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Sources of PM Emissions in Europe

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RAINS Emission and cost calculation scheme

Activity data Vintages

Other

Emission factor

Controlstrategies,legislation

Emissionsand

Costs

Sizedistribution

Current practice

Legend:

- Data asked for

- Data available from guidebooks

- Data assumed in the model but available for review

- Result of calculation

Base year:Detailed (but availablefrom publishedsources) energy, agriculture, transportand industrial production statistics.

Forecast:Aggregated data and economic indicators

Abatement technologies

(efficiency, costs, etc.)

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Methodology

Emission factors for TSP first– mass balance approach for stationary combustion sources

– reported factors for the mobile and other sources

PM10 and PM2.5 fractions for uncontrolled emissions

Uncontrolled emission factors forfine / coarse / PM>10

Size-specific emission removal efficiencies

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Source sectors

• Compatible with the current RAINS structure• Additional information/sources:

– boiler type and size (grate, fluidized bed, pulverized fuel),

– unleaded gasoline,

– gasoline direct injection engines,

– brake and tire wear, road abrasion,

– material handling,

– industrial processes (e.g. fertilizer production)

– other ‘dust’.

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Source sectorsStationary combustion sources

• Centralized power and district heating plants– Existing plants* (wet bottom, other types of boilers)

– New plants

• Fuel production and conversion sector• Industrial combustion plants

– Boilers

– Other combustion

• Residential combustion

*Refers to all plants commissioned before or in 1990

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Source sectorsIndustrial processes

• Cement production• Iron and Steel

– Pig iron production

– Coke production

– Sinter production

– Electric arc and basic oxygen furnaces

• Non-ferrous metal smelters• Fertilizer production• Pulp and paper industry

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Source sectorsMobile sources

• Exhaust emissions– Heavy duty vehicles (trucks, busses)

– Light duty vehicles, cars, motorcycles *

– Gasoline direct injection engines

– Unleaded gasoline

– Off-road machinery *

– National sea shipping (medium and large vessels)

• Non-exhaust emissions– Tire and brake wear

– Road abrasion

*For gasoline distinguishing between 2 and 4-stroke engines

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Source sectorsOther sources

• Agriculture– pig farms

– poultry farms

– cattle farms

– other

• Material handling• Other dust

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Data sourcesActivity data

• Stationary combustion– International and national energy statistics, DG Energy

projections, Official Energy Pathway

• Industrial processes– International commodity statistics, national experts

• Mobile sources– as stationary combustion and AUTO OIL

• Other– TNO (1993), FAO (1999), EFMA (1998), IFA (1999),

national experts

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Data sourcesEmission factors

• Stationary combustion– AEAT (1999), UBA (1999), EPA (1999) IEA, UNECE

databases on fuel characteristics, national experts

• Industrial processes– EPA (1998), AEAT (2000), UBA (1999)

• Mobile sources– AUTO OIL, Wulf (1998), CBS-RIVM (1998)

• Other– RIVM (2000)

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Conclusions/ Summary

• Framework for calculating European emissions of PM developed

• Most important PM sources covered• The model has an open environment• The model is available on the web• Further work is necessary to:

– improve database on country specific parameters (e.g., fuel characteristics, current practices, legislation, etc.)

– assess the importance of fugitive losses

– perform further verification