Immigrant Contributions to Minnesota's Economy

IMMIGRANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINNESOTA’S ECONOMY

Å B O U T T H E P A R T N E R S H I P F O R A N E W A M E R I C A N E C O N O M Y :

The Partnership for a New American Economy brings together more than 500 Republican, Democratic and

Independent mayors and business leaders who support sensible immigration reforms that will help create jobs

for Americans today. Visit www.renewoureconomy.org to learn more.

A B O U T T H E M I N N E S O T A B U S I N E S S I M M I G R A T I O N C O A L I T I O N :

The Minnesota Business Immigration Coalition is a group of organizations who support comprehensive federal

reform including secure borders. Each member of the MNBIC has recognized that as baby boomers retire and

Minnesota's labor force growth slows, immigrants play an increasingly critical role in Minnesota's workforce

and its overall economic growth. As a result, the MNBIC supports a reform package that modifies immigration

policies without creating more obstacles for workers to connect with employers.

Download a full copy of the MNBIC's 2013 report "The Economic Contributions of Immigrants" here:

http://www.mnbic.org/images/letters/immigrantsinmn_13.pdf.

The Minnesota Business Immigration Coalition includes the Minnesota Chamber of Commerce, Minnesota

Agri-Growth Council, Minnesota Nursery & Landscape Association, Hospitality Minnesota, Minnesota Milk

Producers Association, Midwest Food Processors Association, Minnesota Restaurant Association, and Minneso-

ta Lodging Association.

A B O U T A M E R I C A S S O C I E T Y / C O U N C I L O F T H E A M E R I C A S ( A S / C O A ) :

Americas Society/Council of the Americas (AS/COA) unite opinion leaders to exchange ideas and create

solutions to the challenges of the Americas today. Americas Society (AS) fosters an understanding of the

contemporary political, social, and economic issues confronting the Western Hemisphere. Council of the

Americas (COA) is the premier international business organization whose members share a common

commitment to economic and social development, open markets, the rule of law, and democracy. Recognizing

the link between U.S. immigration and overall hemispheric relations, AS/COA launched its Immigration and

Integration Initiative in 2007 to bring together key constituencies in new gateway cities and produce research on

the economic benefit of immigrants in the United States. Learn more at www.as-coa.org/immigration-and-inte-

gration-initiative.

IMMIGRANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINNESOTA’S ECONOMYMinnesota boasts a long history of welcoming immigrants. From the earliest days of statehood to today,

immigrants from all over the world have come to Minnesota, adding to its prosperity and vitality through their

economic and cultural contributions. Building upon the Minnesota Business Immigration Coalition’s landmark

report, “The Economic Contribution of Immigrants in Minnesota,” this fact sheet provides an updated look at the

growing—and crucial—role that Minnesota’s immigrant communities play in strengthening the state’s economy.

The more income an immigrant family makes, the more it is able to contribute to the economy overall. Such

added income is often reflected in a larger Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and tax base in the region where

immigrants live, as well as strengthened national entitlement programs. That means the money families earn,

or their purchasing power, is critical to a state’s economic wellbeing. In this brief, we define purchasing power as

the net household income available to a family after paying federal, state, and local taxes, or the disposable

income of a given household.

This brief utilizes an updated method to calculate the purchasing power of immigrants that allows for a more

detailed, and in-depth analysis of immigrant wages than was available in previous studies. This method of

analyzing the income of immigrants produces a surprising finding: Although long recognized as an important

part of Minnesota’s economic picture, immigrants have far higher amounts of disposable income than has been

reported before. Our work finds that the purchasing power of immigrants in Minnesota totaled more than

$7.7 billion in 2013 alone.1

Immigrants also contribute more in tax contributions to Minnesota than previously realized, and do more

to sustain critical entitlement programs like Social Security and Medicare. In 2013, immigrants in Minnesota

contributed more than $1.2 billion in state and local taxes, helping fund public services all over the state.2

Immigrants also contributed more than $1.5 billion to Social Security and Medicare through their wage and

earnings contributions that year.3 The overall role of immigrants in the state’s economy has also resulted

in meaningful GDP gains in recent years. In 2012, immigrants contributed more than $22.4 billion to the

Minnesota’s GDP. That means they accounted for 7.5 percent of the total GDP in the state that year.4

1. Purchasing power is calculated as aggregated household income, including wage, social security, supplementary security, and retirement income, minus the average federal, state, and local tax incidence for a household in Minnesota, or 28.9 percent of gross income.

2. Data on household incomes was derived from the 2013 American Community Survey. The estimated average federal tax incidence of 17.4 percent was taken from a 2001 Congressional Budget O!ce study. The 8 percent% state and 3.5 percent% local tax incidence estimate was taken from a 2013 Minnesota Department of Revenue report.

3. Adopting the methodology used in several other studies, such as the Center for American Progress’ “Improving Lives, Strengthening Finances: The Benefits of Immigration Reform to Social Security” and the Partnership for a New American Economy’s “Staying Covered: How Immigrants Have Prolonged the Solvency of One of Medicare’s Key Trust Funds and Subsidized Care for U.S. Seniors,” flat tax rates of 12.4 percent for Social Security contributions and 2.9 percent for Medicare contributions were used in tandem with estimates for aggregated foreign-born household income from wage earnings and Social Security income to calculate immigrant contributions to each fund.

4.These figures derive from the author's calculations based on 2008-2010 ACS PUMS sample immigrants’ share of wage income and self-employment income (approx. 7.5%) and BEA (2014) Advance 2013 and Revised 1997–2012 Statistics of GDP by State, June 11.

H O W I M M I G R A N T E A R N I N G S S U P P O R T T H E S T A T E ’ S E C O N O M I C G R O W T H

$ 7 . 7 B I L L I O N I S T H E P U R C H A S I N G

P O W E R O F F O R E I G N - B O R N R E S I D E N T S

S O C I A L S E C U R I T Y

S T A T E T A XC O N T R I B U T I O N S

P U R C H A S I N G P O W E R O F S E L E C T P O P U L A T I O N S I N M I N N E S O T A , 2 0 1 3

M E D I C A R E A N D S O C I A L S E C U R I T Y C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F F O R E I G N - B O R N R E S I D E N T S , 2 0 1 3

F O R E I G N - B O R N R E S I D E N T ’ S C O N T R I B U T I O N T O M I N N E S O T A ’ S G R O S S D O M E S T I C P R O D U C T , 2 0 1 2

L O C A L T A XC O N T R I B U T I O N S

T O T A L P U R C H A S I N G P O W E R O F R E S I D E N T S :

$110.8 BILLION

S T A T E A N D L O C A L T A X C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F S E L E C T E D M I N N E S O T A P O P U L A T I O N S , 2 0 1 3

$ 2 9 8 . 2 B I L L I O N

T O T A L S T A T E G D P

T O T A L P O P U L A T I O N F O R E I G N - B O R N

M E D I C A R E

$ 1 6 . 9 B I L L I O NT O T A L C O N T R I B U T I O NB Y S T A T E R E S I D E N T S

$ 3 . 9 B I L L I O NT O T A L C O N T R I B U T I O NB Y S T A T E R E S I D E N T S

$ 1 . 2 B I L L I O NT O T A L C O N T R I B U T I O N

B Y F O R E I G N - B O R NR E S I D E N T S

$ 5 . 4 B I L L I O N A M O U N T P A I D B Y A L L S T A T E R E S I D E N T S

$ 2 9 5 M I L L I O NT O T A L C O N T R I B U T I O N

B Y F O R E I G N - B O R NR E S I D E N T S

$ 3 7 9 M I L L I O NA M O U N T P A I D B Y

F O R E I G N - B O R NR E S I D E N T S

$ 8 6 7 M I L L I O NA M O U N T P A I D B Y

F O R E I G N - B O R NR E S I D E N T S

$ 1 2 . 4 B I L L I O NA M O U N T P A I D B Y A L L S T A T E R E S I D E N T S

$ 1 . 2 B I L L I O NT O T A L A M O U N T O F S T A T E & L O C A L T A X E S P A I D B Y F O R E I G N - B O R NR E S I D E N T S

7 . 5 %F O R E I G N - B O R N R E S I D E N T SC O N T R I B U T I O N T O G D P

F O R E I G N - B O R N R E S I D E N T S A C C O U N T F O R :

7 . 5 % O F M E D I C A R E C O N T R I B U T I O N S

7 . 1 %O F S O C I A L S E C U R I T Y C O N T R I B U T I O N S

7 . 4 % O F M I N N E S O T A ' S P O P U L A T I O N

$ 2 2 . 4 B I L L I O N F O R E I G N - B O R N R E S I D E N T S

C O N T R I B U T I O N T O G D P

Immigrants accounted for nearly 29 percent of Minnesota’s population growth from 2000 to 2013. During that

time, the foreign-born population grew from 260,463 people to 403,514—an increase of nearly 55 percent in a

13-year period. For comparison, that growth rate outpaced the trend in nearby Wisconsin, where 21 percent of

population growth was due to immigrants, and the foreign-born population increased by a little over 41 percent

during the same period. Given the large number of baby boomers retiring each year, such immigrants—who are

younger on average— are critical to keeping states like Minnesota young, healthy, and growing.5

403,514260,463 274,687

5,74 2,713

193,751

5 , 3 6 3 , 6 7 5

2 0 1 32 0 0 0 2 0 1 32 0 0 0

500,900T O T A L N U M B E R O F

N E W M I N N E S O T A R E S I D E N T S

G R O W T H R A T E O F F O R E I G N - B O R N

P O P U L A T I O N

R A T E O F C H A N G E I N T O T A L

P O P U L A T I O N

7.4%

T O T A L P O P U L A T I O N T H A T W A S

F O R E I G N - B O R N( 2 0 1 3 )

28.6%P O P U L A T I O N C H A N G E E X P L A I N E D B Y I M M I G R A T I O N

5, 4 20,3804,919,479

28.6% OF MINNESOTA'S POPULATION GROWTH IS DUE TO IMMIGRANTS, WHILE 21 .4% OF WISCONSIN'S IS.

P O P U L A T I O N T R E N D S I N M I N N E S O T A2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 3

143,051N E W F O R E I G N - B O R N M I N N E S O T A R E S I D E N T S

10.18%

54.92%

P O P U L A T I O N T R E N D S I N W I S C O N S I N2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 3

T O T A L P O P U L A T I O N F O R E I G N - B O R N

I M M I G R A N T S H E L P M I N N E S O T A ’ S P O P U L A T I O N K E E P G R O W I N G

(All data is from 2012-2013)

5. Dowell Myers, “Immigrants’ Contributions in an Aging America,” Communities and Banking (2008), http://csii.usc.edu/documents/myers_immigrants_contribution.pdf.

3 . 0 % 6 , 8 9 7 F O R E I G N - B O R N W O R K E R S1 5 3 , 5 2 9 T O T A L W O R K E R S

2 . 4 % 5 , 5 3 1 F O R E I G N - B O R N W O R K E R S8 5 , 6 1 9 T O T A L W O R K E R S

6. All industry figures are derived from the authors’ analysis of the 2008-2012 American Community Survey IPUMS sample.

7. Deloitte and the Manufacturing Institute, “Boiling Point? The Skills Gap in US Manufacturing” (2011). Available here: http://www.themanufacturinginstitute.org/~/me-dia/A07730B2A798437D98501E798C2E13AA.ashx.

8. Mike Cronin, MinnPost, “Minnesota Responds to Rural Doctor Shortage with Teams, Training, and Telemedicine,” (Aug. 11, 2014). Available here: http://www.minn-post.com/health/2014/08/minnesota-responds-rural-doctor-shortage-teams-training-telemedicine.

Immigrants punch above their weight class in some of Minnesota’s largest industries. For instance,

in manufacturing, the state’s second-largest industry, more than one out of every five one out of eight

workers was foreign-born in 2012. In education and health services, the largest industry in the state, they made

up almost one in every four workers that year.other major sectors, including professional services (the fourth

largest industry) and arts, entertainment, and accommodation (the fifth largest), they made up more than one in

10 workers that year.6 In such industries, immigrants often fill critical workforce gaps or bring with them special-

ized skills or training. manufacturing in particular immigrant workers often help fill critical workforce gaps. One

2011 study, for instance, found that 67 percent of manufacturing employers nationally reported having moderate

to severe di!culty finding enough qualified, available workers to fill positions.7 Many rural parts of the state also

have trouble finding enough qualified doctors or nurses to fill positions.8 Skilled immigrants often help fill such

jobs, ensuring that firms like hospitals and parts manufacturers have the workforce they need to keep expanding

on American soil, creating more positions for U.S.-born workers in the process. Such workforce challenges can

slow down company expansion, and result in fewer jobs for all workers on U.S. soil.

T H E R O L E O F I M M I G R A N T S I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E

T O T A L W O R K E R S F O R E I G N - B O R N W O R K E R S

2 0 . 5 % 4 7 , 2 6 9 F O R E I G N - B O R N W O R K E R S3 7 9 , 4 4 3 T O T A L W O R K E R S


6 . 3 % 1 4 , 5 4 6 F O R E I G N - B O R N W O R K E R S1 9 9 , 8 1 7 T O T A L W O R K E R S

8 . 1 % 1 8 , 5 8 4 F O R E I G N - B O R N W O R K E R S 3 1 6 , 4 6 8 T O T A L W O R K E R S



W H O L E S A L E T R A D E I N F O R M A T I O N

3 . 2 % 7 4 7 5 F O R E I G N - B O R N W O R K E R S1 0 6 , 5 1 4 T O T A L W O R K E R S


2 3 . 5 % 5 4 , 1 3 1 F O R E I G N - B O R N W O R K E R S 6 7 4 , 9 3 2 T O T A L W O R K E R S

R E T A I L T R A D EE D U C A T I O N & H E A L T H S E R V I C E S M A N U F A C T U R I N G

F I N A N C E , I N S U R A N C E & R E A L E S T A T EP R O F E S S I O N A L S E R V I C E S A R T S , E N T E R T A I N M E N T & A C C O M M O D A T I O N

A G R I C U L T U R E , M I N I N G & U T I L I T I E SC O N S T R U C T I O N T R A N S P O R T A T I O N

R O L E O F I M M I G R A N T S I N K E Y I N D U S T R I E S I N M I N N E S O T A , 2 0 1 2

T R A I N I N G A N D E D U C A T I O N Immigrants in Minnesota were more likely to hold a graduate or professional degree than the native-born

population in 2013. We find that 14.7 percent of immigrants had such qualifications, compared to 10.5 percent of

the state’s U.S.-born residents. Following the national trend of immigrants clustering at the lower and higher

ends of the skill spectrum, immigrants in Minnesota were also overrepresented in lower-skilled occupations that

year as well. Nearly 15 percent of workers in service and production, transportation, and material-moving

occupations were immigrants in 2013. In many industries, immigrants are filling jobs that Minnesotans either

don’t want or are not qualified to hold.

H I G H S C H O O L O R L E S S

B A C H E L O R ’ S D E G R E E

G E D , S O M E C O L L E G E , A S S O C I A T E ’ S D E G R E E

G R A D U A T E E D U C A T I O N

T O T A L A G E D 2 5 A N D A B O V E

S H A R E O F S E L E C T S K I L L P O P U L A T I O N S I N M I N N E S O T A M A D E U P O F F O R E I G N - B O R N R E S I D E N T S

T O T A L P O P U L A T I O N N A T I V E - B O R N F O R E I G N - B O R N

8 .4%

7.3%

11 .4% 5.4%

11 .9%

E D U C A T I O N B R E A K D O W N O F M I N N E S O T A ' S F O R E I G N - B O R N A N D N A T I V E - B O R N

14.7% O F T H E F O R E I G N - B O R N P O P U L A T I O N H A S A G R A D U A T E D E G R E E

10.5% O F T H E N A T I V E - B O R N P O P U L A T I O N H A S S U C H T R A I N I N G

43.8% O F T H E F O R E I G N - B O R N P O P U L A T I O N H A S A H I G H S C H O O L D E G R E E O R L E S S

32.3% O F T H E N A T I V E - B O R N P O P U L A T I O N D O E S

32.3%

35.6%

H I G H S C H O O L O R L E S S

G E D , S O M E C O L L E G E , A S S O I C I A T E ’ S D E G R E E

10.5% G R A D U A T E

D E G R E E

43.8% H I G H S C H O O L

O R L E S S

22.7% G E D , S O M E C O L L E G E , A S S O I C I A T E ’ S D E G R E E

18 .7% B A C H E L O R ’ S

D E G R E E

G R A D U A T ED E G R E E

14 .7%

B A C H E L O R ’ SD E G R E E

21 .7%

N A T I V E - B O R NF O R E I G N - B O R N

S T A T E T A XC O N T R I B U T I O N S

S H A R E O F S E L E C T L O W - S K I L L E D O C C U P A T I O N S M A D E U P O F F O R E I G N - B O R N R E S I D E N T S

N A T U R A L R E S O U R C E S , C O N S T R U C T I O N & M A I N T E N A N C E O C C U P A T I O N S

S E R V I C E O C C U P A T I O N S

S A L E S & O F F I C E O C C U P A T I O N S

4 1 8 , 1 1 0 6 0 , 6 0 2 ( 1 4 . 4 9 % )

6 2 7 , 1 6 5

3 7 , 5 9 8 ( 5 . 9 9 % )

2 0 1 , 3 1 2 1 5 , 0 8 9 ( 7 . 5 0 % )

3 2 0 , 0 3 5 P R O D U C T I O N , T R A N S P O R T A T I O N& M A T E R I A L M O V I N G O C C U P A T I O N S

5 0 , 7 0 8 ( 1 5 . 8 4 % )

Minnesota has always had a proud tradition of being home to a large number of the country’s major companies

and employers. In 2014, the state was home to 18 Fortune 500 companies, placing it in the top 10 states with the

most such firms in the country. Almost 40 percent of these firms were founded originally by an immigrant or the

child of an immigrant. Together this list of companies, a group that includes 3M, Medtronic, and Hormel Foods,

employs more than 264,000 people globally. They bring in more than $100 billion in revenues each year.

Thrivent Financial, one of Minnesota’s Fortune 500 firms, has in many ways a typical entrepreneurial immigrant

story. Thrivent, a fraternal benefit society, was originally founded in 1902 by German immigrant Alfred Voecks

and three other colleagues. Concerned about the well being of their fellow Lutherans, they banded together to

build a financial services organization that would provide life insurance and protection to Lutheran families,

many of whom had recently immigrated to America. Thrivent today serves a wide range of clients, and brings in

$8.1 billion in revenue each year.9

S H A R E O F F I R M S F O U N D E D B YA N I M M I G R A N T 11.1%

S H A R E O F F I R M S F O U N D E D B Y A N I M M I G R A N TO R C H I L D O F A N I M M I G R A N T 38.9%

* F I R M S F O U N D E D B Y I M M I G R A N T S

O R C H I L D O F A N I M M I G R A N T

$104.34 BN

$25.92 BN68,565

* F I R M S F O U N D E D B Y I M M I G R A N T S

F U L L T I M E E M P L O Y E E SI N F I R M S F O U N D E D B Y I M M I G R A N T S

264,524F U L L T I M E E M P L O Y E E S I N F I R M SF O U N D E D B Y I M M I G R A N T S O R T H E C H I L D R E N O F I M M I G R A N T S

T H E N E W A M E R I C A N F O R T U N E 5 0 0 I N M I N N E S O T A

T H E M I N N E S O T A N E W A M E R I C A N F O R T U N E 5 0 0

R E V E N U E A N D E M P L O Y E E S O F M I N N E S O T A F O R T U N E 5 0 0 F I R M S F O U N D E D B Y I M M I G R A N T S O R T H E I R C H I L D R E N

*Revenue in the last 12 Months

9. Our Heritage, Thrivent Financial [Website]. Accessed Oct. 22, 2014, available here: https://www.thrivent.com/aboutus/ourorganization/history.html.

As the Partnership for a New American Economy (PNAE) and the Americas Society/Council of the America

(AS/COA) have reported in past research, immigrants in many parts of the country play a valuable role

maintaining—and increasing—housing values. This is because immigrants often move to areas formerly in

decline. By occupying vacant housing units and playing roles in their communities as entrepreneurs and

taxpayers, immigrants can often revitalize home values, and attract more native-born residents to the area.

One 2013 study by PNAE and AS/COA, for instance, found that every time 1,000 immigrants arrive in a given

county, an additional 270 native-born individuals move there in response within the next decade.10

Looking at data from 2000-2012, we find that this same dynamic is at work in Minnesota. During that period,

the share of homeowners in Minnesota who were immigrants grew from 3.3 percent to almost 5 percent.

A breakdown of 17 areas within the state shows that in many areas this resulted in a meaningful increase in

housing values between 2008 (the height of the housing crisis) and 2012.11 On average, adding one immigrant

to a Minnesota county during that period raised the value of the average home there by 12.4 cents.12 Although

that figure sounds small on its face, when multiplied by the number of immigrants arriving in a given area,

it can result in meaningful increases. In some parts of the state, most notably the Hennepin County area around

Minneapolis, the value of the average home rose by more than $2,000 between 2008 and 2012 due solely to

the arrival of immigrants. In other areas that saw an outflow of immigrants, housing values fell by more than

$1,200 during that period, compounding the impact of the financial crisis.

10. Jacob Vigdor, Partnership for a New American Economy and Americas Society/Council of the Americas, “Immigration and the Revival of American Cities” (Sept. 12, 2013). Accessed Oct. 22, 2014, available here: http://www.renewoureconomy.org/research/immigrants-boost-u-s-economic-vitality-through-the-housing-market/.

11. Data for these estimates are derived from the 2008 and 2012 American Community Survey Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) available at census.gov. Median house values are expressed in 2013 dollars.

12. Data for these estimates are derived from the 2008 and 2012 American Community Survey Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) available at census.gov. Median house values are expressed in 2013 dollars.

H O W I M M I G R A N T S S U P P O R T T H E S T A T E ’ S H O U S I N G M A R K E T

M E D I A N H O M E P R I C E S 2 0 1 2

A R E 1 4 M E D I A N H O M E P R I C E S 2 0 0 8

C H A N G E I N F O R E I G N B O R N S I N C E 2 0 0 8

M E D I A N H O M E P R I C E SW I T H O U T I M M I G R A N T

C O N T R I B U T I O N

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

$126,831

$152,197

$152,197

$177,563

$243,515

$202,930

$202,930

$182,637

$228,296

$142,051

$121,758

$152,197

$192,783

$147,124

$182,637

$126,831

$95,377

$129,844

$162,305

$183,946

$248,868

$308,380

$260,770

$270,509

$243,458

$281,329

$162,305

$108,203

$183,946

$216,407

$162,305

$183,946

$143,911

$91,973

1516

504

-2642

-9859

1568

11481

17037

14368

2411

2176

431

-754

3272

1028

4115

-296

595

$126,643

$152,135

$152,525

$178,785

$243,321

$201,507

$200,818

$180,856

$227,997

$141,781

$121,704

$152,291

$192,378

$146,997

$182,127

$126,868

$95,303

T H E I M P A C T O F I M M I G R A N T S O N H O M E V A L U E S I N 1 7 M I N N E S O T A A R E A S 1 3

13.The housing data are derived directly from US Census geographic classifications of PUMAs (Public Use Microdata Areas). In some cases we have aggregated the PUMAs so they are comparable across years, due to Census re-classification of PUMAs in 2010. The smaller sample and relatively few observations in smaller geographic regions do not allow us to breakdown the regions into smaller geographic areas.

14. See appendix A for a breakdown of the geographic areas.expressed in 2013 dollars.

4

$ 1 2 2 2

5

$ 1 9 413

$ 4 0 5

6

$ 1 4 2 31 1

$ 5 3

1

$ 1 8 8

3

$ 3 2 7

2

$ 6 2

17

$ 7 416

$ 3 714

$ 1 2 7

9

$ 2 9 9

15

$ 5 1 012

$ 9 3

10

$ 2 7 0

7

$ 2 1 1 18

$ 1 7 8 1

The contributions that immigrants make to Minnesota are as diverse as the state’s immigrant populations

themselves. Their impact as taxpayers and workers can be felt in a whole range of sectors of our economy

and our state—from the jobs in the workforce that go filled because of their unique skill sets to the major

Fortune 500 firms that wouldn’t exist without their creativity and entrepreneurial vision. This brief makes clear

that immigrants are a critical part of Minnesota’s success story. Our ability to succeed depends in part on the

ability of new generations to come here, and like those immigrants before them, continue to achieve the

American dream.

A P P E N D I X A

L I S T O F C O U N T I E S I N G E O G R A P H I C A R E A SThe areas consist of PUMAs (Public Use Microdata Areas) and/or aggregate PUMAs, which comprise one or

more counties, as classified by the US Census.

A R E A 1Clay CountyKittson CountyMarshal l CountyNorman CountyPennington CountyPolk CountyRed Lake CountyRoseau County A R E A 2Becker CountyBeltrami CountyClearwater CountyHubbard CountyLake Of The Woods CountyMahnomen County A R E A 3Aitkin CountyBenton CountyBig Stone CountyCarlton CountyCass CountyChisago CountyCook CountyCrow Wing CountyDouglas CountyGrant CountyIsanti CountyItasca CountyKanabec CountyKoochiching CountyLake CountyMil le Lacs CountyMorrison CountyOtter Tai l County

Pine CountyPope CountySherburne CountySt. Louis CountyStearns CountyStevens CountySwift CountyTodd CountyTraverse CountyWadena CountyWilkin CountyWright County

A R E A 4Anoka County

A R E A 5Scott CountyCarver County A R E A 6Dakota County A R E A 7Hennepin County A R E A 8Ramsey

A R E A 9Washington County

A R E A 1 0Kandiyohi CountyMcLeod CountyMeeker CountyRenvi l le CountySibley County

A R E A 1 1Brown County Chippewa County Lac qui Parle County Lincoln CountyLyon County Redwood County Yel low Medicine County

A R E A 1 2Blue Earth CountyNicol let CountyWaseca County

A R E A 1 3Goodhue CountyLe Sueur CountyRice County

A R E A 1 4Fi l lmore CountyHouston CountyWabasha CountyWinona County

A R E A 1 5Olmsted County A R E A 1 6Dodge CountyFreeborn CountyMower CountySteele County

A R E A 1 7Cottonwood CountyFaribault CountyJackson CountyMartin CountyMurray CountyNobles CountyPipestone CountyRock CountyWatonwan County

C O N C L U S I O N

Immigrant Contributions to Minnesota's Economy

Documents

Transcript of Immigrant Contributions to Minnesota's Economy