IJACSA_Volume3 No11

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THE SCIENCE AND INFORMATION ORGANIZATION

www.thesa i .o rg | in fo@thesa i .o rg


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(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 3, No.11, 2012

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www.ijacsa.thesai.org

Editorial Preface

From the D esk of M anaging Editor IJACSA seems to have a cult following and was a humungous success during 2011. We at The Science and Information

Organization are pleased to present the November 2012 Issue of IJACSA.

While it took the radio 38 years and the television a short 13 years, it took the World Wide Web only 4 years to reach 50

million users. This shows the richness of the pace at which the computer science moves. As 2012 progresses, we seem to

be set for the rapid and intricate ramifications of new technology advancements.

With this issue we wish to reach out to a much larger number with an expectation that more and more researchers get

interested in our mission of sharing wisdom. The Organization is committed to introduce to the research audience

exactly what they are looking for and that is unique and novel. Guided by this mission, we continuously look for ways to

collaborate with other educational institutions worldwide.

Well, as Steve Jobs once said, Innovation has nothing to do with how many R&D dollars you have, its about the people

you have. At IJACSA we believe in spreading the subject knowledge with effectiveness in all classes of audience.

Nevertheless, the promise of increased engagement requires that we consider how this might be accomplished,delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of advanced computer science and applications.

Throughout our archives, new ideas and technologies have been welcomed, carefully critiqued, and discarded or

accepted by qualified reviewers and associate editors. Our efforts to improve the quality of the articles published and

expand their reach to the interested audience will continue, and these efforts will require critical minds and careful

consideration to assess the quality, relevance, and readability of individual articles.

To summarise, the journal has offered its readership thought provoking theoretical, philosophical, and empirical ideas

from some of the finest minds worldwide. We thank all our readers for their continued support and goodwill for IJACSA.

We will keep you posted on updates about the new programmes launched in collaboration.

We would like to remind you that the success of our journal depends directly on the number of quality articles submitted

for review. Accordingly, we would like to request your participation by submitting quality manuscripts for review andencouraging your colleagues to submit quality manuscripts for review. One of the great benefits we can provide to our

prospective authors is the mentoring nature of our review process. IJACSA provides authors with high quality, helpful

reviews that are shaped to assist authors in improving their manuscripts.

We regularly conduct surveys and receive extensive feedback which we take very seriously. We beseech valuable

suggestions of all our readers for improving our publication.

Thank you for Sharing Wisdom!

Managing EditorIJACSAVolume 3 Issue 11November2012ISSN 2156-5570(Online)ISSN 2158-107X (Print)

2012 The Science and Information (SAI) Organization


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Associate Editors

Dr.Zuqing Zhu

Service Provider Technology Group of Cisco Systems, San Jose

Domain of Research: Research and development of wideband access routers for hybridfibre-coaxial (HFC) cable networks and passive optical networks (PON)

Dr.KaLok Man

Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering at the Xi'an Jiaotong-

Liverpool University, China

Domain of Research: Design, analysis and tools for integrated circuits and systems;

formal methods; process algebras; real-time, hybrid systems and physical cyber

systems; communication and wireless sensor networks.

Dr.SasanAdibiTechnical Staff Member of Advanced Research, Research In Motion (RIM), Canada

Domain of Research: Security of wireless systems, Quality of Service (QoS), Ad-Hoc

Networks, e-Health and m-Health (Mobile Health)

Dr.SikhaBagui

Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of West

Florida,

Domain of Research: Database and Data Mining.

Dr. T. V. Prasad

Dean, Lingaya's University, India

Domain of Research: Bioinformatics, Natural Language Processing, Image Processing,

Expert Systems, Robotics

Dr.Bremananth R

Research Fellow, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Domain of Research: Acoustic Holography, Pattern Recognition, Computer Vision, Image

Processing, Biometrics, Multimedia and Soft Computing


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Reviewer Board Members

A KathirvelKarpaga Vinayaka College of Engineering and

Technology, India

A.V. Senthil KumarHindusthan College of Arts and Science

Abbas KarimiI.A.U_Arak Branch (Faculty Member) & Universiti

Putra Malaysia

Abdel-Hameed A. BadawyUniversity of Maryland

Abdul WahidGautam Buddha University

Abdul HannanVivekanand College

Abdul Khader Jilani SaudagarAl-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University

Abdur Rashid KhanGomal Unversity

Aderemi A. AtayeroCovenant University

Ahmed Boutejdar Dr. Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed

Menoufia University, Egypt

Ajantha HerathUniversity of Fiji

Ahmed Sabah AL-JumailiAhlia University

Akbar Hossain Albert Alexander

Kongu Engineering College,India

Prof. Alcinia Zita SampaioTechnical University of Lisbon

Amit VermaRayat & Bahra Engineering College, India

Ammar Mohammed AmmarDepartment of Computer Science, University of

Koblenz-Landau

Anand NayyarKCL Institute of Management and Technology,Jalandhar

Anirban SarkarNational Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India

Arash Habibi LashakriUniversity Technology Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia

Aris SkanderConstantine University

Ashraf Mohammed Iqbal

Dalhousie University and Capital Health

Asoke NathSt. Xaviers College, India

Aung Kyaw OoDefence Services Academy

B R SARATH KUMARLenora College of Engineering, India

Babatunde Opeoluwa AkinkunmiUniversity of Ibadan

Badre BossoufiUniversity of Liege

Balakrushna TripathyVIT University

Basil HamedIslamic University of Gaza

Bharat Bhushan AgarwalI.F.T.M.UNIVERSITY

Bharti Waman GawaliDepartment of Computer Science &

information

Bremananth RamachandranSchool of EEE, Nanyang Technological University

Brij GuptaUniversity of New Brunswick

Dr.C.Suresh Gnana DhasPark College of Engineering and Technology,India

Mr. Chakresh kumarManav Rachna International University, India

Chandra Mouli P.V.S.S.RVIT University, India

Chandrashekhar MeshramChhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical

University

Chao Wang Chi-Hua Chen

National Chiao-Tung University

Constantin POPESCUDepartment of Mathematics and Computer

Science, University of Oradea

Prof. D. S. R. MurthySNIST, India.

Dana PETCUWest University of Timisoara

David GreenhalghUniversity of Strathclyde
http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=143https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=180https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=2http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=151http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=154https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=7http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=164http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=137http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=162http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=156http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=156https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=15http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=163http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=153http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=129https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=16http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=158https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=21http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=133https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=23https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=175https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=175https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=23http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=133https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=21http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=158https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=16http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=129http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=153http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=163https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=15http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=156http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=162http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=137http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=164https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=7http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=154http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=151https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=2https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=180http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=143


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Deepak GargThapar University.

Prof. Dhananjay R.KalbandeSardar Patel Institute of Technology, India

Dhirendra MishraSVKM's NMIMS University, India

Divya Prakash ShrivastavaEL JABAL AL GARBI UNIVERSITY, ZAWIA

Dr.Dhananjay Kalbande Dragana Becejski-Vujaklija

University of Belgrade, Faculty of organizational

sciences

Driss EL OUADGHIRI Firkhan Ali Hamid Ali

UTHM

Fokrul Alom MazarbhuiyaKing Khalid University

Frank IbikunleCovenant University

Fu-Chien KaoDa-Y eh University

G. SreedharRashtriya Sanskrit University

Gaurav KumarManav Bharti University, Solan Himachal

Pradesh

Ghalem BelalemUniversity of Oran (Es Senia)

Gufran Ahmad AnsariQassim University

Hadj Hamma TadjineIAV GmbH

Hanumanthappa.JUniversity of Mangalore, India

Hesham G. IbrahimChemical Engineering Department, Al-Mergheb

University, Al-Khoms City

Dr. Himanshu AggarwalPunjabi University, India

Huda K. AL-JoboriAhlia University

Iwan SetyawanSatya Wacana Christian University

Dr. Jamaiah Haji YahayaNorthern University of Malaysia (UUM), Malaysia

Jasvir SinghCommunication Signal Processing Research Lab

Jatinderkumar R. SainiS.P.College of Engineering, Gujarat

Prof. Joe-Sam ChouNanhua University, Taiwan

Dr. Juan Jos Martnez CastilloYacambu University, Venezuela

Dr. Jui-Pin YangShih Chien University, Taiwan

Jyoti Chaudharyhigh performance computing research lab

K RamaniK.S.Rangasamy College of Technology,

Tiruchengode K V.L.N.Acharyulu

Bapatla Engineering college

K. PRASADHMETS SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

Ka Lok ManXian Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU)

Dr. Kamal ShahSt. Francis Institute of Technology, India

Kanak SaxenaS.A.TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

Kashif NisarUniversiti Utara Malaysia

Kavya Naveen Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor

University Technology Malaysia

Kodge B. G.S. V. College, India

Kohei AraiSaga University

Kunal PatelIngenuity Systems, USA

Labib Francis GergisMisr Academy for Engineering and Technology

Lai Khin WeeTechnischen Universitt Ilmenau, Germany

Latha ParthibanSSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam

Lazar StosicCollege for professional studies educators,

Aleksinac

Mr. Lijian SunChinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping,

China

Long ChenQualcomm Incorporated

M.V.RaghavendraSwathi Institute of Technology & Sciences, India.

M. Tariq BandayUniversity of Kashmir

Madjid Khalilian
https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=27http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=146http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=160http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=155http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=134http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=141https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=36https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=178http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=157http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=144http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=139http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=165http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=165http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=139http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=144http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=157https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=178https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=36http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=141http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=134http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=155http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=160http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=146https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=27


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Islamic Azad University

Mahesh ChandraB.I.T, India

Mahmoud M. A. Abd EllatifMansoura University

Manas deepMasters in Cyber Law & Information Security

Manpreet Singh MannaSLIET University, Govt. of India

Manuj DarbariBBD University

Marcellin Julius NKENLIFACKUniversity of Dschang

Md. Masud RanaKhunla University of Engineering & Technology,

Bangladesh

Md. Zia Ur RahmanNarasaraopeta Engg. College, Narasaraopeta

Messaouda AZZOUZIZiane AChour University of Djelfa

Dr. Michael WattsUniversity of Adelaide, Australia

Milena BogdanovicUniversity of Nis, Teacher Training Faculty in

Vranje

Miroslav BacaUniversity of Zagreb, Faculty of organization and

informatics / Center for biomet

Mohamed Ali MahjoubPreparatory Institute of Engineer of Monastir

Mohammad TalibUniversity of Botswana, Gaborone

Mohamed El-Sayed Mohammad Yamin Mohammad Ali Badamchizadeh

University of Tabriz

Mohammed Ali HussainSri Sai Madhavi Institute of Science &

Technology

Mohd Helmy Abd WahabUniversiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Mohd Nazri IsmailUniversity of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL)

Mona ElshinawyHoward University

Monji KherallahUniversity of Sfax

Mourad AmadLaboratory LAMOS, Bejaia University

Mueen UddinUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM

Dr. Murugesan NGovernment Arts College (Autonomous), India

N Ch.Sriman Narayana IyengarVIT University

Natarajan SubramanyamPES Institute of Technology

Neeraj BhargavaMDS University

Nitin S. ChoubeyMukesh Patel School of Technology

Management & Eng

Noura AkninAbdelamlek Essaadi

Om Sangwan Pankaj Gupta

Microsoft Corporation

Paresh V VirpariaSardar Patel University

Dr. Poonam GargInstitute of Management Technology,

Ghaziabad

Prabhat K MahantiUNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK

Pradip JawandhiyaJawaharlal Darda Institute of Engineering &

Techno

Rachid SaadaneEE departement EHTP

Raghuraj Singh

Raj Gaurang TiwariAZAD Institute of Engineering and Technology

Rajesh KumarNational University of Singapore

Rajesh K ShuklaSagar Institute of Research & Technology-

Excellence, India

Dr. Rajiv DharaskarGH Raisoni College of Engineering, India

Prof. Rakesh. LVijetha Institute of Technology, India

Prof. Rashid SheikhAcropolis Institute of Technology and Research,India

Ravi PrakashUniversity of Mumbai

Reshmy KrishnanMuscat College affiliated to stirling University.U

Rongrong JiColumbia University

Ronny Mardiyanto
http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=142http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=145http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=147https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=173http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=132https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=53http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=127http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=135http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=136https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=56http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=138https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=62http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=149http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=149https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=62http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=138https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=56http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=136http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=135http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=127https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=53http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=132https://thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=173http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=147http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=145http://www.thesai.org/Reviewers/Reviewer_Profile.aspx?Id=142


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Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Ruchika MalhotraDelhi Technological University

Sachin Kumar AgrawalUniversity of Limerick

Dr.Sagarmay DebUniversity Lecturer, Central Queensland

University, Australia Said Ghoniemy

Taif University

Saleh Ali K. AlOmariUniversiti Sains Malaysia

Samarjeet BorahDept. of CSE, Sikkim Manipal University

Dr. Sana'a Wafa Al-SayeghUniversity College of Applied Sciences UCAS-

Palestine

Santosh KumarGraphic Era University, India

Sasan AdibiResearch In Motion (RIM)

Saurabh PalVBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur

Saurabh DuttaDr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur

Sebastian Marius RosuSpecial Telecommunications Service

Sergio Andre FerreiraPortuguese Catholic University

Seyed Hamidreza Mohades KasaeiUniversity of Isfahan

Shahanawaj AhamadThe University of Al-Kharj

Shaidah JusohUniversity of West Florida

Shriram Vasudevan Sikha Bagui

Zarqa University

Sivakumar PoruranSKP ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Slim BEN SAOUD Dr. Smita Rajpal

ITM University

Suhas J ManangiMicrosoft

SUKUMAR SENTHILKUMARUniversiti Sains Malaysia

Sumazly SulaimanInstitute of Space Science (ANGKASA), Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia

Sumit Goyal

Sunil TanejaSmt. Aruna Asaf Ali Government Post Graduate

College, India

Dr. Suresh SankaranarayananUniversity of West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

T C. ManjunathHKBK College of Engg

T C.ManjunathVisvesvaraya Tech. University

T V Narayana RaoHyderabad Institute of Technology and

Management

T. V. PrasadLingaya's University

Taiwo AyodeleLingaya's University

Tarek Gharib Totok R. Biyanto

Infonetmedia/University of Portsmouth

Varun KumarInstitute of Technology and Management, India

Vellanki Uma Kanta SastrySreeNidhi Institute of Science and Technology

(SNIST), Hyderabad, India.

Venkatesh Jaganathan Vijay Harishchandra Vinayak Bairagi

Sinhgad Academy of engineering, India

Vishal BhatnagarAIACT&R, Govt. of NCT of Delhi

Vitus S.W. LamThe University of Hong Kong

Vuda SreenivasaraoSt.Marys college of Engineering & Technology,

Hyderabad, India

Wei Wei Wichian Sittiprapaporn

Mahasarakham University

Xiaojing XiangAT&T Labs

Y SrinivasGITAM University

Yilun ShangUniversity of Texas at San Antonio

Mr.Zhao ZhangCity University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong

Kong

Zhixin ChenILX Lightwave Corporation

Zuqing ZhuUniversity of Science and Technology of China
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CONTENTS

Paper 1: Predicting Garden Path Sentences Based on Natural Language Understanding System

Authors: DU Jia-li, YU Ping-fang

PAGE 16

Paper 2: Extending UML for trajectory data warehouses conceptual modelling

Authors: Wided Ouesatli, Jalel Akaichi

PAGE 712

Paper 3: Optimal itinerary planning for mobile multiple agents in WSN

Authors: Mostefa BENDJIMA,Mohamed FEHAMPAGE 1319

Paper 4: Genetic procedure for the Single Straddle Carrier Routing ProblemAuthors: Khaled MILI, Faissal MILI

PAGE 20

25

Paper 5: The Virtual Enterprise Network based on IPSec VPN Solutions and Management

Authors:Sebastian Marius Rosu, Marius Marian Popescu, George Dragoi, Ioana Raluca GuicaPAGE 2634

Paper 6: Analyzing the Efficiency of Text-to-Image Encryption Algorithm

Authors:Ahmad Abusukhon, Mohammad Talib,Maher A. NabulsiPAGE 3538

Paper 7: DNA Sequence Representation and Comparison Based on Quaternion Number System

Authors:Hsuan-T. Chang, Chung J. Kuo, Neng-Wen Lo, Wei-Z.LvPAGE 3946

Paper 8: Evaluation of Regressive Analysis Based Sea Surface Temperature Estimation Accuracy with NCEP/GDAS

Data

Authors:Kohei AraiPAGE 4752

Paper 9:The Modelling Process of a Paper Folding Problem in GeoGebra 3DAuthors:Muharrem Aktumen, Bekir Kursat Doruk, Tolga Kabaca

PAGE 5357

Paper 10:Sensitivity Analysis of Fourier Transformation Spectrometer: FTS against Observation Noise onRetrievals of Carbon Dioxide and Methane

Authors: Kohei Arai, Hiroshi Okumura,Takuya Fukamachi, Shuji Kawakami,Hirofumi OhyamaiPAGE 5864


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Paper 11: Sensitivity Analysis for Water Vapour Profile Estimation with Infrared: IR Sounder Data Based on

Inversion

Authors: Kohei Arai

PAGE 6570

Paper 12: Wavelet Based Change Detection for Four Dimensional Assimilation Data in Space and Time DomainsAuthors:KoheiArai

PAGE 7175

Paper 13: Method for Image Source Separation by Means of Independent Component Analysis: ICA, Maximum

Entory Method: MEM, and Wavelet Based Method: WBMAuthors:Kohei Arai

PAGE 7681

Paper 14: Multifinger Feature Level Fusion Based Fingerprint Identification

Authors:Praveen N, Tessamma ThomasPAGE 8288

Paper 15: Gender Effect Canonicalization for Bangla ASR

Authors:B.K.M. Mizanur Rahman, Bulbul Ahamed, Md. Asfak-Ur-Rahman, Khaled Mahmud, MohammadNurul Huda

PAGE 8994

Paper 16: Three Layer Hierarchical Model for Chord

Authors: Waqas A. Imtiaz, Shimul Shil, A.K.M Mahfuzur Rahman

PAGE 9599

Paper 17: Automatic Facial Expression Recognition Based on Hybrid Approach

Authors: Ali K. K. Bermani, Atef Z. Ghalwash, Aliaa A. A. YoussifPAGE 100105Paper 18: Design of A high performance low-power consumption discrete time Second order Sigma-Delta

modulator used for Analog to Digital Converter

Authors: Radwene LAAJIMI, Mohamed MASMOUDI

PAGE 106112

Paper 19: Short Answer Grading Using String Similarity and Corpus-Based Similarity

Authors:Wael H. Gomaa, Aly A. FahmyPAGE 113119

Paper 20: Hybrid intelligent system for Sale Forecasting using Delphi and adaptive Fuzzy Back-Propagation Neural

Networks

Authors: Attariuas Hicham, Bouhorma Mohammed, Sofi Anas

PAGE 120128


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Paper 21: Continuous Bangla Speech Segmentation using Short-term Speech Features Extraction Approaches

Authors: Md. Mijanur Rahman, Md. Al-Amin Bhuiyan

PAGE 129137

Paper 22: A Randomized Fully Polynomial-time Approximation Scheme for Weighted Perfect Matching in the

Plane

Authors: Yasser M. Abd El-Latif, Salwa M. Ali, Hanaa A.E. Essa, Soheir M. Khamis

PAGE 138143

Paper 23: Cost Analysis of Algorithm Based Billboard Manger Based Handover Method in LEO satellite Networks

Authors: Suman Kumar Sikdar, Soumaya Das,Debabrata SarddarPAGE 144150

Paper 24: An agent based approach for simulating complex systems with spatial dynamics application in the land

use planning

Authors: Fatimazahra BARRAMOU, Malika ADDOUPAGE 151157

Paper 25: Improving Web Page Prediction Using Default Rule Selection

Authors: Thanakorn Pamutha, Chom KimpanSiriporn Chimplee, Parinya SanguansatPAGE 158163

Paper 26: Multilayer Neural Networks and Nearest Neighbour Classifier Performances for Image Annotation

Authors: Mustapha OUJAOURA, Brahim MINAOUI, Mohammed FAKIR

PAGE 164170

Paper 27: Minimization of Call Blocking Probability using Mobile Node velocity

Authors: Suman Kumar Sikdar, Uttam Kumar Kundu, Debabrata Sarddar

PAGE 171

179

Paper 28: A Pheromone Based Model for Ant Based Clustering

Authors: Saroj Bala, S. I. Ahson, R. P. AgarwalPAGE 180183

Paper 29: Modern and Digitalized USB Device with Extendable Memory Capacity

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(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 3, No. 11, 2012

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Predicting Garden Path Sentences Based on Natural

Language Understanding System

DU Jia-li

School of Foreign Languages/School of LiteratureLudong University/Communication University of China

Yantai/ Beijing, China

YU Ping-fang

School of Liberal Arts/Institute of LinguisticsLudong University/Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

Yantai/ Beijing, China

Abstract Natural language understanding (NLU) focusing onmachine reading comprehension is a branch ofnatural language

processing (NLP). The domain of the developing NLU system

covers from sentence decoding to text understanding and the

automatic decoding of GP sentence belongs to the domain of NLU

system. GP sentence is a special linguistic phenomenon in which

processing breakdown and backtracking are two key features. If

the syntax-based system can present the special features of GP

sentence and decode GP sentence completely and perfectly, NLU

system can improve the effectiveness and develop theunderstanding skill greatly. On the one hand, by means of

showing Octav Popescus model of NLU system, we argue that

the emphasis on the integration of syntactic, semantic and

cognitive backgrounds in system is necessary. On the other hand,

we focus on the programming skill of IF-THEN-ELSE statement

used in N-S flowchart and highlight the function of context free

grammar (CFG) created to decode GP sentence. On the basis of

example-based analysis, we reach the conclusion that syntax-

based machine comprehension is technically feasible and

semantically acceptable, and that N-S flowchart and CFG can

help NLU system present the decoding procedure of GP sentence

successfully. In short, syntax-based NLU system can bring a

deeper understanding of GP sentence and thus paves the way for

further development of syntax-based natural language processing

and artificial intelligence.

Keywords- Natural language understanding; N-S flowchart;computational linguistics; context free grammar; garden pathsentences.

I. INTRODUCTIONNatural language understanding (NLU), speech

segmentation, text segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, wordsense disambiguation, syntactic ambiguity, etc. come underthe umbrella term natural language processing (NLP).[1]The development of NLU is briefly traced from the early yearsof machine translation to today's question answering andtranslation systems. [2-3]NLU today deals with machine

reading comprehension in artificial intelligence (AI) [4]and isapplied to a diverse set of computer applications.[5-6] Itssubject ranges from simple tasks such as short commandsissued to robots, to complex endeavors such as the fullcomprehension of articles or essays. A machine created tounderstand natural language has been one of the dreams of AIever since computers were invented, and this encourages thesystematic and rapid development of NLU. The efficientunderstanding of natural language requires that computerprogram be able to resolve ambiguities at the syntactic level

and recover that part of the meaning of its individual wordstaken in isolation.[7-8] The satisfaction of this requirementinvolves complex inference from a large database of world-knowledge, and this makes the designer of computer programsfor NLU face the serious difficulty of algorithm processing.[9]The machine comprehension is embedded in the more generalframe of interpersonal communication and is applied to theperson-machine interaction task.[10] The further integrationhas proved appropriate for the design of effective and robustnatural language interfaces to AI systems. Syntactic gardenpath phenomenon is a major source of uncertainty in NLU.Syntax-supported systems attempt to help machine to get adeeper understanding of garden path sentence and the relatedalgorithms deserve special attention in the future of NLUdeveloping. [11] Many hybrid researches contribute to theimprovement of NLU systems. [12] For example, the fact isestablished that abduction rather than deduction is generallyviewed as a promising way to apply reasoning in NLU.[13]The development of NLU can focus on the design of astochastic model topology that is optimally adapted in qualityand complexity to the task model and the available trainingdata.[14] A comparative information-theoretic study is carriedout to show positional letter analyses, n-gram analyses, wordanalyses, empirical semantic correlations between the Greekand English n-grams, and entropy calculations are useful totext processing and compression, speech synthesis andrecognition as well as error detection and correction.[15]

Garden path (GP) phenomenon is a special linguisticphenomenon which comprises processing breakdown andbacktracking. GP sentence (e.g. The old dog the footsteps ofthe young) is an originally correct sentence which makesreaders grammatical misinterpretation linger until re-decoding has occurred. An incorrect choice in GP sentenceusually is readers' most likely interpretation, leading readersinitially into an improper parse which, however, finally provesto be a dead end. Thus the processing breaks down and

backtrack to the original status to search the given informationagain for alternative route to the successful decoding. Theautomatic decoding of GP sentence is a challenge for NLUsystems for machine has to have access to grammatical,semantic and cognitive knowledge in order to understandnatural language smoothly as human brains do.

In this paper, a syntax-based and algorithm-originatedapproach to understanding GP sentence in natural languagedomain is presented. The discussion consists of four sections.Firstly, a logic-based model of NLU system is shown to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_segmentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_segmentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_segmentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sense_disambiguationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sense_disambiguationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_ambiguityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_ambiguityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sense_disambiguationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sense_disambiguationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_segmentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_segmentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_segmentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension


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provide an overview of NLU. Secondly, N-S flowchart is usedto present the special feature of processing breakdown of GPsentence. Thirdly, context-free grammar (CFG) is introducedto analyze the backtracking of GP sentence in detail and themachines automatic decoding procedure of GP sentence isanalyzed. The last section brings the conclusion.

II. AMODEL OFNATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDINGSYSTEM

In the domain of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, the high-precision NLU system is helpful to accurately determine thesemantic content of learners explanations. For example, theNLU system developed in the context of the GeometryCognitive Tutor combines unification-based syntacticprocessing with Description Logic based semantics to achievethe necessary accuracy level. [16] The syntactic and semanticprocessing of natural language is useful for specific decodingproblems, like metonymy resolution and reference resolution.On the basis of linguistic theories and computationaltechnologies, NLU system architecture building the syntacticstructure and offering the semantic interpretation of learnerexplanations is structured by Octav Popescu in 2005. (Fig. 1)

Figure. 1. Octav Popescus NLU system architecture

The research is related to practical application of NLUsystem. Popescus architecture comprises two sections: thesyntactic and the semantic processing subsystems, which areinteractive during the NLU processing. The syntacticprocessing subsystem uses an active chart parser while the

semantic one bases its action on a Description Logic system.The key part is interface module connecting the NLUsubsystem to the tutor itself, functioning asynchronously to theNLU system, taking the input sentence from the tutor, andpassing the checked words to the chart parser. Systemfunctions in real time until the parser finishes and passes theresulting classifications back to the tutor. The chart parser,adopting linguistic knowledge about the target naturallanguage from the unification grammar and the lexicon, is thecenter of NLU system. Words of a sentence are taken one by

one by the parser according to grammar rules, and featurestructures, which can store lexical, syntactic, and semanticproperties of corresponding words and phrases, are builtsimultaneously.

Popescus system highlights the integration of syntacticand semantic information during the machine decoding,showing that hybrid knowledge is necessary for machine tounderstand natural language. GP sentence is a more complex

linguistic phenomenon than the common sentence since GPsentence possesses special features of processing breakdownand backtracking. Therefore, the emphasis of integration oflinguistics and computational science is helpful for system toautomatically decode GP sentence. The computational skill(e.g. N-S flowchart) can present in detail the syntacticprocessing procedure, making learners have access to themachine understanding of GP sentence and thus enhancing theeffectiveness of system.

III. N-SFLOWCHART BASEDNATURAL LANGUAGEUNDERSTANDING OF GPSENTENCE

GP sentence seems to be a grammatically correct sentenceat the original processing stage and is usually used in syntax,

linguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics.According to syntactic theory, while a person reads a GPsentence, he builds up an original meaning structure andprocesses natural language one word at a time. With theadvancement of processing, the person finds that he has beenconstructing an incorrect structure and that the next word orphrase cannot be incorporated into the structure originallycreated thus far. The "garden path" is a reference to the saying"to be led down the garden path", meaning "to be misled".Examples are as follows: The horse raced past the barn fell,The man who hunts ducks out on weekends, The cottonclothing is made of grows in Mississippi, The prime numberfew, Fat people eat accumulates, The old man the boat,The tycoon sold the offshore oil tracts for a lot of money

wanted to kill JR, etc (Some examples cited are fromhttp://home.tiac.net/~cri/1998/garpath1.html). The verbs (e.g.,raced, ducks, grows, number, accumulates) in theabove examples are not the words which a reader is assumingto be the verbs. Some words that look as though they weremodifying nouns are actually being used as nouns and somewords which look as though they were nouns are verbs. Therevised non-GP sentences are as follows: The horse that wasraced past the barn fell down, The man, who hunts, ducksout on weekends., The cotton, of which clothing is made,grows in Mississippi, The prime (group) number few, Fatthat people eat accumulates, The old (people) man the boat,The tycoon, who was sold the offshore oil tracts for a lot ofmoney, wanted to kill JR, etc. Please see the explanation in

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 shows us that GP sentence which has specialfeatures of processing breakdown and backtracking isexclusive of multi-meanings, namely, only one meaninginvolved in the final result of decoding even though thedeviation of the original meaning and the final meaning isobvious. The special features of GP sentence can be presentedwith the help of computational linguistics skills, e.g. N-Sflowchart which was raised by Nassi and Shneiderman [17] to
http://home.tiac.net/~cri/1998/garpath1.htmlhttp://portal.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81100146468&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&trk=0&CFID=49404000&CFTOKEN=73018361http://portal.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81100146468&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&trk=0&CFID=49404000&CFTOKEN=73018361http://home.tiac.net/~cri/1998/garpath1.html


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analyze structured programming [18-19]. This kind of analysisis helpful for the effectiveness of discussion boards. [20]

Figure. 2. Explanation for garden path sentence

Flowcharts IF-THEN-ELSE statement in computationalprocessing can be used to show the procedure of decoding GPsentence now that this technique adopts a dichotomy betweenYes and No. For example, Fig.3 consists of four pairs ofdichotomies, namely, A and not A, B and not B, C and not C,D and not D. Nassi and Shneiderman introduce seven possibleprocessing results, i.e. (1) not A; (2) not A and not B; (3) notA and B; (4) A and not C; (5) A and not C and not D; (6) A

and not C and D; (7) A and C.

Figure. 3 Nassi and Shneidermans flowchart of IF-THEN-ELSE statement

The dichotomy of IF-THEN-ELSE statement can beapplied to analysis of GP sentence which possesses processingbreakdown and backtracking.

Example 1. The new record the song.

Figure. 4 The example of two pairs of dichotomies of N-S flowchart

There are two pairs of dichotomies involved in Fig. 4. The

first pair is used to distinguish the verb definition and the noundefinition of record. If the verb definition is chosen, themachine decoding will run along the left column which is thegrammatically correct presentation.

Otherwise, the noun definition of record is thealternative choice; then the right column is the preferablechoice. According to the cognitive rules, Det+Adj+Noun isthe prototype model in which Adj is used to modify theNoun. Therefore, the right column is the original decodingprocedure until system fails to parse more. The decoding hasto return to the triangle to choose the verb definition ofrecord till every string involved is processed completely.

The second pair of dichotomy appears after the

grammatical requirements are met successfully. That is to say,system usually abides by the grammatical rules firstly for thesyntactic cohesion is the basic condition for decoding GPsentence.

After satisfying the grammatical requirements, system thenconsiders cognitive cohesion. This is the reason why cognitiverules are put after the grammatical decoding. Example 1 isaccepted by system according to cognitive rules and thereforethe result is output finally. If the sentence The dead recordthe song which has the similar decoding procedure likeExample 1 is submitted to system, the cognitive disagreementmakes system reject the decoding and no final result will beoutput.

Example 2. The old make the young man the boat.
http://portal.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81100146468&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&trk=0&CFID=49404000&CFTOKEN=73018361http://portal.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81100146468&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&trk=0&CFID=49404000&CFTOKEN=73018361http://portal.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81100146468&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&trk=0&CFID=49404000&CFTOKEN=73018361http://portal.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81100146468&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&trk=0&CFID=49404000&CFTOKEN=73018361http://portal.acm.org/author_page.cfm?id=81100146468&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&trk=0&CFID=49404000&CFTOKEN=73018361


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Figure.5 The example of four pairs of dichotomies of N-S flowchart

Fig. 5 consists of four pairs of dichotomies of N-Sflowchart. The first pair is used to differentiate the verbdefinition from the noun definition of make. If the verbdefinition is chosen, the left column is system s decoding path.Otherwise, the noun definition in the right column is thechoice. The second central triangle in left column is applied todistinguish the verb definition from the noun definition ofman. The result is that the noun one is in left part and theverb one is in right part.

The third pair in right column is similar decodingprocedure as the second pair. The difference between thesecond and the third lies in make in the former is a verbwhile make in the latter is a noun. The last pair ofdichotomy is used to test the output from the cognitive level. Ifthe result is for the cognitive rules, the left column is activated

and it will be output successfully. Otherwise, the right columnstarts and the failed system has to return to the first pair ofdichotomy to parse again.

For example, S1 is a grammatical correct output ofExample 2, and it means that The old people make the youngman be the boat which is against the cognitive rules .Therefore, S1 is rejected by system and has to return to thefirst central triangle until the correct S2 is chosen. S2means The old people make the young people sail the boat.

From the discussion above, we can find that N-S flowchartis useful to analyze GP sentence since this technique has theobvious function by which the special features of processingbreakdown and backtracking can be presented in detail.

Besides N-S flowchart, N. Chomskys context-freegrammar (CFG) is often applied to natural languageunderstanding and the formalized processing is helpful indecoding GP sentence.

IV. CFG-BASEDNATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDINGOF GPSENTENCE

A context-free grammar (CFG) is also called a phrasestructure grammar in formal language theory. According to the

grammar, it can naturally generate a formal language andclauses can be embedded inside clauses arbitrarily deeply. Interms ofproduction rules, every production of a CFG is of theform: Vw. Generally speaking, V is a singlenonterminal symbol, and w is a string of terminals and/ornonterminals. CFG used to analyze the syntax of naturallanguages plays an important role in the description anddesign of programming languages in NLU system.

Noam Chomsky has argued that natural languages arebased on CFG and the processing procedure can be presentedby formal languages. In Chomskys opinion, if ABCorAa can be accepted by system in which A (B.C)represents the nonterminal symbol and a is regarded asterminal symbol, the CFG (usually called Chomsky NormalForm) is a dichotomy possessing the binary tree form. Thusthe programming languages are designed to decode GPsentence.

According to formal languages, quaternion parameters areinvolved in the programming, namely, Vn (the collection ofnonterminal symbols), Vt (the collection of terminalsymbols), S (the original start), and P (rewriting

programs). Thus, the natural language can be understood by amachine if the programming language is created. The analysisof GP sentence of Example 2 is as follows in Fig.6.
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Figure 6 CFG-based understanding of Example 2

The whole processing procedure of Example 2 is shownabove and comprises 40 steps for a machine to understand the

GP sentence. The flowchart of the decoding consists of fourparts. The first part is the production of NP+NP+NP; thesecond, NP+S3; the third, S1; the fourth, S2.

In the first part, not all strings are decoded completelyaccording to the rewriting rules and correspondingly systemfails to go ahead. The decoding returns to the central trianglewhere man is considered a verb or a noun. The verbdefinition ofman is chosen since the noun definition provesto be a dead end. Thus, system comes to the second part ofprocessing procedure in which NP+S3 is the conclusion.The decoding numbers of first part is 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-12-11-10-9-8-7.

The second part is the result of backtracking of

NP+NP+NP. Man is alternatively regarded as a verb andsystem reads the sentence of The old make the young manthe boat into NP+S3 in which make is considered a noun.Since no more rewriting rules support the systematic decodingof NP+S3, the syntactic output is against the grammaticalrequirements and as a result, system rejects the final output inwhich both the noun definition and the verb definition ofman are chosen as the syntactic choices when make isused as a noun. Therefore, system has to backtrack to anothercentral triangle where make is considered to be a verb,which brings the appearance of the third part. The decodingnumbers of second part is 13(7)-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3.

The third part is the result of backtracking ofNP+NP+NP and NP+S3 where noun definition ofmakeis preferable choice now that, according to cognitive andpsychological prototype theory, Det+Adj+Noun is thedefault setting. Since the noun definition of make results ina dead end, system becomes to considermake a verb. Thusthe left central triangle is activated. If man is chosen as anoun, S1 in which Example 2 means The old people make theyoung man (be) the boat is the temporary decoding result.There is no cognitive cohesion involved in S1 even though it

is grammatical correct. System rejects S1 as a successfuloutput (see Fig. 5) and backtracks to the central triangle whereman can be chosen as a verb, which results in the decodingof S2. The decoding numbers of third part is 21(3)-22-23-24-25-26-27-28-29-30-31-32-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25.

The last part is the result of backtracking ofNP+NP+NP,NP+S3 and S1. The only choice for system is that bothmake and man should be verbs. The meaning of Example

2 is The old people make the young people sail the boat.This explanation satisfies the grammatical, cognitive andsemantic requirements and is accepted by system perfectly.The automatic understanding of GP sentence in NLU systemis completely concluded. The decoding numbers of last part is32(25)-33-34-35-36-37-38-39-40.

CFG-based natural language understanding is helpful toanalyze the special features of GP sentence. Both processingbreakdown and backtracking can be presented on the basis ofCFG grammar. For example, in the decoding of Example 2, allthe figures in parentheses refer to the stage in whichprocessing breaks down and the converse decoding numbersrepresent the stage in which backtracking occurs. The whole

decoding numbers of NLU system is as follows: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-12-11-10-9-8-7-13(7)-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-21(3)-22-23-24-25-26-27-28-29-30-31-32-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-32(25)-33-34-35-36-37-38-39-40.

V. CONCLUSIONNatural language understanding (NLU) dealing with

machine reading comprehension is the umbrella term ofnatural language processing (NLP). The advancement ofmachine technologies and computational skills develops NLUsystem. Its subject ranges from sentence decoding to textunderstanding. The decoding of GP sentence, a speciallinguistic phenomenon which possesses processing breakdown

and backtracking, belongs to the domain of NLU system. GPsentence is a grammatical correct sentence in which originalmisinterpretation lingers until re-decoding has occurred. Anincorrect choice in GP sentence usually is readers' most likelyinterpretation and lures readers into an default parse which,however, finally proves to be a dead end. If the system canpresent the special features of GP sentence, namely,processing breakdown and backtracking, the automaticdecoding can be successful and the effectiveness of systemcan be improved. After showing Octav Popescus model ofNLU system, we emphasize the importance of integration ofsyntactic, semantic and cognitive backgrounds in system,focus on the programming skill of IF-THEN-ELSE statementused in N-S flowchart, and highlight the function of context

free grammar (CFG) created to decode GP sentence. On thebasis of GP sentences-supported analyses, we come to theconclusions that the machine comprehension can be embeddedin the general frame of communication via programminglanguages, that interaction between the person and machinecan improve NLU system, that programming technology (e.g.N-S flowchart) can help NLU system present the decodingprocedure of GP sentence, and that syntax-supported linguisticskill (e.g. CFG) can bring a deeper understanding of GPsentence.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research is supported in part by grants of YB115-29and YB115-41 from the Eleventh Five-year researchprojects of Chinese Language Application, and grant11YJA740111 from the Ministry of Education and SciencePlanning Project. This research is also sponsored by 2012Yantai Social Science Planning Project Towards theLinguistic Function of the Cultural Development in Yantai: A

Perspective of Computational Linguistics.

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Extending UML for trajectory data warehouses

conceptual modellingWided Oueslati#1, Jalel Akaichi*2

Computer Science Department, Higher Institute of Management

Tunisia

ABSTRACT The new positioning and information capturetechnologies are able to treat data related to moving objects

taking place in targeted phenomena. This gave birth to a new

data source type called trajectory data (TD) which handle

information related to moving objects. Trajectory Data must be

integrated in a new data warehouse type called trajectory data

warehouse (TDW) that is essential to model and to implement in

order to analyze and understand the nature and the behavior of

movements of objects in various contexts. However, classical

conceptual modeling does not incorporate the specificity of

trajectory data due to the complexity of their components that

are spatial, temporal and thematic (semantic). For this reason, we

focus in this paper on presenting the conceptual modeling of thetrajectory data warehouse by defining a new profile using the

StarUML extensibility mechanism.

KeywordsTrajectory data; trajectory data warehouse; UMLextension; trajectory UML profile.

I. INTRODUCTIONThe success of the warehousing process rests on a good

conceptual modeling schema. In fact, conceptual modelingoffers a higher level of abstraction while describing the datawarehousing project since it stays valid in case oftechnological evolution. Besides, it allows determininganalysis possibilities for the warehouse. However, no

contribution is at the present time standard in term oftrajectory data semantic models. This finding leads us topropose a new UML profile with user oriented graphicalsupport to represent trajectory data and trajectory datawarehouse conceptual modeling with structural model (classdiagram) and dynamic model (sequence diagram).

This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we presentan overview of research works related to conceptualapproaches and extensibility of UML for applications' needs.In section 3, we present the methodology that we adopted toextend the StarUML profile. In section 4, we present theTrajectory UML profile. In section 5, we present the trajectoryUML profile realization. In section 6, we summarize the workand we propose some perspectives that can be done in thefuture.

II. RELATED WORKSIn this section, we present different approaches related to

the conceptual modeling methodology, then we presentresearch works that extended UML to adopt it to theirconceptual modeling needs. In the literature, we can find threecategories of conceptual approaches; the top down approach,the bottom up approach and the middle out approach. The

difference between those latter is situated in the starting point.In fact, each approach has its own starting point such as users'needs, data marts or both users' needs and data marts.Concerning the top down approach, this latter has to answerusers' requirements without any exception. It is very expensivein term of time since it requires the whole conceptualmodeling of the DW as well as its realization and it is difficultbecause it requires the knowledge in advance of dimensionsand facts [1]. In this category, authors of [2] present aMultidimensional Aggregation Cube (MAC) method. Thislatter insures the construction of a multidimensional schema

from the definition of decision makers' needs but the definedschema is partial because it describes only the hierarchies ofdimensions. The goal of MAC is to supply an intuitivemethodology of data modeling used in the multidimensionalanalysis. It models real world scenarios using concepts whichare very similar to OLAP.

In MAC, data are described as dimensional levels, drillingrelationships, dimensions, cubes and attributes. Dimensionlevels are a set of dimension members. Those latter are themost detailed modeling concepts and they present real worldinstances' properties. Drilling relationships are used to presenthow one level element can be decomposed of other levels'elements. The dimension paths present a set of drillingrelationships which are used to model a significant sequence

of drill down operations. Dimensions are used to define asignificant group of dimension paths. This grouping isessential to model semantic relationships. Cubes are the onlyconcept which associates properties' values with realmeasures' values. They insist on the complex hierarchystructure defined by dimensions. The top down approach canbe used in the Goal-driven methodology [3]. In fact, this latterfocuses on the company's strategy by occurring the executivesof the company. For the bottom up approach, this latterconsists on creating the schema step by step (data marts) untilthe obtaining of a real DW [1].

It is simple to be realized but it requires an important workin the data integration phase. Besides, there is always the risk

of redundancy due to the fact that each table is createdindependently. Authors in [4] present a dimensional factmodel. This latter relays on the construction of data martsfirstly. This can insure the success in case of complex projectsbut it neglects the role of decision makers. Authors in [5]adopt the bottom up approach. In fact, they present adimensional model development method from traditionalEntity-Relationship models to insure the modelling of DWsand Data Marts. This method is based on three steps: the firststep includes the classification of data models' entities into a


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set of categories. This leads to the production of a dimensionalmodel from an Entity-Relationship model. We find thetransactional entities that insure the storage of detailsconcerning particular events in the company. We find also thecomponent entities that are directly connected to transactionalentities through the 1..* relationship. Those entities allowdefining details of each transaction. Classification entities areconnected to component entities through the 1..* relationship.Classification entities present the existing hierarchies in themodel.

The second step consists on identifying hierarchies thatexist in the model. In fact, the hierarchy is an importantconcept in the dimensional modelling level. The third stepconsists on grouping hierarchies and aggregations together toform a dimensional model. At this level, we find two operatorsthat are used to product models of dimensions. In fact, the firstoperator can transform the high level entities to low levelentities. This can be done until the arrival at the bottom of thearchitecture. The aim is to have an only table at the end. Forthe second operator, it is applied on transactional data to createa new entity which contains summarized data. This approachis used as a base for the data driven and user driven

methodologies. In fact, as presented in [3], the data driven(supply driven) methodology starts by analyzing operationaldata sources to identify existent data. Users' intervention islimited to the choice of necessary data for the decision makingprocess. This methodology is adopted when data sources arevalid.

For the user driven methodology, it starts by collectingusers' needs. Those needs will be integrated in order to obtainone multidimensional schema. This approach is appreciated byusers but it presents a big challenge. In fact, managers ofprojects must be able to take into account the different pointsof views. For the middle out approach, it is an hybrid methodsince it benefits from the two approaches cited above. Authors

in [6] present an example of hybrid modelling method that isbased on the top down and the bottom up approaches. Thebottom up approach is based on three steps: the collection ofneeds, the specification and the formalization of those needs inthe form of multidimensional constellation schema. The topdown approach includes the data collection and theconstruction of a multidimensional schema that allowsdecision making. The approach is based on the description ofdecision makers needs. Those two approaches allow havingtwo schemas, then from those latter only one schema will bederived and kept. The middle out approach is composed offour phases; the users' needs analysis, theconfrontation/comparison, the resolution of conflicts and theimplementation.

Authors in [7] present another method which uses themiddle out approach. This latter is based on three steps: thecollection of users' requirements by the top down approach,the recovery of star schema by the bottom up approach andfinally the integration phase. This latter connects the obtainedstar schema from the first step to the obtained star schemafrom the second step. The integration is realized thanks to aset of matrix. Users' requirements are collected by the GoalQuestion Metric (GQM) paradigm. This latter allowattributing metrics to identified goals. This facilitates the

filtering and the deletion of not useful goals. Authors of [7]consider that the modeling of warehouses is a process basedon goals, and then users' goals related to DW developmentwill be present explicitly. Goals will be analyzed in order toreduce their number (authors take into account the similarityof goals). For the choice of star schema, authors use theEntity-Relationship model. This latter is exhaustively analyzedto find entities that will be transformed to facts anddimensions. The transformation process of Entity-Relationshipmodel to a star schema is based on three steps. The first step isthe construction of a connected graph that serves tosynthesized data. The second step is to extract a snowflakeschema from the graph. The third step is the integration phase.In fact, authors exploit the structure of the warehouse of thefirst phase and the set of possible schemas of the secondphase, and then they apply a set of steps such as converting ofschema to express them with the same terminology. WithinUML-based conceptual models, the most famous approachesare of Trujillo and his team.

In [8], authors proposed UML extensions for object-oriented multidimensional modeling. This extension isperformed thanks to stereotype mechanism, tagged values and

constraints expressed in OCL-Object Constraint Language, inaddition to a set of Well-Formedness rules managing newelements added and determining the semantic of the model.Stereotypes and icons allow an expressive representation ofdifferent constituent elements of a multidimensional modelnamely fact classes, dimension classes, hierarchy levels andattributes. Dimension level classes (stereotyped base classes)should define a directed acyclic graph rooted in dimensionclass. Concerning relationships, the aggregation links facts todimensions, and association/generalization links dimensionlevels (having Base stereotype) between each others.

In another work of the same team [9], an UML package isproposed to facilitate modeling of large data warehouse

systems. In fact, they suggest a set of UML diagrams(package) extended with the aforementioned stereotypes, iconsand constraints (OCL) to cope with multidimensionalmodeling and consequently designers will not be limited onlyto the class diagram.

Several works [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] proceeded byUML profiles to represent their models. In fact, in [11] theproposed profile is used for the oriented agent modeling. In[12] the authors represented a profile for the mobile systemsconception. In [13], authors propose a profile for the modelingof association rules of data mining. In [14] authors propose aprofile to model data mining with the temporal series in thedata warehouse. In [15], authors extended UML to introducenew stereotypes and icons to handle spatial and temporal

properties at the conceptual level. This led to the visualmodeling tool so called Perceptory.

III. ADOPTED METHODOL

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