `b }ec i`sk}whcy ejy cuehgh}cm ehdecw jkm wclj}hrclx ysy}jhkcmdw`t}e+ K`}th}ey}jkmhkd mhbbcwckicy hk mj}j iljyyhbhij}h`k jkm jrjhljghlh}x, `rcwjll ycwrhicy ysiejy i`ky}wsi}h`k, te`lcyjlc jkm wc}jhl }wjmc jkm mhy}whgs}h`k, i`nnskhij}h`k, jkm }wjkyq`w} jwc}ec n`y} yhdkhbhijk} i`k}whgs}`wy }` DMQ %jw`skm :7#71#( hk Y`s}e Jyhjk i`sk}whcy+D`rcwknck} ycwrhicy `w ycwrhicy wclj}cm }` qsglhi jmnhkhy}wj}h`k, tehie jwc k`ki`nncwihjl hkkj}swc, jly` ìisqx j yhdkhbhijk} yejwc `b DMQ hk y`nc `b }ec i`sk}whcy, hkmhij}hkd }ej} qjw} `b}ec dw`t}e `b ycwrhicy hy k`k}wjmjglc hk kj}swc+ ]jglc 9 qw`rhmcy }ec ysgyci}`w i`nq`yh}h`k `bycwrhicy DMQ hk }ec b`sw Y`s}e Jyhjk i`sk}whcy jkm }ec i`nq`skm jkksjl dw`t}e wj}c%IJDW(b`w cjie ycdnck} mswhkd 711:7114+9

9Jy }ec mcbhkh}h`k `b ycwrhicy jkm ysgyci}`w iljyyhbhij}h`k rjwhcy bw`n i`sk}wx }` i`sk}wx gcijsyc `b mhbbcwckicy hk }eckj}h`kjl jii`sk}y }jgslj}h`k jkm mj}j i`llci}h`k qwìcmswcy, k` q``lhkd `b ysgyci}`w i`nq`yh}h`k `b ycwrhicy DMQejy gcck j}}cnq}cm b`w }ec wcdh`k+ Ysie qwìcmswjl mhbbcwckicy hk ycwrhicy y}j}hy}hiy hy j q`hk} }` gc k`}cm jy h}m`cy i`ky}wjhk }ec jghlh}x `b wcycjwiecwy }` yxk}ecyhc jrjhljglc hkb`wnj}h`k hk j y}jkmjwmhcm jkm y}j}hy}hijllxjiiswj}c njkkcw+


9/48


4

]jglc 9? Ysgyci}`w I`nq`yh}h`k `b Ycwrhicy Dw`yy M`ncy}hi Qw`msi} hk Y`s}e JyhjkI`sk}whcy, 711:7114

%#(

I`sk}wx Ysgyci}`w 711: Yejwc 7114 Yejwc

I`nq`skm

Jkksjl

Dw`t}e Wj}c

IJDW

Gjkdljmcye ]`}jl ycwrhicy :11+1 :11+1 3+=7

: Q`tcw jkm tj}cw ysqqlx 7+31 7+4: 2+24

7 I`ky}wsi}h`k :9+52 :3+78 2+8:

9 Te`lcyjlc jkm wc}jhl }wjmc 79+:7 79+23 3+42

= E`}cly jkm wcy}jswjk}y :+:1 :+:2 2+79

3 ]wjkyq`w}, y}`wjdc, jkm i`nnskhij}h`ky :2+:2 :4+1= 2+77

2 Bhkjkihjl hk}cwncmhjwhcy 7+41 7+58 2+=4

4 Wcjl cy}j}c wck}hkd jkm gsyhkcyy ji}hrh}hcy :=+8= :7+42 9+15

5 Qsglhi jmnhkhy}wj}h`k jkm mcbckyc =+98 =+38 2+:1

8 Cmsij}h`k 9+5= =+7= 2+8=

:1 Ecjl}e jkm yìhjl t`wf 9+43 9+57 3+22

:: I`nnskh}x, yìhjl, jkm qcwy`kjl ycwrhicy :9+23 ::+5= 9+91

7111 7112

Hkmhj ]`}jl ycwrhicy :11+1 :11+1 5+13

: Clci}whih}x, djy, jkm tj}cw ysqqlx =+:2 9+9: =+3:

7 I`ky}wsi}h`k 8+89 ::+7= 8+22

9 ]wjmc, e`}cly, jkm wcy}jswjk}y 4+38

9+: ]wjmc 77+91 7:+4: 4+78

9+7 E`}cly jkm wcy}jswjk}y 7+:5 7+9: 5+33

= ]wjkyq`w}, y}`wjdc, jkm i`nnskhij}h`k :7+=8

=+: Wjhltjxy 7+1: :+59 2+74

=+7 ]wjkyq`w} gx `}ecw ncjky 5+:9 5+79 4+58

=+9 Y}`wjdc 1+:= 1+:1 7+7=

=+= I`nnskhij}h`k 9+91 4+24 7:+=23 Bhkjkihkd, hkyswjkic, wcjl cy}j}c, jkm gsyhkcyy ycwrhicy 5+73

3+: Gjkfhkd jkm hkyswjkic 8+=8 :1+=9 8+:4

3+7 Wcjl cy}j}c jkm `tkcwyehq `b mtcllhkdy :7+45 ::+87 2+29

2 I`nnskh}x, yìhjl, jkm qcwy`kjl ycwrhicy 3+:5

2+: Qsglhi jmnhkhy}wj}h`k jkm mcbckyc ::+=7 5+51 9+44

2+7 @}ecw ycwrhicy :=+:2 :7+=3 3+4=

7111711: 71147115

Qjfhy}jk ]`}jl ycwrhicy :11+1 :11+1 3+==

: Clci}whih}x, djy, jkm tj}cw ysqqlx 3+5: 7+84 .9+14

7 I`ky}wsi}h`k =+7= =+2= 2+2=

9 ]wjkyq`w} y}`wjdc jkm i`nnskhij}h`k 71+95 :4+== 9+=1

= Te`lcyjlc jkm wc}jhl }wjmc 9:+93 78+41 =+47

3 Bhkjkic jkm hkyswjkic 3+=9 ::+75 :3+39

2 @tkcwyehq `b mtcllhkdy 3+39 =+21 9+19

4 Qsglhi jmnhkhy}wj}h`k jkm mcbckyc :1+54 ::+97 3+84

5 I`nnskh}x, yìhjl, jkm qcwy`kjl ycwrhicy :2+95 :5+12 2+49

7117 7114

Ywh Ljkfj ]`}jl ycwrhicy :11+1 :11+1 3+84

: Clci}whih}x jkm tj}cw

:+:+ Clci}whih}x 7+42 9+:2 5+=1

:+7+ Djy 1+93 1+91 9+::

:+9+ Tj}cw 1+:8 1+:2 9+78


10/48


5

I`sk}wx Ysgyci}`w 711: Yejwc 7114 Yejwc

I`nq`skm

Jkksjl

Dw`t}e Wj}c

IJDW

7 I`ky}wsi}h`k 8+91 8+93 2+14

9 Te`lcyjlc jkm wc}jhl }wjmc

9+:+ Hnq`w} }wjmc :9+54 :9+75 3+71

9+7+ Cuq`w} }wjmc 4+:2 2+48 3+13

9+9+ M`ncy}hi }wjmc :3+1: :3+29 2+28

= E`}cly jkm wcy}jswjk}y 1+97 1+21 :4+41

3 ]wjkyq`w} jkm i`nnskhij}h`k

3+:+ ]wjkyq`w} :=+7: :3+51 4+52

3+7+ Ijwd` ejkmlhkd q`w}y jkm ihrhl jrhj}h`k 1+83 1+84 2+7:

3+9+ Q`y} jkm }clci`nnskhij}h`k 1+89 :+85 71+91

2 Gjkfhkd, hkyswjkic, jkm wcjl cy}j}c :7+15 :7+2= 2+45

4 @tkcwyehq `b mtcllhkdy 2+99 =+49 1+83

5 D`rcwknck} ycwrhicy :7+55 ::+:8 9+39

8 Qwhrj}c ycwrhicy 9+24 9+=9 =+44

Y`swic? Kj}h`kjl jii`sk}y y}j}hy}hiy `b jll i`sk}whcy bw`n ick}wjl gjkf m`isnck}y, y}j}hy}hiy gswcjsy, jkm `}ecw`bbhihjl y`swicy+

]ecyc ysgyci}`w }wckmy hk }cwny `b DMQ i`k}whgs}h`k jkm dw`t}e wcblci} }ec hnq`w}jkic `b jrjwhc}x `b bji}`wy hk yejqhkd ycwrhic yci}`w qcwb`wnjkic hk Y`s}e Jyhj+ ]ecyc bji}`wy hkilsmcmcwcdslj}h`k jkm q`lhix wcb`wny hk jwcjy ysie jy }clci`nnskhij}h`ky jkm bhkjkihjl ycwrhicy,jkm }ec w`lc `b whyhkd hki`ncy jkm m`ncy}hi mcnjkm hk mwhrhkd dw`t}e hk ycdnck}y ysie jy}wjmc jkm mhy}whgs}h`k ycwrhicy+ ]ec hnq`w}jkic `b k`ki`nncwihjl ycwrhicyysie jy qsglhijmnhkhy}wj}h`k6 d`rcwknck} ycwrhicy6 jkm i`nnskh}x, y`ihjl, jkm qcwy`kjl ycwrhicywcblci}y}ec w`lc `b m`ncy}hijllx `whck}cm qw`rhyh`k jkm i`kysnq}h`k hk mwhrhkd ycwrhicy dw`t}e hk }ehywcdh`k+ Nj}}`` %7118( ehdelhde}y }ec w`lc qljxcm gx lhgcwjlhj}h`k hk mwhrhkd ycwrhicy dw`t}e hk }ecHkmhjk ci`k`nx %jy ijq}swcm hk Bhdswc 7(+


11/48


8

Bhdswc 7? Dw`t}e Wj}cy `b Rjlsc Jmmcm hk Yclci}cm Ycwrhicy hk Hkmhj hk }ec :881y jkmMcdwcc `b Lhgcwjlhj}h`k

%#(

Y`swic? Nj}}``+ 7118+ Hk Jiiclcwj}hkd Dw`t}e jkm O`g Iwcj}h`k hk Y`s}e Jyhj, cmh}cm gx C+ Dejkh jkm Y+ Jencm+ KctMcleh? @ub`wm Skhrcwyh}x Qwcyy, bhdswc 4+=, q+ :53+

Bhdswc 7 ye`ty j q`yh}hrc i`wwclj}h`k gc}tcck ycwrhicy rjlsc.jmmcm dw`t}e jkm }ec cu}ck} `blhgcwjlhj}h`k hk mhbbcwck} ycwrhicy hk Hkmhj+ Ycwrhicy ysie jy }clci`nnskhij}h`ky, H], jkmbhkjkic, tehie ejrc cuqcwhckicm }ec n`y} lhgcwjlhj}h`k hk }ec q`y} 7111 qcwh`m jwc jly` }ecycdnck}y tehie ye`t }ec n`y} wjqhm dw`t}e hk `s}qs} hk Hkmhj, th}e `grh`sy gcjwhkd `k ycwrhicy

}wjmc jkm hkrcy}nck} bl`ty+ B`w Y`s}e Jyhj jy j te`lc, }ec dckcwjl dw`t}e mxkjnhiy `b whyhkdhki`ncy jkm i`kysnq}h`k, lhgcwjlhj}h`k, jkm wcb`wn ncjyswcy skmcw}jfck hk ycwrhicy, jkm }ecw`lc `b }ec qsglhi yci}`w hk ycwrhicy mclhrcwx, jqqcjw }` ejrc gcck hnq`w}jk} hk mwhrhkd ycwrhicydw`t}e hk }ec wcdh`k+

Ycwrhicy ]wjmc hk Y`s}e Jyhj

]ec ycwrhic yci}`wy dw`t}e ejy jly` i`k}whgs}cm }` hkiwcjycm ycwrhicy }wjmc hk }ec wcdh`k+Bhdswc 9 ye`ty }ej} }ec IJDW b`w ycwrhicy cuq`w}y ejy whyck bw`n lcyy }ejk 3# hk :881:883}` n`wc }ejk :7# hk 71137118 b`w }ec b`sw i`sk}whcy }`dc}ecw+ = E`tcrcw, }ehy hkiwcjyc ljwdclxijq}swcy }ec y}cjmx dw`t}e hk ycwrhicy cuq`w}y cuqcwhckicm gx Hkmhj6 }ec `}ecw }ewcc Y`s}eJyhjk i`sk}whcy ejrc wcdhy}cwcm `klx n`mcy} dw`t}e hk }echw ycwrhicy cuq`w}y+ Bhdswc = ye`ty

}ej} }ec yjnc }wckm hy rhyhglc b`w ycwrhicy hnq`w}y gx }ec b`sw i`sk}whcy, th}e Hkmhj `kic jdjhkwcdhy}cwhkd rcwx ehde dw`t}e tehlc }ec `}ecw }ewcc i`sk}whcy ejrc cuqcwhckicm n`mcy} `wblsi}sj}hkd dw`t}e+

=Ijlislj}cm syhkd SKI]JM y}j}y? Hk}cwkj}h`kjl ]wjmc hk Ycwrhicy Wcq`w},e}}q?//ski}jmy}j}+ski}jm+`wd/Wcq`w}B`lmcwy/wcq`w}B`lmcwy+jyqu


12/48


:1

Bhdswc 9? I`nq`skm Jkksjl Dw`t}e Wj}c `b Ycwrhicy Cuq`w}y hk Y`s}e Jyhj

%#(

Y`swic? Ijlislj}cm syhkd SKI]JM y}j}y? Hk}cwkj}h`kjl ]wjmc hk Ycwrhicy Wcq`w}

e}}q?ski}jmy}j}+ski}jm+`wdWcq`w}B`lmcwywcq`w}B`lmcwy+jyqu

Bhdswc =? I`nq`skm Jkksjl Dw`t}e Wj}c `b Ycwrhicy Hnq`w}y hk Y`s}e Jyhj

%#(




13/48


::

]ehy jyxnnc}wx hk qcwb`wnjkic hy jly` wcblci}cm hk }ec i`k}whgs}h`k `b ycwrhicy }` }`}jl cuq`w}yb`w }ec b`sw ci`k`nhcy ye`tk hk ]jglc =+ Hkmhj ejy cuqcwhckicm j yhdkhbhijk} hkiwcjyc hk }ehyyejwc, bw`n :5# hk :883 }` jw`skm 92# hk 7118, tehlc }ec `}ecw i`sk}whcy ejrc cuqcwhckicmch}ecw njwdhkjl hkiwcjyc, y}jdkj}h`k, `w mcilhkhkd i`k}whgs}h`ky `b ycwrhicy }` }echw }`}jl cuq`w}y+]ec `rcwjll }wckm b`w Y`s}e Jyhj jdjhk ijq}swcy Hkmhjy qcwb`wnjkic dhrck h}y m`nhkjkic hkycwrhicy cuq`w}y bw`n }ec wcdh`k+

]jglc =? Yejwc `b Ycwrhicy hk Cuq`w}y

%#(

Xcjw Gjkdljmcye Hkmhj Qjfhy}jk Ywh Ljkfj Y`s}e Jyhj

:883 :2+29 :5+:: :5+52 :4+4= :3+79

7111 ::+9: 75+73 :9+72 :=+4= :8+73

7113 ::+5= 9=+37 :5+2= :8+39 73+79

7118 ::+=7 93+8: :5+85 71+=8 75+98

Y`swic? e}}q?ski}jmy}j}+ski}jm+ wd]jglcRhctcw}jglcRhct+jyqu

]ec jb`wcnck}h`kcm jyxnnc}wx hy jly` ycck hk Bhdswc 3, tehie ehdelhde}y }ec yejwc `b cjie `b}ec i`sk}whcy hk t`wlm ycwrhicy cuq`w}y+ @klx Hkmhj ejy hkiwcjycm h}y yejwc yhdkhbhijk}lx, bw`n j

lh}}lc `rcw :+1# hk 7111 }` jw`skm 7+4# hk 7115+ ]ec }wckm b`w }ec `}ecw }ewcc i`sk}whcy ejy gccksky}jglc, jkm }echw yejwcy hk t`wlm ycwrhicy cuq`w}y ejrc y}jdkj}cm yhkic 7111+ @kic jdjhk,}ec wcdh`ky dw`thkd qckc}wj}h`k `b t`wlm ycwrhicy njwfc}y hy mwhrck gx Hkmhjy qcwb`wnjkic+

Bhdswc 3? Y`s}e Jyhj Yejwc hk T`wlm Ycwrhicy Cuq`w}y

%#(



Eckic, h} hy crhmck} bw`n }ec qwcicmhkd mhyisyyh`k `b }wjmc qcwb`wnjkic }ej} dw`t}ehk ycwrhicy `s}qs} ejy gcck }wjmc.`whck}cm hk }ec ijyc `b Hkmhj, gs} k`} y` hk }ec`}ecw }ewcc i`sk}whcy+ ]ecwc ejy jly` gcck i`kyhmcwjglc rjwhj}h`k hk cuq`w}qcwb`wnjkic jiw`yy mhbbcwck} ycdnck}y th}ehk }ec ycwrhic yci}`w jiw`yy }ec b`swi`sk}whcy, jy ye`tk hk ]jglcy 35+


14/48


:7

]jglc 3? Rjlsc jkm Yejwc `b Cuq`w}y b`w Mhbbcwck} Ycwrhic Ysgyci}`wy Gjkdljmcye

7111 7113 7118

Ycwrhicy ysgyci}`wy Rjlsc%SY- nk(

Yejwc%#(

Rjlsc%SY- nk(

Yejwc%#(

Rjlsc%SY- nk(

Yejwc%#(

]wjkyq`w} 8:+= ::+7 ::9+1 8+1 :=7+: 4+9

]wjrcl 31+= 2+7 41+1 3+2 28+9 9+2@}ecw ycwrhicy 249+9 57+2 :,122+1 53+9 :,497+= 58+:

I`nnskhij}h`ky 7:+3 7+2 79+8 :+8 :55+4 8+4

I`ky}wsi}h`k 1+7 1+1 :=+7 :+: 9+8 1+7

Hkyswjkic 9+3 1+= 3+1 1+= :1+8 1+2

Bhkjkihjl ycwrhicy :9+: :+2 :5+1 :+= =:+= 7+:

I`nqs}cw jkm hkb`wnj}h`k 9+7 1+= :5+4 :+3 93+9 :+5

W`xjl}hcy jkm lhickyc bccy 1+: 1+1 1+9 1+1 1+9 1+1

@}ecw gsyhkcyy ycwrhicy 88+9 :7+7 7:1+1 :2+5 ==1+8 77+4

Qcwy`kjl, isl}swjl,jkm wciwcj}h`kjl ycwrhicy

1+3 1+: :+: 1+: :+4 1+:

D`rcwknck} ycwrhicy k`}hkilsmcm clyctecwc+

39:+8 23+9 44=+5 27+1 :118+7 3:+8

]`}jl ycwrhicy cuq`w}y 5:3+: :11+1 :,7=8+1 :11+1 :,8=9+5 :11+1

Ncn` h}cn? I`nncwihjl ycwrhicy 759+7 9=+4 =4=+7 95+1 89=+2 =5+:Y`swic? SKI]JM y}j}y? Hk}cwkj}h`kjl ]wjmc hk Ycwrhicy Wcq`w}6 ycwrhicy gx ij}jd`wx


]jglc 2? Rjlsc jkm Yejwc `b Cuq`w}y b`w Mhbbcwck} Ycwrhic Ysgyci}`wy Hkmhj

7111 7113 7115

Ycwrhicy ysgyci}`wy Rjlsc%SY- nk(

Yejwc%#(

Rjlsc%SY- nk(

Yejwc%#(

Rjlsc%SY- nk(

Yejwc%#(

]wjkyq`w} :,845+4 ::+8 3,43=+: ::+1 ::,9:4+5 ::+1

]wjrcl 9,=38+8 71+4 4,=87+8 :=+9 ::,59:+8 ::+3

@}ecw ycwrhicy ::,7=2+3 24+= 98,751+9 4=+5 48,488+: 44+3

I`nnskhij}h`ky 385+5 9+2 :,323+8 9+1 7,=79+1 7+=

I`ky}wsi}h`k 31:+8 9+1 9=3+5 1+4 47:+8 1+4

Hkyswjkic 734+1 :+3 8=:+: :+5 :3=5+7 :+3

Bhkjkihjl ycwrhicy 742+1 :+4 :,:=9+1 7+7 =,138+1 9+8

I`nqs}cw jkm hkb`wnj}h`k =,474+= 75+9 7:,54=+8 =:+2 =8,945+8 =5+1

W`xjl}hcy jkm lhickyc bccy 57+3 1+3 712+1 1+= :=4+5 1+:

@}ecw gsyhkcyy ycwrhicy =,:=8+7 7=+8 :7,42=+= 7=+9 71,=72+= :8+5

Qcwy`kjl, isl}swjl, jkmwciwcj}h`kjl ycwrhicy

1+1 1+1 :::+: 1+7 414+7 1+4

D`rcwknck} ycwrhicy k`} hkilsmcmclyctecwc+

239+4 9+8 975+: 1+2 952+5 1+=

]`}jl ycwrhicy cuq`w}y :2,253+: :11+1 37,374+7 :11+1 :17,8=5+5 :11+1

Ncn` h}cn? I`nncwihjl ycwrhicy :2,19:+= 82+: 37,:88+7 88+= :17,327+7 88+2Y`swic? SKI]JM y}j}y? Hk}cwkj}h`kjl ]wjmc hk Ycwrhicy Wcq`w}6 ycwrhicy gx ij}jd`wx



15/48


:9

]jglc 4? Rjlsc jkm Yejwc `b Cuq`w}y b`w Mhbbcwck} Ycwrhic Ysgyci}`wy Qjfhy}jk7111 7113 7115

Ycwrhicy ysgyci}`wy Rjlsc%SY- nk( Yejwc%#( Rjlsc%SY- nk( Yejwc%#( Rjlsc%SY- nk( Yejwc%#(

]wjkyq`w} 5=1+1 21+8 :,142+1 78+9 :,774+1 75+5

]wjrcl 5:+1 3+8 :57+1 =+8 9:2+1 4+=

@}ecw ycwrhicy =38+1 99+9 7,=71+1 23+5 7,4:8+7 29+5

I`nnskhij}h`ky :81+1 :9+5 75=+1 4+4 8:+1 7+:

I`ky}wsi}h`k 1+1 1+1 :5+1 1+3 =7+1 :+1

Hkyswjkic 3+1 1+= 97+1 1+8 47+1 :+4

Bhkjkihjl ycwrhicy :1+1 1+4 =4+1 :+9 33+1 :+9

I`nqs}cw jkm hkb`wnj}h`k 77+1 :+2 38+1 :+2 :54+1 =+=

W`xjl}hcy jkm lhickyc bccy 1+1 1+1 :3+1 1+= 95+1 1+8

@}ecw gsyhkcyy ycwrhicy :92+1 8+8 975+1 5+8 311+1 ::+4

Qcwy`kjl, isl}swjl, jkm

wciwcj}h`kjl ycwrhicy

1+1 1+1 7+1 1+: :+1 1+1


82+1 4+1 :,293+1 ==+3 :,499+7 =1+4

]`}jl ycwrhicy cuq`w}y :,951+1 :11+1 9,245+1 :11+1 =,727+7 :11+1

Ncn` h}cn? I`nncwihjl ycwrhicy :,75=+1 89+1 7,1=9+1 33+3 7,378+1 38+9

Y`swic? SKI]JM y}j}y? Hk}cwkj}h`kjl ]wjmc hk Ycwrhicy Wcq`w}6 ycwrhicy gx ij}jd`wxe}}q?//ski}jmy}j}+ski}jm+`wd/Wcq`w}B`lmcwy/wcq`w}B`lmcwy+jyqu

]jglc 5? Rjlsc jkm Yejwc `b Cuq`w}y b`w Mhbbcwck} Ycwrhic Ysgyci}`wy Ywh Ljkfj

7111 7113 7115

Ycwrhicy ysgyci}`wyRjlsc

%SY- nk(Yejwc

%#(Rjlsc

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%#(Rjlsc

%SY- nk(Yejwc

%#(

]wjkyq`w} 988+5 =7+2 249+= =9+4 885+= =8+8

]wjrcl 7=4+5 72+= =78+: 74+8 9=7+1 :4+:

@}ecw ycwrhicy 78:+: 9:+1 =94+4 75+= 227+1 99+:

I`nnskhij}h`ky =3+9 =+5 =9+8 7+5 51+3 =+1

I`ky}wsi}h`k 1+1 1+1 78+= :+8 =1+3 7+1

Hkyswjkic =1+2 =+9 49+1 =+4 25+= 9+=

Bhkjkihjl ycwrhicy 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1

I`nqs}cw jkm hkb`wnj}h`k ++ 57+3 3+= 791+1 ::+3

W`xjl}hcy jkm lhickyc bccy 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1

@}ecw gsyhkcyy ycwrhicy :5:+4 :8+= :54+2 :7+7 77:+2 ::+:

Qcwy`kjl, isl}swjl,jkm wciwcj}h`kjl ycwrhicy 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1


79+2 7+3 7:+= :+= 7:+1 :+1

]`}jl ycwrhicy cuq`w}y 895+4 :11+1 :3=1+: :11+1 7,117+= :11+1

Ncn` h}cn? I`nncwihjl ycwrhicy 8:3+: 84+3 :3:5+4 85+2 :,85:+= 88+1Y`swic? SKI]JM y}j}y? Hk}cwkj}h`kjl ]wjmc hk Ycwrhicy Wcq`w}6 ycwrhicy gx ij}jd`wx



16/48


:=

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9+ ]WCKMY HK YCWRHICY CNQL@XNCK]

]ec ycwrhic yci}`w jii`sk}y b`w j dw`thkd yejwc `b cnql`xnck} hk Y`s}e Jyhj+ ]ehy hy hk lhkcth}e dl`gjl cnql`xnck} }wckmy tecwc i`sk}whcy cuqcwhckic mcilhkhkd yejwcy `b jdwhisl}swc jkmwhyhkd yejwcy `b ycwrhicy jkm hkmsy}wx hk }`}jl cnql`xnck}+ E`tcrcw, }ec yci}`wy i`k}whgs}h`k }`cnql`xnck} ejy k`} fcq}qjic th}e h}y dw`thkd i`k}whgs}h`k }` `s}qs}, y}hwwhkd jk cnql`xnck}dw`t}e mcgj}c hk }ec wcdh`k jkm i`kicwky jg`s} }ec hnqlhij}h`ky `b ycwrhicy.lcm dw`t}e b`wcnql`xnck} iwcj}h`k jkm q`rcw}x jllcrhj}h`k+ ]ec b`ll`thkd mhyisyyh`k ehdelhde}y }ec }wckmy hkycwrhicy cnql`xnck} hk Y`s}e Jyhj wclj}hrc }` `}ecw wcdh`ky jy tcll jy hk }ec hkmhrhmsjl i`sk}whcy}` yecm lhde} `k }ec i`k}whgs}h`k `b ycwrhicy }` iwcj}hkd ysy}jhkjglc jkm zsjlh}x l`kd.}cwn o`gy hk}ec wcdh`k+

9+: Wcdh`kjl ]wckmy hk Ycwrhicy Cnql`xnck}

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b`w }ec }ewcc yci}`wy hy i`kyhmcwcm, Y`s}e Jyhj ejy ejm }ec ehdecy} cnql`xnck} dw`t}e hkycwrhicy i`nqjwcm }` `}ecw wcdh`ky yhkic 7111, tecwcjy cnql`xnck} dw`t}e hk h}y qwhnjwx jkmyci`kmjwx yci}`wy ejy gcck lcyy yhdkhbhijk} hk jgy`ls}c jkm i`nqjwj}hrc }cwny+ ]ec q`y}.7111}wckmy b`w dw`t}e hk ycwrhicy cnql`xnck} b`w Y`s}e Jyhj jwc i`kyhy}ck} th}e }ec }wckmyehdelhde}cm cjwlhcw b`w Y`s}e Jyhj, tehie ye`t }ej} ycwrhicy dw`t}e ejy hkiwcjycm yhkic 7111+]esy, }ecwc hy crhmckic `b ycwrhicy dw`t}e i`k}whgs}hkd }` dw`t}e hk ycwrhicy cnql`xnck},qjw}hisljwlx hk n`wc wcick} xcjwy+


17/48


:3

]jglc 8? Cnql`xnck} Dw`t}e hk Jdwhisl}swc, Hkmsy}wx, jkm Ycwrhicy

%#(

Wcdh`k Jdwhisl}swc Hkmsy}wx Ycwrhicy:883 7111 7112 :883 7111 7112 :883 7111 7112

T wlm %1+8( 1+42 %:+::

(

:+3: :+28 =+17 =+11 7+22 7+82

Mcrcl`qcm ci`k`nhcy jkm}ec Csw`qcjk Skh`k

%:+98(

%1+8( %1+27(

1+13%1+1:

(

%1+7=(

:+82 :+4: :+41

Ick}wjl jkm Y`s}e Cjy}Csw`qc jkm I`nn`ktcjl}e`b Hkmcqckmck} Y}j}cy

1+98 %:+47(

%7+=7(

%9+84(

7+39 :+45 %1+:3(

3+32 :+83

Cjy} Jyhj %9+47(

1+83 %9+48(

7+1= %1+25(

3+84 5+:4 9+31 9+=:

Y`s}ecjy} Jyhj jkm Qjihbhi %:+38(

7+58 :+=9 3+3= 3+93 9+15 8+95 %1+38(

:+85

Y`s}e Jyhj 1+75 1+:8 %1+41(

7+5 2+15 2+2: :+58 :+53 =+45

Lj}hk Jncwhij jkm Ijwhggcjk %:+43(

%9+15(

7+55 :+98 7+54 1+49 =+75 9+8= :+4=

Nhmmlc Cjy} :+59 9+19 1+4= 3+99 9+4= 9+27 9+4: =+77 =+8:Ysg.Yjejwjk Jbwhij 7+33 :+2= 1+1= 4+:8 =+99 5+24 =+21 =+42 4+89K`w}e Jbwhij %1+==

(:+:4 9+45 7+3= .1+:: =+93 7+=8 7+3= :+=7

Y`swic? C+ Dejkh jkm Y+ Jencm %cmy(+ 7118+ Jiiclcwj}hkd Dw`t}e jkm O`g Iwcj}h`k hk Y`s}e Jyhj+ Kct Mcleh? @ub`wmSkhrcwyh}x Qwcyy, Jkkcuswc ]jglc J:7, qq+ =3=34

E`tcrcw, j i`nqjwhy`k `b }ec cnql`xnck} yh}sj}h`k hk Y`s}e Jyhj th}e }ej} hk `}ecw wcdh`ky,gjycm `k }ec Dl`gjl Cnql`xnck} ]wckmy wcq`w}`b }ec Hk}cwkj}h`kjl Ljg`sw @wdjkhj}h`k %HL@(,wcrcjly }ej} }ec i`k}whgs}h`k `b ycwrhicy }` cnql`xnck} hk }ehy wcdh`k ejy k`} gccki`nnckyswj}c th}e }ec yci}`wy i`k}whgs}h`k }` `s}qs} %HL@ 71::(+ 3 Jdwhisl}swc i`k}hkscy }`jii`sk} b`w kcjwlx ejlb `b }`}jl cnql`xnck} hk Y`s}e Jyhj jl}e`sde, jy ehdelhde}cm cjwlhcw, h}yyejwc hk `s}qs} ejy bjllck i`kyhmcwjglx+ Ycwrhicy jii`sk} b`w lcyy }ejk `kc.}ehwm `b }`}jlcnql`xnck}, nsie lcyy }ejk tej} hy ycck dl`gjllx, mcyqh}c }echw ehde yejwc hk }`}jl `s}qs}+ ]jglc8 ye`ty }ec yci}`w.thyc cnql`xnck} }wckm hk Y`s}e Jyhj jkm }ec t`wlm+

3Y`s}e Jyhj ecwc wcbcwy }` jll chde} i`sk}whcy hk }ec wcdh`k, tehie hkilsmcy }ec b`sw i`sk}whcy skmcw mhyisyyh`k ecwcjy tcll jy Jbdejkhy}jk, Ges}jk, Njlmhrcy, jkm Kcqjl+


18/48


:2

]jglc :1? Hkmhij}`wy I`nqjwhkd }ec Cnql`xnck} Yh}sj}h`k hk Y`s}e Jyhj jkm }ec T`wlm

%#(

Wcdh`k Hkmhij}`w :884 7114

T`wlm Yejwc `b jdwhisl}swc hk }`}jl cnql`xnck} =:+= 9=+8Yejwc `b hkmsy}wx hk }`}jl cnql`xnck} 7:+: 77+=

Yejwc `b ycwrhicy hk }`}jl cnql`xnck} 94+3 =7+4

Skcnql`xnck} wj}c 2+: 2+1

Rslkcwjglc cnql`xnck} jy yejwc `b }`}jl cnql`xnck} 37+5 =8+8

Y`s}e Jyhj Yejwc `b jdwhisl}swc hk }`}jl cnql`xnck} 38+= =5

Yejwc `b hkmsy}wx hk }`}jl cnql`xnck} :3+9 7:+4

Yejwc `b ycwrhicy hk }`}jl cnql`xnck} 73+7 91+9

Skcnql`xnck} wj}c =+4 3+:

Rslkcwjglc cnql`xnck} jy yejwc `b }`}jl cnql`xnck} 51 44+7

Y`swic? HL@+ 7115+ Dl`gjl Cnql`xnck} ]wckmy Wcq`w}+ Dckcrj+

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ehdecw }ejk b`w }ec t`wlm `rcwjll+ Jrjhljglc mj}j `k dckmcw mhyjddwcdj}h`k `b ycwrhicycnql`xnck} b`w }ec wcdh`k bsw}ecw hkmhij}c }ej} }ec yejwc `b njlcy cnql`xcm hk ycwrhicy hk n`y}Y`s}e Jyhjk ci`k`nhcy cuiccmy }ej} `b bcnjlcy+ Eckic, }ec i`k}whgs}h`k `b ycwrhicy }`tjwmydckcwj}hkd dckmcw.kcs}wjl, zsjlh}x cnql`xnck} m`cy k`} yccn }` ejrc gcck yhdkhbhijk} hk Y`s}eJyhj+

Cy}hnj}cy `b cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x hk mhbbcwck} yci}`wy cuqljhk }ehy mhrcwdckic gc}tcck }ecycwrhic yci}`wy i`k}whgs}h`k }` `s}qs} rcwysy cnql`xnck} hk Y`s}e Jyhj+ ]ec wcdh`k ejy


19/48


:4

cuehgh}cm nsie l`tcw cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x b`w ycwrhicy i`nqjwcm }` `}ecw wcdh`ky `b }ec t`wlm%]jglc ::(+

]jglc ::? Yci}`w Cnql`xnck} Cljy}hih}hcy jkm Dw`t}e, :88:7119

Wcdh`k

Jdwhisl}swc Hkmsy}wx Ycwrhicy

Cljy}hih}x

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Rjlsc.JmmcmDw`t}e Cljy}hih}x

Rjlsc.JmmcmDw`t}e

T`wlm 1+=: 7+1 1+75 7+: 1+34 9+1Mcrcl`qcm ci`k`nhcy jkm }ecCsw`qcjk Skh`ky

.%1+=9( :+7 1+75 :+9 1+32 7+8

Ick}wjl jkm Cjy}cwk Csw`qc,k`k.Csw`qc jkmI`nn`ktcjl}e `bHkmcqmck}k Y}j}cy

%1+7=( %1+:( 1+78 %1+=( 1+73 :+3

Cjy} Jyhj 1+79 9+4 1+12 :7+3 1+3 5+5Y`s}ecjy} Jyhj jkm Qjihbhi 1+7 7+: 1+25 3+= 1+88 =+2Y`s}e Jyhj 1+4: 7+8 1+94 3+8 1+92 2+8Lj}hk Jncwhij jkm Ijwhggcjk %1+97( 7+3 1+3: 7+7 :+1= 7+4

Nhmmlc Cjy} jkm K`w}e Jncwhij :+12 9+9 1+93 7+1 1+49 =+=Ysg.Yjejwjk Jbwhij 1+57 7+9 1+8 7+1 1+48 7+5Y`swic? Gjys jkm Njcw}cky+ 7118+ Hk Jiiclcwj}hkd Dw`t}e jkm O`g Iwcj}h`k hk Y`s}e Jyhj, cmh}cm gx C+Dejkh jkm Y+ Jencm+ Kct Mcleh? @ub`wm Skhrcwyh}x Qwcyy, }jglc 3+:7, q+ ::4+

H} hy crhmck} bw`n ]jglc :: }ej} jdwhisl}swc tjy n`wc cnql`xnck}.hk}ckyhrc hk Y`s}e Jyhj }ejk hkn`y} `}ecw wcdh`ky mswhkd :88:7119, cuqljhkhkd h}y i`k}hkscm ehde yejwc hk }`}jl cnql`xnck} hk}ec wcdh`k+ Hkmsy}wx ejy, `k }ec `}ecw ejkm, }ckmcm }` gc lcyy cnql`xnck}.hk}ckyhrc }ejk hk`}ecw mcrcl`qhkd wcdh`ky jkm jly` teck i`nqjwcm }` jdwhisl}swc+ E`tcrcw, h} hy hk }ec ijyc `bycwrhicy }ej} Y`s}e Jyhj cuehgh}y }ec l`tcy} cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x jn`kd jll wcdh`ky jkm jly`teck i`nqjwcm th}e }ec cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}hcy hk jdwhisl}swc jkm hkmsy}wx b`w }ehy wcdh`k+ Gjysjkm Ncw}cly %71:1( j}}whgs}c }ec l`t cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x `b Y`s}e Jyhjy ycwrhic yci}`w }` }ecl`t cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x `b ehde.dw`t}e ycdnck}y ysie jy }wjkyq`w}, y}`wjdc, i`nnskhij}h`ky,wcjl cy}j}c, bhkjkic, jkm hkyswjkic+ ]ec cljy}hih}x cy}hnj}cy }esy q`hk} }` }ec cuqljkj}h`kyqw`rhmcm cjwlhcw wcdjwmhkd }ec kj}swc `b ycwrhicy dw`t}e hk Y`s}e Jyhj jy tcll jy }ec lhfclxmhbbhisl}hcy hk ijq}swhkd ycwrhicy cnql`xnck} hk `bbhihjl mj}j y`swicy }` }ec cu}ck} }ej} y`nc `b}ehy cnql`xnck} hy hkb`wnjl+ ]ec cy}hnj}cy jly` skmcwyi`wc }ec i`kicwky jg`s} }ec l`kd.}cwncnql`xnck} hnqlhij}h`ky `b }ec dw`t}e qj}}cwk hk Y`s}e Jyhj tecwc ycwrhicy ejrc cncwdcm jy}ec m`nhkjk} yci}`w `b }ec ci`k`nx+

9+7 I`sk}wx ]wckmy hk Ycwrhicy Cnql`xnck}

]ec wcdh`kjl }wckmy hk ycwrhicy cnql`xnck}qjw}hisljwlx }ec mhrcwdckic gc}tcck ycwrhicyi`k}whgs}h`k }` `s}qs} jkm ycwrhicy i`k}whgs}h`k }` cnql`xnck}jwc rhyhglc j} }ec i`sk}wx lcrcljy tcll+ Jiw`yy jll b`sw i`sk}whcy hk }ehy wcdh`k }ec ycwrhic yci}`wy w`lc jy j y`swic `bcnql`xnck} ejy k`} gcck i`nnckyswj}c th}e h}y i`k}whgs}h`k }` `s}qs} jkm `rcwjll DMQdw`t}e}ec wj}c `b dw`t}e `b cnql`xnck} hk ycwrhicy ejy }ckmcm }` gc l`tcw }ejk }ec wj}c `bdw`t}e `b DMQ hk ycwrhicy+ Jl}e`sde `kc i`slm jwdsc }ej} }ecwc jwc qw`glcny th}e }ecjrjhljghlh}x `b cnql`xnck} mj}j %qjw}hisljwlx th}e wcdjwm }` hkb`wnjl jkm i`k}wji}sjl ji}hrh}hcytehie i`rcw njkx ycwrhic yci}`w }wjkyji}h`ky(, }esy njfhkd h} mhbbhisl} }` qw`qcwlx ijq}swc }ec bslli`k}whgs}h`k `b ycwrhicy }` cnql`xnck}, }ec lhnh}cm kj}h`kjl jii`sk}y jkm ljg`w yswrcx mj}j }ej}jwc jrjhljglc ysddcy} }ej} ycwrhicy dw`t}e hk }ec b`sw yclci}cm i`sk}whcy hk Y`s}e Jyhj ejy k`}


20/48


:5

gcck rcwx cnql`xnck}.hk}ckyhrc+ Bhdswc 2 ye`ty }ec mhrcwdckic gc}tcck }ec ycwrhic yci}`wyi`k}whgs}h`k }` DMQ jkm h}y i`k}whgs}h`k }` cnql`xnck} hk }ec yclci}cm i`sk}whcy+

Bhdswc 2? Ycwrhicy Yci}`w I`k}whgs}h`k }` Dw`yy M`ncy}hi Qw`msi} jkm Cnql`xnck} hkY`s}e Jyhjk I`sk}whcy

%#(

DMQ > Dw`yy M`ncy}hi Qw`msi}

/ 7115 Bhdswcy.b`w Gjkdljmcye ljg`w b`wic

// 7118 Bhdswcy b`w Hkmhj ljg`w b`wic

[ 7113 Bhdswcy b`w Qjfhy}jk ljg`w b`wic

[[ Mcicngcw 7115 Bhdswcy b`w Qjfhy}jk ljg`w b`wic

K`}c? Cuicq} Gjkdljmcye, jll `}ecw i`sk}wx bhdswc jwc cy}hnj}cm bhdswcy+

Y`swic? Gjycm `k kj}h`kjl jii`sk}y y}j}hy}hiy, ljg`w yswrcxy `b }ec rjwh`sy i`sk}whcy, jkm Ick}wjlHk}cllhdckic Jdckix T`wlm Bji}g``f, jrjhljglc j} e}}qy?ttt+ihj+d`rlhgwjwxqsglhij}h`ky}ec.t`wlm.bji}g``f

Tehlc ycwrhicy jii`sk} b`w `rcw ejlb `b DMQ hk jll b`sw i`sk}whcy, }ec yci}`wy yejwc hk }ec ljg`wb`wic hy nsie l`tcw j} 73#=1# jkm, cuicq} hk }ec ijyc `b Ywh Ljkfj, jdwhisl}swc i`k}hkscy }`jii`sk} b`w }ec njo`wh}x `b }ec ljg`w b`wic mcyqh}c h}y mcilhkhkd yejwc hk }`}jl `s}qs}+ ]eci`k}whgs}h`k `b ycwrhicy }` DMQ cuiccmy h}y i`k}whgs}h`k }` cnql`xnck} gx :1 qcwick}jdc q`hk}y`w n`wc b`w jll }ec i`sk}whcy+ Crck hk Hkmhj, tecwc ycwrhicy `s}qs} jkm }wjmc ejrc dw`tk n`y}i`kyhy}ck}lx, }ec yci}`wy i`k}whgs}h`k }` cnql`xnck} wcnjhky j} `klx jw`skm `kc.}ehwm+ ]ehymhrcwdckic gc}tcck ycwrhicy DMQ jkm cnql`xnck} ejy lcm y`nc wcycjwiecwy jkm jkjlxy}y }`}cwn }ec dw`t}e `b }ec ycwrhic yci}`w jy o`glcyy dw`t}e, wjhyhkd zscy}h`ky jg`s} }ec


21/48


:8

ysy}jhkjghlh}x `b ycwrhicy.lcm dw`t}e jkm }ec qj}}cwk `b ycwrhicy dw`t}e hk }ecyc i`sk}whcy,qjw}hisljwlx Hkmhj+ Ilcjwlx, ycwrhicy ejrc k`} jgy`wgcm ljg`w bw`n `}ecw yci}`wy+

]jglcy :7:2, tehie qw`rhmc }ec }wckmy hk cnql`xnck} jkm ljg`w b`wic yejwcy b`w }ec b`swi`sk}whcy jiw`yy jdwhisl}swc, hkmsy}wx, jkm ycwrhicy `rcw }ec qjy} mcijmc, ilcjwlx hllsy}wj}c }ecyl`t jgy`wq}h`k `b ljg`w hk}` ycwrhicy %jy tcll jy njksbji}swhkd( hk jll }ec i`sk}whcy+ ]ec yejwc

`b }ec ljg`w b`wic jkm cnql`xnck} hk jdwhisl}swc ejy wcnjhkcm rcwx ehde, k`}th}ey}jkmhkd }ecyci}`wy mcilhkhkd i`k}whgs}h`k }` `s}qs}, tehlc }ec yejwc `b }ec ljg`w b`wic jkm `b qjhmcnql`xnck} hk ycwrhicy ejy gcck rhw}sjllx y}jdkjk} hk jll b`sw i`sk}whcy+ Mj}j `k }ec dckmcwmhy}whgs}h`k `b cnql`xnck} jiw`yy yci}`wy %tecwc jrjhljglc( bsw}ecw hkmhij}c }ej} ycwrhicy jwc k`}j njo`w i`k}whgs}`w }` bcnjlc cnql`xnck}, jy hy jly` }wsc wcdh`kjllx6 }ec qwhnjwx yci}`w wcnjhky}ec njhk y`swic `b cnql`xnck} b`w t`nck+ ]cw}hjwx cnql`xnck}, jii`wmhkd }` mj}j %tecwcjrjhljglc( gx swgjkwswjl mhy}whgs}h`k, hy, jy cuqci}cm, njhklx jk swgjk qeck`nck`k+

]jglc :7? Yejwc `b Cnql`xnck} jkm Ljg`w B`wic gx @iisqj}h`k jkm Yci}`w Gjkdljmcye, :8887118

%#(

H}cn Jdwhisl}swc Hkmsy}wx Ycwrhicy

Cnql`xnck} yejwc:888 38+3 :3+= 73+:

7114 39+3 :5+8 74+2

7115 39+3 :5+8 74+2

7118 39+3 :5+8 74+2

Ljg`w b`wic gx `iisqj}h`k

7111 27+: :1+9 74+2

7113 =5+: :=+3 94+=

7115 =3+1 91+1 73+1

Y`swic? HL@+ 7115+ Dl`gjl Cnql`xnck} ]wckmy Wcq`w}+ Dckcrj+ Jrjhljglc j}

e}}q?//ttt+hl`+`wd/tinyq3/dw`sqy/qsglhi/Amdwcq`w}y/Ami`nn/Aqsgl/m`isnck}y/qsglhij}h k/tinyP:31==1+qmb

B`w 7111 jkm 7113 bhdswcy k ljg`w b`wic gx iisqj}h`k? Skh}cm Kj}h`ky+ J T`wlm b Hkb`wnj}h`k+ Jrjhljglc j}

e}}q?//mj}j+sk+`wd/I`sk}wxQw`bhlc+jyqu0iwKjnc>Gjkdljmcye

B`w 7115 bhdswcy k ljg`w b`wic gx iisqj}h`k? Ick}wjl Hk}cllhdckic Jdckix T`wlm Bji}g``f, jrjhljglc j}

e}}qy?//ttt+ihj+d`r/lhgwjwx/qsglhij}h`ky/}ec.t`wlm.bji}g``f

]jglc :9? Yejwc `b Yci}`wy hk Cnql`xnck} Hkmhj

%#(Xcjw Qwhnjwx Yci`kmjwx ]cw}hjwx

BX:88= 2=+3 :=+9 7:+7

BX7113 @rcwjll 34+1 :5+7 7=+5Njlc 4:+= :7+2 :2+:

Bcnjlc 53+= 5+8 3+4Swgjk 2+2 97+5 21+2Wswjl :4+4 78+9 39+1

BX7115 33+8 :5+4 73+=

Y`swic? Ci`k`nhi Yswrcx 71::, Nhkhy}wx b Bhkjkic, D`rcwknck} b Hkmhj6 jkm Dejkh c} jl+, ]jglc 3+8, gjycm kEjkmg``f b Y}j}hy}hiy k }ec Hkmhjk Ci`k`nx, 7112, ]jglc :49+


22/48


71

]jglc :=? Qwòci}cm Cnql`xnck} hk Jdwhisl}swc, Hkmsy}wx, jkm Ycwrhicy hk Hkmhj

Xcjw

DMQ dw`t}e

wj}c %#(

Qwòci}cm Cnql`xnck} %nhllh`k(

Jdwhisl}swc Hkmsy}wx Ycwrhicy ]`}jl

BX 71:7 8 778+7 :13+1 :39+3 =54+4BX 71:9 4 773+= :17+1 :=8+1 =42+=BX 71:3 3 77:+3 88+: :==+2 =23+7

BX 71:4 8 7=1+7 :72+7 :58+3 333+8BX 71:5 4 797+1 ::2+5 :4=+5 379+3BX 71:8 3 77=+1 :15+: :2:+7 =89+9

DMQ > dw`yy m`ncy}hi qw`msi}+

Y`swic? JYY@IEJN+ 7118+ ]ec Iejllckdc `b Cnql`xnck} hk Hkmhj . Jk Hkb`wnjl Ci`k`nx Qcwyqci}hrc+ Kct Mcleh? Jqwhl,]jglc 9, q+::+

]jglc := qw`rhmcy }ec qwòci}cm cnql`xnck} bhdswcy b`w Hkmhj b`w }ec }ewcc yci}`wy sq sk}hl71:5:8+ Jy ye`tk hk }ec }jglc, tehlc jdwhisl}swc thll i`k}hksc }` i`ky}h}s}c }ec njhkcnql`xnck} y`swic hk }ec Hkmhjk ci`k`nx hk }ec kcjw bs}swc, jk jmmh}h`kjl 71 nhllh`k91 nhllh`k

o`gy jwc qwòci}cm }` gc iwcj}cm hk }ec ycwrhic yci}`w `b }ec ci`k`nx gc}tcck 71:::7 jkm71:2:4, yswqjyyhkd cnql`xnck} hk hkmsy}wx+ Eckic, cnql`xjghlh}x hk ycwrhicy thll qljx jkhnq`w}jk} w`lc hk }ec kcjw bs}swc+ Qwòci}h`ky wcdjwmhkd hkiwcnck}jl esnjk wcy`swic

wczshwcnck}y }hll 7177 hkmhij}c j kccm b`w :=+1 nhllh`k jmmh}h`kjl qcwy`ky hk wcjl cy}j}c ycwrhicy,:4+9 nhllh`k hk `wdjkhcm wc}jhl ycwrhicy, jkm 99+1 nhllh`k hk }ec gshlmhkd jkm i`ky}wsi}h`kycwrhicy hkmsy}wx %HIWJ 71:1(+ Jii`wmhkd }` JYY@IEJN cy}hnj}cy, ye`w}jdc `b zsjlhbhcm jkmyfhllcm ljg`w hy cuqci}cm }` jbbci} }ec H].GQ@, cmsij}h`k, ckdhkccwhkd, e`yqh}jlh}x, ecjl}e ijwc,jkm bhkjkic ycwrhicy ysgyci}`wy+

]jglc :3? Yejwc `b Cnql`xnck} jkm Dckmcw Mhy}whgs}h`k gx Njo`w Yci}`wy Qjfhy}jk

%#(

Xcjw Qwhnjwx Yci`kmjwx ]cw}hjwx

:888 @rcwjll =4+= :2+8 93+2Njlc ==+3 :8+= 92+:Bcnjlc 47+8 8+1 :5+:

7113 =9+: 71+7 92+27115 ==+5 71+1 93+9

Y`swicy? B`w rcwjll cnql`xnck} mhy}whgs}h`k, HL@ Y}j}hy}hiy jrjhljglc j} e}}q?//ljg`wy}j+hl`+`wd/

B`w dckmcw.thyc mhy}whgs}h`k, Q`qslj}h`k Jyyìhj}h`k b Qjfhy}jk, jrjhljglc j} e}}q?//ttt+qjq+`wd+qf/y}j}hy}hiy/cnql`xnck}+e}n)}jg9+4

]jglc :2? Yejwc `b Ljg`w B`wic jkm Cnql`xnck} gx Yci}`w Ywh Ljkfj

%#(H}cn Jdwhisl}swc Hkmsy}wx Ycwrhicy

Cnql`xnck} yejwc

7117 =1+= :2+3 =9+:

7112 98+2 :8+7 =:+7

7115 =1+: :5+8 =:+1

Ljg`w b`wic gx ìisqj}h`k

7117 9=+3 77+= =9+:

7112 97+7 72+2 =:+7

7115 97+4 72+9 =:+1Y`swicy? B`w mj}j k ljg`w b`wic gx iisqj}h`k? Ywh Ljkfj Ljg`w B`wic Yswrcx Jkksjl Wcq`w} 7118+

B`w mj}j k cnql`xnck}? HL@ y}j}hy}hiy jrjhljglc j} e}}q?//ljg`wy}j+hl`+`wd/


23/48


7:

]ec crhmckic }esy ysddcy}y }ej} ycwrhicy ejrc cuehgh}cm l`t cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x, k`} `klxwcdh`kjllx gs} jly` j} }ec hkmhrhmsjl i`sk}wx lcrcl+2 ]jglc :4 qw`rhmcy }ec cy}hnj}cm cnql`xnck}cljy}hih}hcy b`w jdwhisl}swc, hkmsy}wx, jkm ycwrhicy hk }ec b`sw i`sk}whcy b`w :88:7119+

]jglc :4? Yci}`w Cnql`xnck} Cljy}hih}hcy jkm Dw`t}e hk Y`s}e Jyhj, :88:7119

Yci}`w cnql`xnck} }` rjlsc jmmcm%cljy}hih}x(

Yci}`w rjlsc jmmcm%dw`t}e(

]`}jlDMQ

dw`t}eI`sk}wx Jdwhisl}swc Hkmsy}wx Ycwrhicy Jdwhisl}swc Hkmsy}wx YcwrhicyGjkdljmcye 1+93 1+3: 1+19 9+1 4+7 =+8 =+8Hkmhj 1+45 1+74 1+=: 7+5 2+1 4+4 2+1Qjfhy}jk 1+28 1+23 1+94 9+= =+7 =+3 9+5Ywh Ljkfj 7+24 1+1= %1+:2( :+4 3+2 3+7 =+2

% ( > kcdj}hrc, DMQ > dw`yy m`ncy}hi qw`msi}+

Y`swic? Gjys jkm Njcw}cky+ 7118+ Hk Jiiclcwj}hkd Dw`t}e jkm O`g Iwcj}h`k hk Y`s}e Jyhj, cmh}cm gx C+ Dejkh jkm Y+Jencm+ Kct Mcleh? @ub`wm Skhrcwyh}x Qwcyy, ]jglc 3+:9, q+ ::8+

B`w jll }ec i`sk}whcy, ycwrhicy cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x ejy gcck lcyy }ejk }ej} b`w jdwhisl}swc jkm,cuicq} b`w Hkmhj, ejy jly` gcck l`tcw }ejk }ej} b`w hkmsy}wx+ ]jglc :5 qw`rhmcy }ec }wckm hk yci}`w

cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}hcy b`w }ec :851y, :881y, jkm 7111711=+ ]ec cy}hnj}cy ye`t }ej}cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x hk ycwrhicy ejy gcck lcyy }ejk : jln`y} }ew`sde`s}, jkm ejy hk bji}mcilhkcm `rcw }ec mcijmcy b`w }ec ehdecw ycwrhic dw`t}e ci`k`nhcy lhfc Hkmhj+

]jglc :5? Cnql`xnck} Cljy}hih}x ]wckmy gx Yci}`w

I`sk}wx Yci}`w

Cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x th}e wcyqci} }`DMQ

:851:881 :8817111 7111711=Gjkdljmcye Jdwhisl}swc 1+:2 1+5= 7+171

Hkmsy}wx %1+:2( 1+=7 1+571Ycwrhicy 7+58 1+48 1+321

Jll yci}`wy 1+92 1+42 1+571

Hkmhj Jdwhisl}swc 1+37 1+1: 1+119Hkmsy}wx 1+=8 1+78 1+131Ycwrhicy 1+21 1+=7 1+:11

Jll yci}`wy 1+=7 1+:3 1+171

Qjfhy}jkJdwhisl}swc 1+=8 1+=3 1+711

Hkmsy}wx 1+99 1+74 :+141Ycwrhicy 1+=2 1+8= :+721

Jll yci}`wy 1+98 1+21 1+4:1

Ywh Ljkfj Jdwhisl}swc 1+:1 %1+:1( 1+:11Hkmsy}wx 1+:1 1+71 1+911Ycwrhicy 1+71 1+71 1+911

Jll yci}`wy 1+:1 1+:1 1+911% ( > kcdj}hrc, DMQ > dw`yy m`ncy}hi qw`msi}

Y`swic? Gjys, F+ jkm J+ Njcw}cky hk C+ Dejkh jkm Y+ Jencm %cmy(+ 7118+ Jiiclcwj}hkd Dw`t}e jkm O`g Iwcj}h`k hk Y`s}eJyhj+ Kct Mcleh? @ub`wm Skhrcwyh}x Qwcyy ]jglc 3+5, qq+ :15.::1

2Cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x ncjyswcy }ec wj}h` `b cnql`xnck} dw`t}e }` dw`t}e hk `s}qs}, tecwc jk cljy}hih}x `b : hnqlhcy

}ej} crcwx qcwick}jdc q`hk} `b DMQ dw`t}e hy jyy`ihj}cm th}e j qcwick}jdc q`hk} `b cnql`xnck} dw`t}e+


24/48


77

]ecyc }wckmy hkmhij}c }ec q`hk} njmc cjwlhcw }ej}, j} }ec wcdh`kjl lcrcl, ycwrhicy dw`t}e hk Y`s}eJyhj ejy k`} gcck rcwx cnql`xnck}.hk}ckyhrc+ Mhyjddwcdj}cm hkb`wnj}h`k b`w cnql`xnck}cljy}hih}x hk hkmhrhmsjl ycwrhicy ysie jy }wjmc jkm mhy}whgs}h`k, }wjkyq`w}, i`nnskhij}h`k, jkmbhkjkihjl ycwrhicy i`kbhwny }ehy bji}+ ]ec cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x hy n`y}lx lcyy }ejk : b`w }ecycycdnck}y jkm ejy gcck mcilhkhkd hk jln`y} jll }ecyc i`sk}whcy mswhkd }ec :851y jkm :881y+ Hki`k}wjy}, cnql`xnck} cljy}hih}x hk }ec hkb`wnjl yci}`w ye`ty j ljwdclx sqtjwm }wckm jkm hy ehdecw

}ejk b`w }ec b`wnjl yci}`w+ Eckic, }ec crhmckic ysddcy}y }ej} }ecwc ejy gcck hkb`wnjlhj}h`k `bcnql`xnck} hk ycwrhicy jkm }ej} ehde.dw`t}e ycwrhic ycdnck}y ejrc wclhcm n`wc `k qw`msi}hrh}xjkm cbbhihckix djhky, }esy k`} i`k}whgs}hkd }` cnql`xnck} hk }ec yjnc ncjyswc jy }` `s}qs} jkm`rcwjll dw`t}e+ Yhnhljw hkbcwckicy ijk gc mwjtk bw`n jk cujnhkj}h`k `b }ec ycwrhic yci}`w.thycmhy}whgs}h`k `b cnql`xnck} b`w cjie `b }ec i`sk}whcy, qwcyck}cm hk ]jglc :8, mj}j i`ky}wjhk}yk`}th}ey}jkmhkd+

]jglc :8? Yci}`w.Thyc Mhyjddwcdj}h`k `b Ycwrhic Yci}`w Cnql`xnck} hk Y`s}e Jyhj

%#(

Yci}`w

Gjkdljmcye%71137112(

Hkmhj%7112(

Qjfhy}jk%71137112(

Ywh Ljkfj%7114(

Clci}whih}x, djy, jkm tj}cw 1+2: 1+87 :+33 :4+14d

I`ky}wsi}h`k 2+4: :4+1: :=+92 %(Te`lcyjlc jkm wc}jhl }wjmc %( %( 9=+92m 78+99E`}cly jkm wcy}jswjk}y =4+32 92+4= %( 9+49

]wjkyq`w}, y}`wjdc, jkm i`nnskhij}h`k 7=+98 :=+:: :9+=3 :=+94Bhkjkihjl hk}cwncmhj}h k =+74 2+:8i 7+35c 2+44e

Wcjl cy}j}c jkm jyyìhj}cm ji}hrh}hcy 9:+:1 %( %( %(Qsglhi jmnhkhy}wj}h`k, mcbckyc, jkm i`nqsly`wx

yìhjl yciswh}x:3+53j %( 99+2:b :9+27

Cmsij}h`k %( %( %( 5+:2Ecjl}e jkm yìhjl t`wf %( %( %( 9+23@}ecw i`nnskh}x jkm qcwy`kjl ycwrhicy :3+53 73+1: %( 9+78

K`}cy? kj k`} jrjhljglc j} jll `w ycqjwj}clx6 j . hkilsmcy cmsij}h`k jkm ecjl}e6 g . hkilsmcy }wjmc6 i . hkilsmcy wcjl cy}j}c

jkm wclj}cm ji}hrh}hcy6 m . hkilsmcy e`}cly jkm wcy}jswjk}y6 c . hkilsmcy wcjl cy}j}c jkm wclj}cm ji}hrh}hcy6 b . hkilsmcy ecj}e,cmsij}h`k, jkm }ecw ycwrhicy6 d . hkilsmcy i`ky}wsi}h`k6 e . hkilsmcy wcjl cy}j}c+

Mj}j hy lj}cy} jrjhljglc b`w cjie i`sk}wx+

Y`swic? Ljg`w yswrcxy jkm ickysycy b }ec b`sw i`sk}whcy+

]ec mj}j `k cnql`xnck} yejwcy hk hkmhrhmsjl ycwrhic ycdnck}y b`w }ec b`sw i`sk}whcy ye`ty }ej}ycwrhicy tehie ejrc j ehde yejwc th}ehk }ec ycwrhic yci}`w jly` jii`sk} b`w j ehdecw yejwc `bycwrhicy cnql`xnck}+ E`tcrcw, ycrcwjl `b }ec ycwrhicy tehie ejrc cuqcwhckicm wjqhm dw`t}e, hkqjw}hisljw i`nnskhij}h`k jkm bhkjkihjl ycwrhicy hk }ec ijyc `b Hkmhj, y}hll jii`sk} b`w j wclj}hrclxl`t yejwc `b `rcwjll ycwrhicy cnql`xnck}, hkmhij}hkd }echw l`tcw cnql`xnck} hk}ckyh}x, tecwcjyycdnck}y ysie jy i`ky}wsi}h`k jkm e`}cly jkm wcy}jswjk}y, tehie ejrc k`} dw`tk jy wjqhmlx,jii`sk} b`w nsie ehdecw yejwcy `b ycwrhicy cnql`xnck}+

Jl}e`sde h} hy mhbbhisl} }` djsdc }ec yfhll `whck}j}h`k `b ycwrhicy dw`t}e hk Y`s}e Jyhj, }ec qj}}cwk`b dw`t}e th}ehk }ec ycwrhic yci}`w }ej} cncwdcy bw`n }ec qwcicmhkd }jglcy jkm bhdswcy,qjw}hisljwlx hk }ec ijyc `b Hkmhj, t`slm ysddcy} }ej} h} ejy gcck `whck}cm }`tjwmy yfhll.hk}ckyhrcycwrhicy+ Bhdswc 4 i`kbhwny }ehy+


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79

Bhdswc 4? Qcw Ijqh}j Ycwrhicy @s}qs} jkm ]cw}hjwx Cmsij}h`k Jiw`yy Hkmhjk Y}j}cy

Y`swic? Nj}}``+ 7118+ Hk Jiiclcwj}hkd Dw`t}e jkm O`g Iwcj}h`k hk Y`s}e Jyhj, cmh}cm gx C+ Dejkh jkm Y+ Jencm+ KctMcleh? @ub`wm Skhrcwyh}x Qwcyy, Bhdswc 4+7%g(, q+ :48+

K`}c? JQ. Jkmewj Qwjmcye, GE. Ghejw, DO. Dsojwj}, EX. Ejwxjkj, FK. Fjwkj}jfj, FW. Fcwjlj, NE. Njejwjye}wj, NQ.Njmexj Qwjmcye, @W. @whyyj, QO. Qskojg, WO. Wjojy}ejk, SQ. S}}jw Qwjmcye, ]K. ]jnhl Kjms, TG. Tcy} Gckdjl+

Bhdswc 4 ye`ty }ec q`yh}hrc i`wwclj}h`k gc}tcck }cw}hjwx cmsij}h`k lcrcly jkm ycwrhicy `s}qs}jiw`yy Hkmhjk y}j}cy+ Dhrck }ec ljwdc ksngcwy `b l`t. jkm ycnh.yfhllcm t`wfcwy hk }ec ljg`wb`wic hk }ehy wcdh`k, ysie j yfhll `whck}j}h`k b`w ycwrhicy `s}qs} ijk hk ljwdc qjw} cuqljhk }ec l`tcnql`xnck} hk}ckyh}x `b }ec ycwrhic yci}`w jkm h}y bjhlswc }` jgy`wg yswqlsy ljg`w bw`njdwhisl}swc, jy ehdelhde}cm cjwlhcw+

@rcwjll, ycwrhicy cnql`xnck} cuehgh}y j nhucm qhi}swc+ Tehlc }ec yci}`w ejy dw`tk hkhnq`w}jkic hk }cwny `b h}y i`k}whgs}h`k }` dw`t}e jkm `s}qs}, h}y w`lc hk }cwny `b iwcj}hkd dckmcw.kcs}wjl jkm zsjlh}x cnql`xnck} wcnjhky n`wc lhnh}cm+ ]ec crhmckic hkmhij}cy }ej} }ecwc hy y}hlli`kyhmcwjglc yi`qc b`w cnql`xnck} iwcj}h`k, qjw}hisljwlx hk l`t. jkm ycnh.yfhll hk}ckyhrcycwrhicy hk Y`s}e Jyhj+ H} hy jly` t`w}e k`}hkd }ej} tehlc }ec ycwrhic yci}`w cuehgh}y icw}jhkskhzsc iejwji}cwhy}hiy hk }cwny `b h}y dw`t}e, cnql`xnck}, jkm yfhll qj}}cwky, hk y`nc wcyqci}y h}

wcblci}y }wckmy jly` th}kcyycm hk `}ecw yci}`wy `b }ecyc ci`k`nhcy+ B`w hky}jkic, }ec dw`thkdhkb`wnjl kj}swc `b cnql`xnck} hy k`} skhzsc }` ycwrhicy6 j yhnhljw }wckm hy crhmck} hknjksbji}swhkd+ ]esy, }ecwc jwc i`nn`k hky}h}s}h`kjl jkm q`lhix i`ky}wjhk}y tehie ejrc jly`jbbci}cm }ec kj}swc jkm zsjlh}x `b ycwrhicy cnql`xnck}+ H} t`slm jly` gc hk}cwcy}hkd }` cujnhkc}ec hkmsy}wxycwrhicy lhkfy hk }ecyc ci`k`nhcy jkm }` jyycyy e`t bwjdnck}j}h`k hknjksbji}swhkd `s}qs} jkm cnql`xnck} ejy jbbci}cm }ec qj}}cwk `b ycwrhicy dw`t}e jkmcnql`xnck}+

=+ CNQL@XNCK] ]WCKMY HK HKB@WNJ]H@K ]CIEK@L@DXJKM GSYHKCYY QW@ICYY @S]Y@SWIHKD

@kc `b }ec n`y} yhdkhbhijk} dw`t}e ycdnck}y hk ycwrhicy ejy gcck hkb`wnj}h`k }ciek`l`dx jkmgsyhkcyy qw`icyy `s}y`swihkd %H].GQ@( ycwrhicy+ Jl}e`sde ycwrhicy ejrc hk dckcwjl k`}cuehgh}cm cnql`xnck} dw`t}e }ej} hy i`nnckyswj}c th}e }echw dw`thkd w`lc hk `s}qs}, }ec H].GQ@ycdnck} ejy th}kcyycm wjqhm dw`t}e hk cnql`xnck} hk jll b`sw i`sk}whcy+ Jll }ec i`sk}whcy yejwcj i`nn`k y`swic `b i`nqjwj}hrc jmrjk}jdc, tehie hy }echw yhcjglc, yfhllcm, Ckdlhye.yqcjfhkdljg`w b`wic+ E`tcrcw, jll }ec i`sk}whcy jwc bjihkd qw`glcny `b ye`w}jdcy `b H] qw`bcyyh`kjly,hyyscy `b zsjlh}x, jkm j}}wh}h`k tehie }ecx jwc }wxhkd }` jmmwcyy }ew`sde hkrcy}nck}y hk }wjhkhkdjkm i`kysl}j}h`k th}e hkmsy}wx jyy`ihj}h`ky, jn`kd `}ecw hkh}hj}hrcy+


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7=

=+: Hkmhj

Th}ehk }ec ycwrhic yci}`w, }ec H].GQ@ ycdnck} ejy gcck }ec bjy}cy}.dw`thkd ysgyci}`w hk Hkmhjycuq`w}y, wcdhy}cwhkd m`sglc.mhdh} jkksjl dw`t}e wj}cy b`w cuq`w}y hk }ec q`y} 7111 qcwh`m+Hkb`wnj}h`k qw`rhmcm gx }ec Kj}h`kjl Jyyìhj}h`k `b Y`b}tjwc Ycwrhicy I`nqjkhcy %KJYYI@N(hkmhij}c }ej} Hkmhjy H].GQ@ ycwrhicy cuq`w}y ejrc whyck bw`n j ncwc -43= nhllh`k hk BX :882}`-8+2 ghllh`k hk BX 7119 jkm -=4+3 ghllh`k hk 7118, th}e }ec hkmsy}wxy }`}jl }swk`rcw wcjiehkd-41+1 ghllh`k, `w 2# `b DMQ, hk 7118+ Hk 71:1, jddwcdj}c wcrckscy `b }ec H].GQ@ yci}`w jwccuqci}cm }` wcjie -49+: ghllh`k, th}e qwòci}cm cuq`w} cjwkhkdy `b -31+1 ghllh`k %`w 41# `b }`}jlhkmsy}wx }swk`rcw(+ Jy j wcysl}, }ec H] yci}`wy yejwc hk Hkmhjy }`}jl cuq`w} gjyfc} ejy hkiwcjycmbw`n lcyy }ejk =# hk :885 }` jw`skm 72# hk 71:1+ Th}ehk }ec hkmsy}wx, H] ycwrhicy jl`kc jwccuqci}cm }` jii`sk} b`w n`wc }ejk 31# `b cuq`w} cjwkhkdy %-74+9 ghllh`k( hk }ehy hkmsy}wx hk 71:1,GQ@ ycwrhicy b`w jk`}ecw 73# %-:7+= ghllh`k(, jkm ckdhkccwhkd ycwrhicy jkm y`b}tjwc qw`msi}yb`w jk`}ecw 71# %KJYYI@N 71:1, 358(+ Bhdswc 5 hllsy}wj}cy }ec }wckmy hk H].GQ@ wcrckscyyhkic 7111 jkm }ec yhdkhbhijk} cu}cwkjl `whck}j}h`k `b }ehy hkmsy}wx+

Bhdswc 5? ]wckmy hk Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx jkm Gsyhkcyy Qwìcyy @s}y`swihkd Wcrcksc Hkmhj, 711171:1

%SY- ghllh`k(

Y`swic? Kjyyi`n Y}wj}cdhi Wcrhct, rjwh`sy xcjwy

]ecyc cuq`w}y i`rcw j rjwhc}x `b m`njhk hkmsy}whcy, hkilsmhkd }ec gjkfhkd jkm bhkjkihjl ycwrhicyhkmsy}wx, }clci`nnskhij}h`ky, njksbji}swhkd, wc}jhl, ecjl}e ijwc, jkm }wjrcl jkm }`swhyn+ ]ecwcejy jly` gcck j dwjmsjl n`rcnck} sq }ec rjlsc iejhk, th}e j dw`thkd ksngcw `b `bbye`wcwcycjwie jkm mcrcl`qnck} ick}cwy gchkd cy}jglhyecm hk Hkmhj jkm j yehb} }`tjwmy ehdecw.ckmycwrhicy ysie jy gsyhkcyy jkjlx}hiy, czsh}x wcycjwie, jkm njwfc} wcycjwie+ Nsl}hkj}h`kjl bhwny`qcwj}hkd hk }ec Hkmhjk njwfc} }ew`sde ijq}hrc ysgyhmhjwhcy6 `bbye`wc mcrcl`qnck} ick}cwy6 jkmljwdc, ynjll, jkm ncmhsn.yhcm Hkmhjk bhwny jwc ckdjdcm hk H].GQ@ ycwrhicy cuq`w}y+


27/48


73

Hkmhjy H].GQ@ ycwrhicy cuq`w}y }jfc }ec b`wn `b `kyh}c mclhrcwx }ew`sde }ec }cnq`wjwxn`rcnck} `b y`b}tjwc qw`bcyyh`kjly }` `}ecw njwfc}y, jy tcll jy `bbye`wc mclhrcwx `b ycwrhicy}ew`sde mj}j, r`hic, jkm hkb`wnj}h`k bl`ty `rcw }ec hk}cwkc} jkm qe`kc+ Th}e hkiwcjycmq`yyhghlh}hcy b`w H].ckjglcm ycwrhicy mclhrcwx, }ecwc ejy gcck j dwjmsjl yehb} bw`n jqwcm`nhkjk}lx `kyh}c n`mc `b mclhrcwx }` j qwhnjwhlx `bbye`wc n`mc `b mclhrcwx hk `wmcw }` bsw}ecwlcrcwjdc Hkmhjy ljg`w i`y} jmrjk}jdc+ ]ec `kyh}c`bbye`wc nhu iejkdcm bw`n 34# `kyh}c jkm

=9# `bbye`wc hk 7111 }` 91# `kyh}c jkm 41# `bbye`wc hk 71136 }ec iswwck} `kyh}c`bbye`wc nhuhy :3#?53# %Hkb`yxy Iehcb Cucis}hrc @bbhicw 71:1(+ Jy qcw j wcick} Wcycwrc Gjkf `b Hkmhjyswrcx `k y`b}tjwc ycwrhicy cuq`w}y, n`mc : jii`sk}cm b`w }ec njo`wh}x `b Hkmhjy H] ycwrhicycuq`w}y hk rjlsc }cwny, `w 32# hk 711518, b`ll`tcm gx n`mc = gjycm cuq`w}y j} 74# jkm n`mc9 j} :4# %Wcycwrc Gjkf `b Hkmhj 71:1(+4 Jii`wmhkd }` }ec J] Fcjwkcx @bbye`wc Lìj}h`kJ}}wji}hrckcyy Hkmcu, Hkmhj ejy i`kyhy}ck}lx wjkfcm ehdecy} jn`kd mcy}hkj}h`ky `bbcwhkd `bbye`wcycwrhicy, msc }` }ec i`nghkj}h`k `b h}y yfhll jrjhljghlh}x, bjr`wjglc gsyhkcyy ckrhw`knck}, jkm l`ti`y}+5 ]`mjx, Hkmhj jii`sk}y b`w 3:# `b }ec `bbye`wc H].GQ@ njwfc} jkm hy cuqci}cm }` wcnjhkjk hnq`w}jk} qjw} `b }ec dl`gjl `s}y`swihkd njwfc} hk bs}swc, k`}th}ey}jkmhkd cncwdhkdi`nqc}h}h`k bw`n `}ecw mcrcl`qhkd i`sk}whcy jkm wcdh`ky %KJYYI@N 71:1, 8(+

Dw`t}e hk `s}y`swihkd jkm cy}jglhyenck} `b `bbye`wc mcrcl`qnck} ick}cwy hk Hkmhj ejy ejmhnq`w}jk} yqhll`rcw cbbci}y `k }ec Hkmhjk ci`k`nx+ ]ehy hy wcblci}cm hk }ec yci}`wy i`k}whgs}h`k }`DMQ, tehie ejy hkiwcjycm bw`n 1+47# hk :88485 }` :+5# hk 7111 jkm }` jk cy}hnj}cm 2+:# `bDMQ hk 71:1, jy ye`tk hk Bhdswc 8+

Bhdswc 8? I`k}whgs}h`k `b Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx jkm Gsyhkcyy Qwìcyy @s}y`swihkdWcrckscy }` Dw`yy M`ncy}hi Qw`msi} Hkmhj

%#(

Y`swic? Kjyyi`n Y}wj}cdhi Wcrhct, rjwh`sy xcjwy

]ec wjqhm dw`t}e hk H].GQ@ ycwrhicy cuq`w}y ejy gcck jii`nqjkhcm gx j yhdkhbhijk} hkiwcjyc hkmhwci} jkm hkmhwci} cnql`xnck} hk }ehy ysgyci}`w+ ]`mjx, }ec H].GQ@ ycwrhicy ysgyci}`w hy `kc`b }ec ljwdcy} cnql`xcwy hk Hkmhjy `wdjkhcm qwhrj}c yci}`w+ H} qw`rhmcy mhwci} cnql`xnck} }`n`wc }ejk 7+9 nhllh`k qc`qlc jy ye`tk hk Bhdswc :1, sq bw`n lcyy }ejk j bct eskmwcm }e`syjkm

hk 7111+ H} qw`rhmcy hkmhwci} cnql`xnck} }` n`wc }ejk 5+7 nhllh`k qc`qlc hk ysqq`w} ji}hrh}hcyysie jy }wjhkhkd, }wjkyq`w}, jkm wcjl cy}j}c+ ]hcw : Hkmhjk ih}hcy i`k}whgs}cm }` 8:# `b }ehycnql`xnck} hk 7118+ E`tcrcw, yci`km jkm }ehwm }hcw ih}hcy hk Hkmhj ejrc ycck j 31# hkiwcjyc hkcnql`xnck} hk 7118 jkm 71:1+ KJYYI@N mj}j bsw}ecw ysddcy} }ej} H].GQ@ ysgyci}`wcnql`xnck} hk Hkmhj ejy hnq`w}jk} hnqlhij}h`ky b`w sqtjwm n`ghlh}x `b t`nck, x`s}e, jkmmhyjmrjk}jdcm yìhjl iljyycy, th}e 91# `b cnql`xnck} hk }ec :573 xcjw jdc dw`sq, =# `b }ec

5 e}}q?//ttt+j}fcjwkcx+i`n/hkmcu+qeq/Kcty.ncmhj/dc`dwjqex.`b.`bbye`whkd.hy.yehb}hkd+e}nl0z>`bbye`whkd&hkmhj


28/48


72

yci}`wy cnql`xnck} gchkd jii`sk}cm b`w gx ci`k`nhijllx gjiftjwm dw`sqy6 9:# `b }echkmsy}wxy }`}jl cnql`xccy jwc t`nck %KJYYI@N 71:1(+

Bhdswc :1? Mhwci} Cnql`xnck} hk Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx jkm Gsyhkcyy Qwìcyy@s}y`swihkd, 711471:1

%111(

H] > Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx

GQ@ > Gsyhkcyy Qwìcyy @s}y`swihkd

Y`swic? KJYYI@N Y}wj}cdhi Wcrhct 7118 jkm 71:1

Qwòci}cm esnjk wcy`swic yickjwh`y hk }ec Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx jkm Hkb`wnj}h`k]ciek`l`dx.Ckjglcm ycwrhicy %H].H]cY( ysgyci}`w ye`t jk hkiwcnck}jl cnql`xnck}wczshwcnck} `b jkxtecwc gc}tcck 9+5 nhllh`k jkm 5+3 nhllh`k qc`qlc gc}tcck 7115 jkm 7177

jiw`yy }ec m`ncy}hi jkm cuq`w} ycdnck}y `b }ehy ysgyci}`w+ Y`, }ec cnql`xnck} iwcj}h`kq`}ck}hjl hk }ehy ycwrhic yci}`w hy hnnckyc, jy jwc }ec lhfclx i`ky}wjhk}y th}e wcdjwm }` ljg`wjrjhljghlh}x, zsjlh}x, jkm cnql`xjghlh}x+ Jii`wmhkd }` JYY@IEJN cy}hnj}cy, }ec H].H]cYysgyci}`w hy lhfclx }` cuqcwhckic j ycwh`sy ye`w}jdc `b yfhllcm ljg`w, bw`n njkjdcnck} }`bw`k}lhkc `qcwj}h`ky, wcysl}hkd hk yjljwx hkiwcjycy `b 91#=1# hk }ec kcjw bs}swc+


29/48


74

]jglc 71? Qw`oci}cm Esnjk Wcy`swic Wczshwcnck}y hk Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx.Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx.Ckjglcm Ycwrhicy

%nhllh`ky `b qcwy`ky(

Esnjk Wcy`swic Cnql`xnck} Yickjwh` BX7115 BX7177 Iejkdc

Qcyyhnhy}hi Cuq`w}y :+4 =+8 9+7

H] cuq`w}y 1+8 7+1 :+:H]cY cuq`w}y 1+5 7+8 7+7

M`ncy}hi 1+3 :+: 1+2

]`}jl 7+7 2+: 9+5

Lhfclx Cuq`w}y :+4 2+1 =+7

H] cuq`w}y 1+8 7+= :+3

H]cY cuq`w}y 1+5 9+2 7+5

M`ncy}hi 1+3 :+3 :+1

]`}jl 7+7 4+3 3+9

@q}hnhy}hi Cuq`w}y :+4 5+2 2+8

H] cuq`w}y 1+8 9+3+ 7+3

H]cY cuq`w}y 1+5 3+: =+9M`ncy}hi 1+3 7+: :+2

]`}jl 7+7 :1+4 5+3BX > bhkjkihjl xcjw+

Y`swic? Kj}h`kjl Yfhll Mcrcl`qnck} I`skihl %KYMI(+ 7118+ Esnjk Wcy`swic jkm Yfhll Wczshwcnck}y hk }ec H].H]CYHkmsy}wx Yci}`w %7177(+ Kct Mcleh? ]jglc ::, q+92+

E`tcrcw, h} hy t`w}e k`}hkd }ej}, }` mj}c, }ec H].GQ@ ysgyci}`wy `rcwjll i`k}whgs}h`k }`cnql`xnck} hk Hkmhj wcnjhky nsie ynjllcw }ejk }ej} `b }wjmh}h`kjl hkmsy}whcy ysie jy }cu}hlcy jkmil`}ehkd+ I`kicwky ejrc jly` gcck r`hicm jg`s} }ec i`y} jkm czsh}x hnqlhij}h`ky `b }ehyysgyci}`wy wjqhm dw`t}e dhrck h}y yfhll.hk}ckyhrc kj}swc, jkm }ec wjqhm hkiwcjyc hk tjdcy %:1#:3# qcw jkksn( cuqcwhckicm hk }ehy hkmsy}wx dhrck h}y dw`thkd mcnjkm b`w yfhllcm t`wfcwy jkmwhyhkd cuq`w} `qq`w}skh}hcy+

=+7 Ywh Ljkfj

]ec y`b}tjwc ycwrhic ysgyci}`w hk Ywh Ljkfj, }e`sde nsie ynjllcw }ejk }ej} hk Hkmhj, ejyth}kcyycm hnqwcyyhrc dw`t}e+ Cuq`w}y ejrc dw`tk bw`n jw`skm SY-3 nhllh`k hk :882 }` jw`skmSY-51 nhllh`k hk 7119, jkm }eck }whqlcm }` wcjie SY-74: nhllh`k hk 7118+ 8 ]ecwc ejy gcck jy}cjmx sqtjwm }wckm hk H].GQ@ cuq`w}y `rcw }ec qjy} mcijmc6 gx 7114, }ec H] jkm H].ckjglcmycwrhicy yci}`w tjy }ec bhb}e.ehdecy} cuq`w} cjwkcw b`w }ec i`sk}wx+ N`wc }ejk 911 H] jkm GQ@i`nqjkhcy, n`y}lx ynjll jkm ncmhsn.yhcm i`nqjkhcy jkm j bct ljwdc dl`gjl qljxcwy, `qcwj}chk Ywh Ljkfj+ ]ec njhk hkmsy}whcy ycwrcm hkilsmc }clci`nnskhij}h`ky, gjkfhkd jkm bhkjkihjlycwrhicy, hkyswjkic, jkm y`b}tjwc }cy}hkd+:1 Ywh Ljkfj hy jly` jk `bbye`wc mcrcl`qnck} ick}cw b`wnjkx B`w}skc 211 i`nqjkhcy jkm j o`hk}.rck}swc mcrcl`qnck} ick}cw b`w i`nqjkhcy bw`n

ycrcwjl mcrcl`qcm i`sk}whcy+:: Crck lcjmhkd Hkmhjk qw`rhmcwy `b }ehwm.qjw}x GQ@ ycwrhicy ejrcyc} sq `qcwj}h`ky hk I`l`ng`+ ]ec i`sk}wx ejy jly` cncwdcm jy }ec lcjmhkd mhyjy}cw wci`rcwx

8Ywh Ljkfj Cuq`w} Mcrcl`qnck} G`jwm tcgyh}c? e}}q?ttt+ywhljkfjgsyhkcyy+i`n}wjmcPhkb`ywhljkfjqw`msi}hi}+e}n

:1Ywh Ljkfj Cuq`w} Mcrcl`qnck} G`jwm tcgyh}c? e}}q?ttt+ywhljkfjgsyhkcyy+i`n}wjmcPhkb`ywhljkfjqw`msi}hi}+e}n::

]ehy hy jk jkksjl lhy} `b }ec 211 ljwdcy} hkmsy}whjl i`wq`wj}h`ky hk }ec S+Y+, qsglhyecm gx B`w}skc njdjhkc+ ]eci`wq`wj}h`ky jwc wjkfcm gjycm `k ysie nc}whiy jy wcrckscy, qw`bh}y, jkm njwfc} rjlsc+


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75

lìj}h`k b`w Hkmhjk H] `qcwj}`wy+ ]ec Y`b}tjwc Cuq`w}cwy Jyyìhj}h`k ejy }jwdc}cm }` jiehcrc}`}jl cuq`w}y `b SY-7 ghllh`k hk 71:7 jkm }` njfc }ec H].H]cY hkmsy}wx }ec ljwdcy} kc} b`wchdkcuiejkdc cjwkcw b`w }ec i`sk}wx hk }ec l`kd wsk+

Dw`t}e hk }ec H].GQ@ ycwrhicy ysgyci}`w ejy gcck jii`nqjkhcm gx dw`thkd cnql`xnck} hk }echkmsy}wx+ J wcick} yswrcx `b }ec Hkb`wnj}h`k I`nnskhij}h`k ]ciek`l`dx Jdckix `b Ywh Ljkfj

b`skm }ej} }ec hkmsy}wx cnql`xcm 21,111 qc`qlc hk }ec i`sk}wx, th}e jw`skm 31,111 cnql`xcm hkI`l`ng` jl`kc+ ]ec t`wfb`wic hk }ehy ysgyci}`w ejy gcck dw`thkd j} n`wc }ejk 71# qcw xcjw,th}e j}}wh}h`k wj}cy `b :1#:3#+ N`y} `b }ehy cnql`xnck} %jw`skm 3=,111( hy hk qwhrj}ci`nqjkhcy jkm }ec wcy} hy hk }ec y}j}c yci}`w+ Jk cy}hnj}cm 48# `b H].GQ@ hkmsy}wx cnql`xccyjwc njlc, jii`wmhkd }` Hkb`wnj}h`k I`nnskhij}h`k ]ciek`l`dx Jdckix wcq`w}y+ Gx 71:7, }ec H].H]cY hkmsy}wx hy cuqci}cm }` cnql`x j t`wfb`wic `b n`wc }ejk :11,111+ :7

Bhdswc :: ye`ty }ec dw`thkd t`wfb`wic hk Ywh Ljkfjy y`b}tjwc ycwrhic ysgyci}`w b`w 71197115, tehlc Bhdswc :7 ye`ty }ec wclj}hrc dw`t}e hk }ec H] t`wfb`wic i`nqjwcm th}e }ec k`k.H]jkm }ec d`rcwknck} yci}`w t`wfb`wic hk Ywh Ljkfj b`w }ec yjnc qcwh`m+ H} hy crhmck} }ej}cnql`xnck} hk }ec H] hkmsy}wx ejy dw`tk nsie n`wc wjqhmlx }ejk hk }ec `}ecw qjw}y `b }ecci`k`nx+

Bhdswc ::? @rcwjll Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx T`wfb`wic Dw`t}e ]wckm Ywh Ljkfj, 71197115

%111(

Y`swic? Ywh Ljkfj Hkb`wnj}h`k jkm I`nnskhij}h`k ]ciek`l`dx Jyyìhj}h`k+ 7114+ Whyhkd Mcnjkm+ I`l`ng`? Bhdswc :, q+2+

:7 Ywh Ljkfj Hkb`wnj}h`k jkm I`nnskhij}h`k ]ciek`l`dx Jyyìhj}h`k tcgyh}c? e}}q?//ttt+ylhi}j+lf/jmrjk}jdc/hkmsy}wx/ jkm e}}q?//ttt+i`l`ng`qjdc+i`n/jwiehrcP:1/Jqw:741:78257OW+qeq


31/48


78

Bhdswc :7? I`nqjwhy`k `b Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx T`wfb`wic th}e }ec K`k.Hkb`wnj}h`k]ciek`l`dx jkm D`rcwknck} T`wfb`wic Ywh Ljkfj, 71197115

%111(

Cy} > cy}hnj}cm, D`r > d`rcwknck}, H] > hkb`wnj}h`k }ciek`l`dx+

Y`swic? Ywh Ljkfj Hkb`wnj}h`k jkm I`nnskhij}h`k ]ciek`l`dx Jyy`ihj}h`k+ 7114+ Whyhkd Mcnjkm+ I`l`ng`? Bhdswc =,q+::+

Dw`t}e hk H].GQ@ cnql`xnck} wcblci}y Ywh Ljkfjy i`nqc}h}hrc jmrjk}jdc hk }ehy hkmsy}wx+ ]ehyhy msc }` }ec jrjhljghlh}x `b j i`nqc}h}hrc jkm cmsij}cm Ckdlhye.yqcjfhkd q`qslj}h`k, j ljwdcksngcw `b qw`bcyyh`kjly %cyqcihjllx bhkjkic jkm jii`sk}hkd qw`bcyyh`kjly(, i`y}.cbbci}hrc ljg`wte`yc i`y} hy jw`skm `kc.}tck}hc}e `b }ej} `rcwycjy, }ec qwcyckic `b jiiwcmh}cm H].ckjglcmycwrhic }wjhkhkd ick}cwy }` ckyswc ljg`w jrjhljghlh}x, jkm }ec qwcyckic `b j ljwdc ksngcw `bckdhkccwy }` t`wf hk }w`sglcye``}hkd jkm }ciekhijl ysqq`w} `qcwj}h`ky+ Hk wcick} xcjwy, }ecd`rcwknck} ejy dhrck nsie }ewsy} }` }ehy hkmsy}wx jy h} qw`rhmcy ehde.qjxhkd o`gy b`w }eccmsij}cm x`s}e+ Bhdswc :9 ye`ty e`t hki`nc hk }ec H] ycwrhic ysgyci}`w i`nqjwcy th}ehki`ncy hk `}ecw cuq`w}.`whck}cm hkmsy}whcy hk Ywh Ljkfj+


32/48


91

Bhdswc :9? Jkksjl Hki`nc hk Y`b}tjwc jkm @}ecw Hkmsy}whcy

Y`swic? Ywh Ljkfj Hkb`wnj}h`k jkm I`nnskhij}h`k ]ciek`l`dx Jyy`ihj}h`k tcgyh}c?

e}}q?//ttt+ylhi}j+lf/jmrjk}jdc/hkmsy}wx/

]ec hkmsy}wx ejy, e`tcrcw, gcck bjihkd j ye`w}jdc `b zsjlh}x H] qw`bcyyh`kjly jy }ec ksngcw `bH] dwjmsj}cy hy hkjmczsj}c b`w }ec dw`thkd mcnjkm bw`n }ec hkmsy}wx+ ]ehy hy bsw}ecw

i`nq`skmcm gx dw`thkd `rcwjll j}}wh}h`k wj}cy b`w H] t`wfcwy+ B`w hky}jkic, h} tjy cy}hnj}cm }ej}3,433 dwjmsj}cy tcwc kccmcm gx }ec hkmsy}wx hk 7114 gs} `klx 7,7:2 H] njo`w dwjmsj}cy tcwcjmmcm }` }ec t`wfb`wic }ej} xcjw+ ]ec ye`w}jdc hy n`y} jis}c b`w qw`dwjnnhkd jkm y`b}tjwcckdhkccwy jy tcll jy }cy}hkd jkm zsjlh}x jyyswjkic ckdhkccwy+ Bhdswc := hllsy}wj}cy }ec dw`thkdmcnjkmysqqlx djq b`w H] qw`bcyyh`kjly+

Bhdswc :=? Mcnjkm b`w Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx Qw`bcyyh`kjly Rcwysy Ysqqlx `bDwjmsj}cy Ywh Ljkfj, 71137114

%ksngcw `b qcwy`ky(

Cy} > cy}hnj}c, H] > hkb`wnj}h`k }ciek`l`dx

Y`swic? Ywh Ljkfj Hkb`wnj}h`k jkm I`nnskhij}h`k ]ciek`l`dx Jyy`ihj}h`k+ 7114+ Whyhkd Mcnjkm+ I`l`ng`? Bhdswc 9,q+:1+

=+9 Gjkdljmcye

J yhnhljw qhi}swc cncwdcy b`w Gjkdljmcye, tecwc }ec H].GQ@ ysgyci}`w ejy dw`tk bw`n rhw}sjllxk`}ehkd bw`n j kcdlhdhglc yhc }` jk hkmsy}wx t`w}e SY-931 nhllh`k hk jkksjl wcrckscy hk 7118,


33/48


9:

th}e y`b}tjwc cuq`w}y jii`sk}hkd b`w SY-93 nhllh`k hk 7118+:9 Jl}e`sde }ec hkmsy}wx i`ky}h}s}cy jrcwx ynjll qjw} `b `rcwjll DMQ jkm cuq`w}y, h}y dw`t}e ejy gcck yhdkhbhijk}+ ]ec hkmsy}wx ejydw`tk j} jk jrcwjdc jkksjl wj}c `b =1# `rcw }ec 711=.18 qcwh`m, mwhrck gx cuq`w} }wckmy jytcll jy dw`thkd H] mcnjkm hk }ec m`ncy}hi njwfc}+

]`mjx, Gjkdljmcye ejy n`wc }ejk 21 ijll ick}cwy th}e j i`nghkcm ijqjih}x `b `rcw 7,111 ycj}y+

Ysie dw`t}e hy cuqci}cm }` i`k}hksc th}e cuqjkyh`k `b `qcwj}h`ky gx Gjkdljmcyeh H]ck}wcqwckcswy jkm hkiwcjycm ck}wx `b b`wchdk i`nqjkhcy, njkx `b tehie jwc yc}}hkd sq ijq}hrcskh}y hk }ec i`sk}wx+ Jii`wmhkd }` }ec T`wlm Gjkf, Gjkdljmcyey H] jkm H].ckjglcm ycwrhiccuq`w}y jwc qwòci}cm }` cuiccm SY-311 nhllh`k gx 71:= %Mjhlx Y}jw71:1(+ ]ec i`sk}wx ejy jly`gcck wjkfcm ehde hk }cwny `b h}y i`nqc}ckix hk y`b}tjwc ycwrhicy+ ]jglc 7: ye`ty }ec esdchkiwcjyc hk H] cuq`w}y gc}tcck BX7113 jkm BX71:1+

]jglc 7:? Rjlsc `b Cuq`w} `b Y`b}tjwc jkm Hkb`wnj}h`k ]ciek`l`dx.Ckjglcm YcwrhicyGjkdljmcye

%SY- nhllh`k(

Bhyijl Xcjw Rjlsc `b Cuq`w}y

7113 :7+25

7112 74+1:

7114 72+15

7115 7=+18

7118 97+8:

71:1 93+92

Y`swic? e}}q?//ttt+gjyhy+`wd+gm/hkmcu+qeq/wcy`swic

Jy hk }ec `}ecw Y`s}e Jyhjk i`sk}whcy, dw`t}e hk H].GQ@ cuq`w}y ejy gcck jii`nqjkhcm gx jyhdkhbhijk} dw`t}e hk cnql`xnck} hk }ehy hkmsy}wx+ Jk cy}hnj}cm 71,111 `w n`wc yfhllcm jkm ycnh.yfhllcm qw`bcyyh`kjly jwc cnql`xcm hk }ec H].H]cY yci}`w, i`nqjwcm }` jw`skm 93,111 te` jwccnql`xcm `s}yhmc }ehy hkmsy}wx %hkilsmhkd hk gsyhkcyy ck}cwqwhycy, }ec d`rcwknck} yci}`w, jkm

k`kd`rcwknck} `wdjkhj}h`ky(+ ]ec i`sk}wx ejy gckcbh}cm bw`n h}y ljwdc ksngcw `b Ckdlhyeyqcjfcwy jkm q``l `b dwjmsj}cy+ ]ecwc jwc jk cy}hnj}cm 3,311 `w n`wc dwjmsj}cy cjie xcjw hkH].wclj}cm ysgoci}y qw`rhmhkd j wcjmx y`swic `b i`y}.i`nqc}h}hrc jkm i`nqc}ck} ljg`w b`w }ehyhkmsy}wx+:=

=+= Qjfhy}jk

]ec H] hkmsy}wx hk Qjfhy}jk ejy th}kcyycm ehde dw`t}e hk cuq`w}y+ Jii`wmhkd }` }ec Ick}wjlGjkfy y}j}hy}hiy, H] cuq`w}y jn`sk}cm }` -:54+8 nhllh`k hk 7118:1, jl}e`sde jii`wmhkd }` }ecT`wlm ]wjmc @wdjkhj}h`k %T]@(, }ecyc cuq`w}y tcwc b`sw }hncy ehdecw j} SY-=81+= nhllh`k6jii`wmhkd }` cy}hnj}cy `b y`b}tjwc mcrcl`qcwy, cuq`w}y tcwc il`yc }` SY-: ghllh`k+ ]ec GQ@hkmsy}wx ejy dw`tk wjqhmlx, wcdhy}cwhkd m`sglc.mhdh} dw`t}e hk cuq`w}y hk wcick} xcjwy+ ]ec

hkmsy}wx qw`rhmcy i`k}ji} ick}cw jkm `bbye`wc gjif.`bbhic ycwrhicy ysie jy bhkjkic bski}h`ky,y`b}tjwc mcrcl`qnck}, mj}j qwìcyyhkd, H] ysqq`w}, jmnhkhy}wj}hrc ysqq`w}, jkm njwfc}hkd

:9Gjkdljmcye Jyyìhj}h`k `b Y`b}tjwc jkm Hkb`wnj}h`k Ycwrhicy %GJYHY( tcgyh}c? e}}q?ttt+gjyhy+`wd+gm

hkmcu+qeqwcy`swic:=

Gjkdljmcye Jyyìhj}h`k `b Y`b}tjwc jkm Hkb`wnj}h`k Ycwrhicy %GJYHY( tcgyh}c? e}}q?ttt+gjyhy+`wd+gmhkmcu+qeqwcy`swic


34/48


97

ycwrhicy+ Cuqcw}y cy}hnj}c jk jkksjl jrcwjdc dw`t}e wj}c `b 99#, th}e cuq`w} wcrckscyyswqjyyhkd SY-:1 ghllh`k gx 71:3+:3

Qjfhy}jky i`y} jmrjk}jdc y}cny bw`n h}y ljwdc sk}jqqcm q``l `b Ckdlhye.yqcjfhkd dwjmsj}cyte` jwc thllhkd }` t`wf j} 21# `b }ec tjdcy `b }echw Skh}cm Y}j}cy i`sk}cwqjw}y, jy tcll jy h}yhkbwjy}wsi}swc jmrjk}jdcy ysie jy ehde.yqccm i`kkci}hrh}x hk jll njo`w ih}hcy j} i`nqc}h}hrc

wj}cy+ Cnql`xnck} hk }ehy ysgyci}`w ejy gcck dw`thkd wjqhmlx, wcdhy}cwhkd jk hkiwcjyc `b 74# hk711214 jkm =:# hk 711415,+ ]ec ksngcw `b bsll.}hnc H] qw`bcyyh`kjly ejm whyck bw`n =,2:8 hk711= }` :7,797 gx }ec ckm `b 7114+ Jw`skm 71# `b }ec qw`bcyyh`kjly hk }ec hkmsy}wx tcwc b`skm}` gc b`wchdk.zsjlhbhcm+ ]ec i`sk}wx qw`msicy jqqw`uhnj}clx 71,111 H] dwjmsj}cy cjie xcjw jkm}ecwc jwc `rcw :11 skhrcwyh}hcy hk }ec i`sk}wx tehie `bbcw H] jkm i`nqs}cw yihckic qw`dwjny+]ecwc jwc n`wc }ejk 7=,111 H] qw`bcyyh`kjly ckdjdcm hk cuq`w}.`whck}cm ji}hrh}hcy ysie jyy`b}tjwc mcrcl`qnck}, ijll ick}cwy, jkm }ciekhijl ysqq`w} ycwrhicy, jkm }ec }`}jl ksngcw `b H]qw`bcyyh`kjly hk }ec i`sk}wx hy cy}hnj}cm j} jw`skm :73,111+:2 Dhrck }ec ljif `b }wjmh}h`kjl o`g`qq`w}skh}hcy, njkx x`skd dwjmsj}cy jwc yccfhkd cnql`xnck} hk }ec H].GQ@ hkmsy}wx+ Dw`t}eejy gcck jhmcm gx qw`ji}hrc ncjyswcy gx }ec D`rcwknck} `b Qjfhy}jk }` mcrcl`q }ec hkmsy}wx,hkilsmhkd }ju cucnq}h`ky sk}hl 71:2, lhgcwjl b`wchdk hkrcy}nck} q`lhihcy, cy}jglhyenck} `b H]qjwfy, jkm hkbwjy}wsi}swc hkrcy}nck}y hk }clci`nnskhij}h`ky+

3+ @RCWYCJY CNQL@XNCK] HK ]EC YCWRHIC YCI]@WJKM Y@S]E JYHJK T@WFCWY

Y`s}e Jyhj hy `kc `b }ec njhk y`swic wcdh`ky b`w l`t.yfhllcm, ycnh.yfhllcm, jkm yfhllcm nhdwjk}t`wfcwy hk }ec t`wlm+ :4 ]ec bhrc njo`w Y`s}e Jyhjk ljg`w.yckmhkd i`sk}whcy Gjkdljmcye, Hkmhj,Kcqjl, Qjfhy}jk, jkm Ywh Ljkfjyck} n`wc }ejk :+3 nhllh`k nhdwjk} t`wfcwy jgw`jm lcdjllx hk7113+ @b }ehy, Gjkdljmcye yck} 739,111 nhdwjk}y, Hkmhj 3=8,111, Kcqjl :5=,111, Qjfhy}jk:=7,111, jkm Ywh Ljkfj 79:,111+ Jk cy}hnj}cm 7= nhllh`k Y`s}e Jyhjky tcwc jgw`jm hk 7111+

]ec yhdkhbhijkic `b `rcwycjy cnql`xnck} b`w Y`s}e Jyhjk i`sk}whcy hy crhmck} bw`n }ec bji} }ej}}ec bhrc njo`w ljg`w.yckmhkd i`sk}whcy hk }ehy wcdh`k wcichrcm SY-4=+59 ghllh`k hk wcnh}}jkicy hk

7118, th}e Hkmhj wcichrhkd SY-=8+73 ghllh`k, Gjkdljmcye SY-:1+37 ghllh`k, Qjfhy}jk SY-5+47ghllh`k, Ywh Ljkfj SY-9+92 ghllh`k, jkm Kcqjl SY-7+85 ghllh`k Bhdswc :3 ye`ty }ec i`kyhy}ck}hkiwcjyc hk wcnh}}jkicy mswhkd :8537112 b`w jll }ec Y`s}e Jyhjk i`sk}whcy, th}e j n`wc }ejkm`sglhkd `b wcnh}}jkicy bw`n -:7 ghllh`k }` `rcw -7= ghllh`k gc}tcck 7111 jkm 7112 hk }ec ijyc`b Hkmhj+ ]jglc 77 bsw}ecw ye`ty }ej} wcnh}}jkicy i`ky}h}s}c 9# . 79# `w n`wc `b }ec DMQy`b}ecyc i`sk}whcy+

:3Qjfhy}jk Y`b}tjwc Cuq`w} Tcgyh}c? e}}q?ttt+qycg+`wd+qfh}cnhkmsy}wxP`rcwrhct

:2Qjfhy}jk Y`b}tjwc Cuq`w} Tcgyh}c? e}}q?ttt+qycg+`wd+qfh}cnhkmsy}wxP`rcwrhct

:4Nsie `b }ec mhyisyyh`k hk }ehy yci}h`k hy gjycm `k? Iejkmj jkm Yjyhmjwjk %71::(, sklcyy `}ecwthyc yqcihbhcm+


35/48


99

Bhdswc :3? ]wckmy hk T`wfcw Wcnh}}jkicy }` Y`s}e Jyhjk I`sk}whcy, :8537112

%SY- ghllh`k, iswwck} qwhicy(

Y`swic? SKI]JM %Skh}cm Kj}h`ky I`kbcwckic k ]wjmc jkm Mcrcl`qnck}( Ejkmg``f b Y}j}hy}hiy 7115 %`klhkc rcwyh`k

e}}q?//ski}jmy}j}+ski}jm+`wd/Wcq`w}B`lmcwy/wcq`w}B`lmcwy+jyqu0yIYPwcbcwcw>"yIYPIe`yckLjkd>ck

]jglc 77? T`wfcw Wcnh}}jkicy %Wcichq}y( jy Qcwick}jdc `b Dw`yy M`ncy}hi Qw`msi} b`wY`s}e Jyhjk I`sk}whcy, :8517118

%#(

Wcdh`k :851 :853 :881 :883 7111 7113 7118

Gjkdljmcye :+47 7+:= 7+47 9+=: =+99 4+75 :9+85

Hkmhj :+44 :+77 1+54 :+42 7+43 9+95 3+3=Qjfhy}jk 2+24 2+:1 9+2= 7+=8 :+94 =+:: 2+58Ywh Ljkfj 7+78 9+=9 =+11 2+:8 2+84 8+45 :9+:1T`wlm 1+7= 1+:8 1+99 1+94 1+=7 1+43 :+13Y`s}e Jyhj :+8= :+2= :+37 7+12 7+=2 9+3= 3+5=

Y`swic? Y`swic? SKI]JM %Skh}cm Kj}h`ky I`kbcwckic k ]wjmc jkm Mcrcl`qnck}( Ejkmg``f b Y}j}hy}hiy 7115 %`klhkcrcwyh`k(

e}}q?//ski}jmy}j}+ski}jm+`wd/Wcq`w}B`lmcwy/wcq`w}B`lmcwy+jyqu0yIYPwcbcwcw>"yIYPIe`yckLjkd>ckSKI]JM

Th}ehk Jyhj, }ec b`sw Y`s}e Jyhjk i`sk}whcy `b Hkmhj, Gjkdljmcye, Qjfhy}jk, jkm Ywh Ljkfj jly`bcj}swc jn`kd }ec }`q :1 wcihqhck}y `b wcnh}}jkicy, jy ye`tk hk Bhdswc :2+ Hk bji}, Hkmhjwcichrcy }ec ljwdcy} jn`sk} `b wcnh}}jkicy hk }ec t`wlm+


36/48


9=

Bhdswc :2? Wcnh}}jkicy Wcichrcm hk Jyhj gx Njhk I`sk}whcy `b @whdhk, 7114

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Impact of Services Trade Liberalization on Employment and People Movement in South Asia

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Transcript of Impact of Services Trade Liberalization on Employment and People Movement in South Asia