UNIVERSITY CASEBOOK SERIES®

IMMIGRATION AND

REFUGEE LAW AND

POLICY

SEVENTH EDITION

STEPHEN H. LEGOMSKY The John S. Lehmann University Professor Emeritus Washington University School of Law

DAVID B. THRONSON Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs Michigan State University College of Law

^FOUNDATION PRESS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS BY STEVE LEGOMSKY ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS BY DAVID THRONSON xm

TECHNICAL CONVENTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS xv

PERMISSIONS xix

TABLE OF CASES XLIII

TABLE OF SECONDARY AUTHORITIES LIII

Overview of United States Immigration Law 1 A. Terminology 1 B. General Regulation of Immigration 2 C. Nationality 6 D. The Admission of Noncitizens to the United States 7 E. Expulsion 10 F. Other Sanctions 11

Chapter 1. The Immigration Debate: Goals, Strategies, and Impact 13

A. The History 14 1 Charles Gordon, Stanley Mailman, and Stephen Yale-Loehr,

Immigration Law and Procedure 15 B. The Moral Dimensions of Immigration Control 27

Roger Nett, The Civil Right We Are Not Ready For: The Right of Free Movement of People on the Face of the Earth 27

Notes and Questions 31 C. Immigration, Race, Culture, and Language 38

Peter H. Schuck, Diversity in America—Keeping Government at a Safe Distance 40

Cristina M. Rodriguez, Language and Participation 42 Peter Brimelow, Alien Nation—Common Sense About America's

Immigration Disaster 45 Juan F. Perea, "Am I an American or Not?" Reflections on

Citizenship, Americanization, and Race, in Noah M.J. Pickus (Ed.), Immigration and Citizenship in the Twenty-First Century 49

Notes and Questions 52 Note on the English-Only Movement 58

D. The Economic Impact of Immigration 64 George J. Borjas, Heaven's Door—Immigration Policy and the

American Economy 65 James P. Smith & Barry Edmonston (Eds.), National Research

Council of the National Academy of Sciences, The New Americans—Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration 69

Notes and Questions 73

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E. Immigration, Population, and the Environment 77 James P. Smith & Barry Edmonston (Eds.), National Research

Council of the National Academy of Sciences, The New Americans—Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration 78

Ellen Percy Kraly, Research Paper for the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, U.S. Immigration and the Environment: Scientific Research and Analytic Issues 81

Notes and Questions 83 F. The Politics of Immigration 84 G. Immigration and National Security: An Introduction 90 H. Immigrants, Self-Identity, and Home 91

Henry Grunwald, Home Is Where You Are Happy 91 Berta Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol, Natives, Newcomers and

Nativism: A Human Rights Model for the Twenty-First Century 95

Michael A. Olivas, The Chronicles, My Grandfather's Stories, and Immigration Law: The Slave Traders Chronicle as Racial History 97

Natsu Taylor Saito, Alien and Non-Alien Alike: Citizenship, "Foreignness," and Racial Hierarchy in American Law 98

Victor C. Romero, Broadening Our World: Citizens and Immigrants of Color in America 100

Notes and Questions 101

Chapter 2. Immigration and the Constitution 107 Stephen H. Legomsky, Immigration and the Judiciary: Law and Politics

in Britain and America 107 A. Sources of the Federal Immigration Power 109

1. The Enumerated Powers 110 a. The Commerce Clause 110 b. The Migration or Importation Clause 112 c. The Naturalization Clause 112 d. The War Clause 113

2. Implied Constitutional Powers 114 Chae Chan Ping v. United States (The Chinese Exclusion

Case) 115 Notes and Questions 117 Stephen H. Legomsky, Immigration and the Judiciary: Law

and Politics in Britain and America 120 Note on the Public Reaction to Asian Immigration 122

3. Beyond the Constitution 124 4. The State Police Power 125

B. Limits to the Federal Immigration Power 127 1. The Foundation Cases 128

Ekiu v. United States 128 Notes and Questions 130 Fong Yue Ting v. United States 131 Notes and Questions

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2. Modern Developments 151 a. Procedural Due Process in Exclusion Cases 151

Shaughnessy v. United States ex rel. Mezei 152 Notes and Questions 160 Notes and Questions on the Exclusion of Returning

Residents: Some Cracks in the Plenary Congressional Power 160

Notes and Questions on the Detention of Excluded Noncitizens 163

b. Procedural Due Process in Deportation Cases: More Cracks in the Plenary Congressional Power 169 Yamataya v. Fisher (The Japanese Immigrant Case) 169 Notes and Questions 171

c. Substantive Applications of the Plenary Power Doctrine ... 175 Harisiades v. Shaughnessy 175 Notes and Questions 183 Trump v. Hawaii 192 Notes and Questions 213 Substantive Cracks in the Plenary Congressional Power ...216 Francis v. INS 216 Notes and Questions 218

d. Still More Cracks 223 INS v. Chadha 223 Notes and Questions 227 Zadvydas v. Davis 228 Notes and Questions 241 Clark v. Martinez 246 Demore v. Kim 249 Notes and Questions 262 Jennings v. Rodriguez 267 Notes and Questions 283

e. Where Are We Now? 285 Gabriel J. Chin, Segregation's Last Stronghold: Race

Discrimination and the Constitutional Law of Immigration 288

Simulation Exercise 289 C. The Plenary Power and Federalism 293

1. The General Legal Framework 294 Graham v. Richardson 295 Notes and Questions 300 Arizona v. United States 302 Notes and Questions 317

Chapter 3. Immigrant Priorities 325 A. The Fundamentals: Quotas and Preferences 326

1. Immigrants Exempt from the General Quotas 326 2. Immigrants Subject to the General Quotas 328

a. Programs and Ceilings 329 Problem 1 331

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b. Preference Categories and Sub-Ceilings 331 Problem 2 334

c. Selecting Individual Applicants 335 Questions 337

B. Family Immigration 338 1. The Basics 338

Problems 3-4 346 2. Spouses 347

a. Same-Sex Marriages 347 Adams v. Howerton 347 Subsequent Developments 350 Matter of Zeleniak 357 Notes and Questions 359

b. Preventing Immigration Based on Fraudulent Marriages 362 Problems 5-11 367 Notes and Questions 368 Notes and Questions on Marriages During Removal

Proceedings 370 3. Other Family Members 372

Matter of Mourillon 373 Notes and Questions 375 Problems 12-15 379 Note on Foreign Adoptions 379

4. Family Unification Policy in Perspective 383 Notes and Questions 383

C. Employment-Based Immigration 386 1. The First Three Preferences: Superstars, Stars and Others 387

a. General Eligibility Requirements 387 b. Labor Certification 391

i. Displacing American Workers 394 Matter of Marion Graham 394 Notes and Questions 398 David Isaacson, We're All Entitled: The Literary and

Cultural Significance of the Dictionary of Occupational Titles 408

ii. Adversely Affecting the Wages and Working Conditions of American Workers 412 Industrial Holographies, Inc. v. Donovan 412 Notes and Questions 415

c. Perspective on Employment-Based Immigration 417 Demetrios G. Papademetriou & Stephen Yale-Loehr,

Balancing Interests: Rethinking U.S. Selection of Skilled Immigrants 417

Notes and Questions 423 2. The Fourth Preference: Certain "Special Immigrants" 425 3. The Fifth Preference: Immigrant Investors 426

D. Diversity Immigrants 430 Problem 16 433

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Stephen H. Legomsky, Essay on Diversity Immigrants 434

Chapter 4. Nonimmigrant Priorities 439 A. Commercial Categories of Nonimmigrants 442

1. Business Visitors 442 International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftsmen v.

Meese 442 Notes and Questions 450 Problems 1-4 452

2. Treaty Traders and Investors and Related Others 453 Nice v. Turnage 454 Notes and Questions 455

3. Temporary Workers 456 a. "Specialty Occupations," Athletes, and Entertainers:

H-lBs, Os, and Ps 456 b. Lesser Skills and Guest Workers: H-2s 462

David Bacon, Be Our Guests 464 Matter of Artee Corporation 468 Notes and Questions 470 Questions 475

c. Trainees: H-3s 476 d. Miscellaneous Other Temporary Workers 476

Problems 5-6 477 4. Intra-Company Transferees 478

Karmali v. INS 478 Notes and Questions 480

5. Comparing Commercial Categories 481 Problems 7-8 481

B. Educational Categories 483 1. Students 483 2. Exchange Visitors 488

Sheku-Kamara v. Karn 489 Notes and Questions 491 Problems 9-10 494

C. Tourists 495 Matter of Healy and Goodchild 496 Notes and Questions 498

D. Fiances and Fiancees 499 Moss v. INS 500 Notes and Questions 502 Problem 11 502

E. Victims of Human Trafficking and Abuse 503 F. Witness Visas 505 G. General Nonimmigrant Problems 506

1. Immigrant Intent 506 David Weissbrodt, Laura Danielson, and Howard S. (Sam)

Myers III, Should the Lawyer Tell the Client About the Consequences of Having a Fixed Intent to Immigrate?, in Immigration Law and Procedure in a Nutshell 508

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Problems 12-14 509 2. Change of Nonimmigrant Status 511

Problem 15 512

Chapter 5. Exclusion Grounds and Waivers 513 Committee on the Judiciary, United States House of Representatives,

Grounds for Exclusion of Aliens Under the Immigration and Nationality Act 515

A. Grounds Related to Immigration Control 525 Problems 1—5 531 Matter of Arrabally 534 Notes and Questions 541

B. Political and National Security Grounds 543 Notes and Questions on the Political and National Security

Grounds 547 Problems 6—8 550 The Terrorism Exclusions 550 Matter of S-K- 552 Notes and Questions 558 Matter of A-C-M- 564 Notes and Questions 568

C. Criminal Grounds 569 Problems 9-12 572

D. Economic Grounds 573 Notes and Questions 577

E. Public Health and Morals 577 Question 580

Chapter 6. Admission Procedure 581 A. The Early Days 581

Him Mark Lai, Genny Lim & Judy Yung, Island—Poetry and History of Chinese Immigrants on Angel Island 1910-1940 581

B. Modern Procedure: Preliminary Comments 587 C. Visa Petitions 589

Linda Kelly, Stories From the Front: Seeking Refuge for Battered Immigrants in the Violence Against Women Act 592

Notes and Questions 597 Florida Bar v. Matus 598 Notes and Questions 599 Problems 1-3 601

D. Visa Applications 602 1 Charles Gordon, Stanley Mailman & Stephen Yale-Loehr,

Immigration Law and Procedure 604 Notes and Questions 608 James A.R. Nafziger, Review of Visa Denials by Consular

Officers 611 H.R. 2567 615 Simulation Exercise 617 Hermina Sague v. United States 617

TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxiii

Notes and Questions 620 E. Actual Admission 628

1. At the Border 628 2. Hearings Before Immigration Judges 629 3. Appeals from Immigration Judge Decisions 631 4. Expedited Removal 631 5. Other Special Removal Procedures 633

a. National Security and Foreign Policy Cases 633 b. Terrorism Cases 634

F. Adjustment of Status 634 Notes and Questions 637 Problems 4-7 639

Chapter 7. Deportability Grounds 641 A. General Considerations 641

1. Historical Overview of American Deportation Policy 643 6 Charles Gordon, Stanley Mailman, and Stephen Yale-Loehr,

Immigration Law and Procedure 643 2. The Theory of Deportation 644 3. Current Deportability Grounds 646 4. Deportation and Statutory Interpretation 646

Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan 646 Notes and Questions 648

B. The Meaning and Significance of "Entry" and "Admission" 649 Matter of Ching and Chen 651 Notes and Questions 654 Problems 1-3 655 Rosenberg v. Fleuti 656 Notes and Questions 665 Problems 4-6 673

C. Deportability Grounds Concerned with Immigration Control 673 1. Entry Without Inspection 673 2. Entry While Inadmissible and Related Issues 675

Notes and Questions 676 Problems 7-13 676

3. Post-Entry Conduct Related to Immigration Control 678 D. Crime-Related Deportability Grounds 679

1. The Meaning of "Convicted" 681 a. Advice of Counsel and Withdrawal of Guilty Pleas 684

Padilla v. Kentucky 684 Notes and Questions 696

b. Expungements 704 Questions 707

c. Executive Pardons 707 d. Miscellaneous Collateral Attacks 708

2. Aggravated Felonies 708 a. The Categorical Approach 712

Moncrieffe v. Holder 712 Notes and Questions 722

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b. The Modified Categorical Approach 726 c. Circumstance-Specific Inquiries 730 d. Offenses "Described in" Federal Statutes 731

Luna Torres v. Lynch 732 e. Crimes of Violence 738

Sessions v. Dimaya 739 Notes and Questions 747

3. Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude 748 a. The Meaning of "Crime Involving Moral Turpitude" 748

Notes and Questions 749 b. "Committed Within Five Years . . . After the Date of

Admission" 751 Problems 14—15 751

c. Sentencing Requirements 751 d. Two Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude 751

Problem 16 752 e. Judicial Recommendations Against Deportation 752

Problems 17—21 754 4. Drug Offenses 755

Mellouli v. Lynch 756 Notes and Questions 763 Problem 22 764

5. Miscellaneous Criminal Grounds 764 Note on Comparative Law, Separation of Powers, and the

Making of Immigration Policy 765 6. The Merits of Removing Noncitizen Criminal Offenders 766

Drafting Exercise 767 E. Political and National Security Grounds 767 F. Other Deportability Grounds 768 G. Time Limits 768

Problems 23-25 770

Chapter 8. Relief from Removal 773 A. Lasting Relief 774

1. Cancellation of Removal 775 a. Cancellation of Removal: Part A 775

i. General Applicability and Scope 775 ii. Timing 779 iii. Disqualifications 781 iv. Discretion 781

Questions 781 Problems 1-3 781

b. Cancellation of Removal: Part B 782 i. Continuous Physical Presence 784

Questions 786 Problem 4 787

ii. Hardship 787 Matter of Recinas 790 Notes and Questions 795

TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXV

iii. Other Hurdles: Good Moral Character, Disqualified Groups, Discretion, and Reporting to Congress 796

iv. NACARA 798 2. Registry 799 3. Legalization 799 4. Adjustment of Status 800 5. Private Bills 801

B. Limited Relief 803 1. Prosecutorial Discretion and Deferred Action 803

Note on DACA and DAPA 806 Texas v. United States 810 Notes and Questions 829 The Battleground Shifts Back to DACA 847

2. Voluntary Departure 849 Questions 854 Problems 5-6 854

3. Objections to Destination 854 Linnas v. INS 856 Notes and Questions 859 Problem 7 861

4. Stays of Removal 861 C. Miscellaneous Defenses 862 D. A Perspective on Relief from Deportability 863

Chapter 9. Removal Procedure 865 A. Overview 866

1. Before the Hearing 866 2. The Removal Hearing 870 3. Administrative Review 874 4. Judicial Review 874 5. The Execution of the Removal Order 875

B. A Sampling of Specific Procedural Ingredients 877 1. Notices to Appear 877

Pereira v. Sessions 877 Notes and Questions 887

2. Immigration Judges 890 Sidney B. Rawitz, From Wong Yang Sung to Black Robes 890 Notes and Questions 895

3. Representation 899 a. Authorization to Practice 902

8 CFR §§ 1292.1, 1292.11,1292.12 (2018) 902 Notes and Questions 904

b. Finding Lawyers for the Indigent 906 i. A Constitutional Right to Counsel? 907

Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS 907 Notes and Questions 911

ii. Legal Aid 915 iii. Pro Bono Legal Services 916

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iv. Equal Access to Justice Act 918 Notes and Questions 919

c. Discipline of Immigration Practitioners 920 8 CFR § 1003.102 (2018) 920 Notes and Questions 924

d. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 925 Matter of Lozada 925 Notes and Questions 927

4. Evidence and Proof 930 a. Admissibility of Evidence 930

INS v. Lopez-Mendoza 931 Notes and Questions 946 Note on Other Illegally-Obtained Statements 948 Note on Judicial Politics 950

b. Burden of Proof and Sufficiency of the Evidence 951 Woodby v. INS 951 Notes and Questions 957 Problem 1 963

5. Administrative Review: The Board of Immigration Appeals 963 Notes and Questions 973

6. Motions to Reopen or Reconsider 975 Question 977

7. Judicial Review of Removal Orders 977 a. Petitions for Review 982

i. Crime-Related Removal Orders 986 ii. Denials of Discretionary Relief 987 iii. Expedited Removal Orders 991 iv. Voluntary Departure Regulations 992 v. Prosecutorial Discretion 992 vi. Detention Decisions 992

b. Habeas Corpus 993 Henry M. Hart, Jr., The Power of Congress to Limit the

Jurisdiction of Federal Courts: An Exercise in Dialectic 994

Question 999 INS v. St. Cyr 999 Notes and Questions 1007

c. Other Strategies 1010 i. General Federal Question Jurisdiction 1010 ii. Injunctions and Class Actions 1010 iii. Collateral Attack in Criminal Proceedings 1012 iv. Claims of United States Nationality 1012

d. Consolidating Reviewable Claims 1013 e. The Theory and the Consequences of Judicial Review 1014

Question 1014 C. A Simulated Removal Hearing 1014 D. Exceptions to Usual Removal Procedures 1032

1. Expedited Removal 1032

TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxvii

2. Criminal Cases 1033 a. Prison Hearings 1033 b. Administrative Removal 1035 c. Judicial Removal 1036

3. In Absentia Removal Hearings 1037 4. Reinstatement of Removal 1039 5. Crew Members 1039 6. Terrorist Removal Proceedings 1040 7. Rescission of Adjustment of Status 1040

Notes and Questions 1041

Chapter 10. Enforcement 1043 A. Border Enforcement 1044 B. Immigration Offenses 1049 C. Identification and Arrest Prior to Removal 1055

1. Initiating Removal and Prosecutorial Discretion 1055 2. Interior Enforcement Programs 1059

a. The Criminal Alien Program (CAP) 1060 b. Secure Communities and Priority Enforcement

Program 1060 c. INA § 287(g) and State and Local Policing 1062

3. Racial Profiling 1070 4. Detention 1071

D. IRCA, Employer Misconduct, and Deterring Immigration Violations 1075 1. Employer Sanctions 1075

United States General Accounting Office, Immigration Reform—Employer Sanctions and the Question of Discrimination 1083

Problems 1-6 1087 2. Prohibitions on Discrimination 1088

Problems 7-11 1094 E. National Security and the Effects of 9/11 1095

1. Visa Policies 1096 a. Country-Specific Strategies 1096 b. Injecting DHS into the Visa Process 1097 c. Heightened Scrutiny and Delay 1097 d. Restrictions on the Visa Waiver Program 1098

2. Enhanced Border Enforcement and Information-Sharing 1100 a. At the Border: OBIM 1101 b. SEVIS 1102 c. NSEERS 1104

3. Diminished Rights: Process, Detention, and Racial Profiling 1105 a. Arriving Noncitizens 1105 b. The Terrorist Removal Court 1105

Simulation Exercise 1107 c. Closed Removal Hearings 1107

xxxviii TABLE OF CONTENTS

d. Secret Evidence Hearings 1108 Notes and Questions 1110

e. Expansion of Detention 1111 David Cole, The Priority of Morality: The Emergency

Constitution's Blind Spot 1113 Notes and Questions 1115

f. Profiling 1115 Peter H. Schuck, A Case for Profiling 1118 Notes and Questions 1121 Simulation Exercise 1124

4. Perspectives on Immigration and National Security 1125 Mark Krikorian, Keeping Terror Out—Immigration Policy

and Asymmetric Warfare 1125 Muzaffar A. Chishti, Doris Meissner, Demetrios G.

Papademetriou, Jay Peterzell, Michael J. Wishnie & Stephen W. Yale-Loehr, Migration Policy Institute, America's Challenge: Domestic Security, Civil Liberties, and National Unity After September 11 1128

Notes and Questions 1130

Chapter 11. Refugees 1133 A. Overseas Refugees 1138

Astri Suhrke, Global Refugee Movements and Strategies of Response in Mary M. Kritz (Ed.), U.S. Immigration and Refugee Policy 1138

Robert A. Divine, American Immigration Policy, 1924-1952 1142 Guy S. Goodwin-Gill & Jane McAdam, The Refugee in

International Law 1144 Notes and Questions 1157

B. Asylum and Nonrefoulement 1160 1. Persecution or Fear of Persecution 1165

Matter of Acosta 1165 Notes and Questions 1170

2. "On Account of Race, Religion, Nationality, Membership in a Particular Social Group, or Political Opinion" 1178 a. Race, Religion, Nationality 1178 b. Political Opinion 1180

INS v. Elias-Zacarias 1180 Notes and Questions 1184 Refugees Sur Place 1187

c. "Particular Social Group" 1189 i. General Definition of "Particular Social Group" 1189

Matter of Acosta 1189 Arthur C. Helton, Persecution on Account of

Membership in a Social Group as a Basis for Refugee Status 1191

Notes and Questions 1192 Matter of M-E-V-G- 1196 Notes and Questions 1207

TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxix

ii. Sexual Orientation and "Social Group" 1214 Matter of Toboso-Alfonso 1214 Notes and Questions 1217

iii. Gender and "Particular Social Group" 1220 Jacqueline Greatbatch, The Gender Difference:

Feminist Critiques of Refugee Discourse 1221 Notes and Questions 1224 Fatin v. INS 1224 Notes and Questions 1229 Matter of Kasinga 1234 Notes and Questions 1243 Domestic Violence: Particular Social Groups and the

Problem of the Non-State Actor 1250 Matter of A-B- 1254 Notes and Questions 1264

d. "On Account of': The Nexus Requirement 1270 Stephen H. Legomsky, Essay, in Immigration and

Refugee Law and Policy 1271 Notes and Questions 1275 Problems 1-6 1276

3. "Well-Founded" Fear and "Would Be Threatened": The Standards of Proof 1278 Notes and Questions 1279 Problem 7 1280

4. Methods of Proof 1281 a. Material Facts 1281

i. Membership in a Persecuted Group 1281 ii. Past Persecution 1282

b. Relevant Evidence 1284 i. The Applicant's Own Testimony 1284

Notes and Questions on Credibility 1287 ii. State Department Opinions 1289 iii. Advice from UNHCR 1290 iv. Other Sources of Information 1291

5. Exceptions to Eligibility 1291 a. Firm Resettlement 1292 b. Past Wrongdoing 1293

Matter of Carballe 1294 Notes and Questions 1297

6. Discretion in Asylum Cases 1301 7. Procedure 1306

a. General Principles of United States Asylum Procedure.... 1307 Notes and Questions 1314

b. Barring or Discouraging Access to the Asylum Process .... 1318 i. Filing Deadlines 1319 ii. Safe Countries of Origin 1320 iii. Returning Asylum-Seekers to Third Countries 1321 iv. Expedited Removal 1325 v. Detention 1329

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vi. Criminal Prosecutions of Asylum-Seekers for Illegal Entry 1332

vii. Denying Employment Authorization 1333 viii. Sanctioning Frivolous Applications 1335 ix. Application Fees 1335 x. Preinspection 1336 xi. Visas and Carrier Sanctions 1336 xii. Reinstatements of Removal Orders 1337 xiii. Interdiction of Vessels on the High Seas 1337

Sale v. Haitian Centers Council 1340 Notes and Questions 1356

8. A Simulated Attorney-Client Asylum Interview 1361 United States Department of State Country Report on

Human Rights Practices 1362 Interviewing a Client, Asylum Law Manual, Center for

Applied Legal Studies of Georgetown University Law Center 1364

C. Beyond Persecution: Protection Against Other Dangers 1370 1. The Convention Against Torture 1371

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1374

Resolution of the United States Senate Ratifying the Convention Against Torture 1377

Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 1379 Notes and Questions 1380 Problems 8-10 1390

2. Temporary Protection 1391 a. United States Domestic Law: Temporary Protected

Status and Its Predecessors 1391 Notes and Questions 1396

b. Global and Regional Approaches to Temporary Protection 1399 Notes and Questions 1400

3. Other International Law Protection Mechanisms 1402 D. Vulnerable Children 1404

1. Unaccompanied Children and the TVPRA 1407 2. Special Immigrant Juveniles 1409 3. Asylum 1412 4. "T" and "U" Visas 1414

Notes and Questions 1415 Problems 11-14 1417

Chapter 12. Undocumented Immigrants 1419 A. The Rights of Undocumented Immigrants 1428

Linda S. Bosniak, Exclusion and Membership: The Dual Identity of the Undocumented Worker Under United States Law 1429

Notes

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1. Undocumented Immigrants, Equal Protection, and Public Education 1434 Plyler v. Doe 1434 Notes and Questions 1448 Post-Secondary Education 1451 Notes and Questions 1455

2. Undocumented Immigrants and Labor and Employment 1456 Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. National Labor Relations

Board 1457 Notes and Questions 1466

3. Undocumented Immigrants and Public Assistance 1471 4. Undocumented Immigrants and Drivers' Licenses 1474

Margaret D. Stock, Driver Licenses and National Security: Myths and Reality 1477

Notes and Questions 1480 B. Legalization 1482

Stephen H. Legomsky, Portraits of the Undocumented Immigrant: A Dialogue 1484

Questions 1490 C. State and Local Responses 1493

1. State Regulation of Private Actors' Associations with Undocumented Immigrants 1494 Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting 1495 Notes and Questions 1504

2. State Regulation of Public Benefits 1506 Notes and Questions 1508

D. Creating Alternatives to Illegal Immigration 1511

Chapter 13. Citizenship 1513 A. Obtaining Citizenship 1515

1. Citizenship Acquired at Birth 1515 a. Jus Soli 1515 b. Jus Sanguinis 1518

Problems 1—3 1522 Jus Sanguinis and Conditions Subsequent 1523 Jus Sanguinis and Gender Classifications 1524 Sessions v. Morales-Santana 1529 Notes and Questions 1537

2. Citizenship After Birth 1539 a. Traditional Naturalization 1539

Citizenship USA 1541 Jana Mason, U.S. Committee for Refugees, Citizenship

Under Attack: Congress Investigates Motives Behind INS Initiative 1541

i. Substantive Criteria 1545 In re Petition for Naturalization of Vafaei-

Makhsoos 1549 Notes and Questions 1551

ii. Procedure 1554

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b. Citizenship Under the Child Citizenship Act and Other Miscellaneous Forms of Naturalization 1556

c. A Swiss Perspective 1558 3. Dual Nationality 1559 4. Statelessness 1562 5. Who Should Be a United States Citizen? 1563

Peter H. Schuck & Rogers M. Smith, Citizenship Without Consent—Illegal Aliens in the American Polity 1563

Gerald L. Neuman, Book Review [of Schuck and Smith], Back to Dred Scott? 1570

Notes and Questions 1576 B. Losing Citizenship 1580

1. Revocation of Naturalization 1581 Kungys v. United States 1581 Notes and Questions 1598

2. Expatriation 1602 Vance v. Terrazas 1606 Later Developments 1614 Notes and Questions 1615

C. The Significance of Citizenship 1621 Citizenship and Welfare Reform 1624 Questions 1627 Peter H. Schuck, Membership in the Liberal Polity: The

Devaluation of American Citizenship, in William R. Brubaker (Ed.), Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America 1629

T. Alexander Aleinikoff, Citizens, Aliens, Membership and the Constitution 1636

Notes and Questions 1640

INDEX 1647