If Conditional, Noun Phrase, And Relative Pronouns

IF CONDITIONAL, NOUN PHRASE, AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS

IF CONDITIONAL, NOUN PHRASE, AND RELATIVE PRONOUNSOctober 22, 2012

IF CONDITIONAL, NOUN PHRASE, AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS

A. IF CONDITIONAL

If conditional sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. In this section you will find information on sentences containing the word 'if', the use of conditional tenses, and the 'unreal past', that is, when we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to past time.

General Formula of If Conditional Sentence:

In general, the formula modality sentence is as follows:if + condition, result / consequence Formula without punctuation or commas:result / consequnce + if + condition

Examples of conditional sentence: If I meet him, I will introduce myself. If ... not be replaced with unlessI will introduce myself if I meet him.Negative if + condition

Formula:.

Example of negative if conditional: If the students do not understand, they will raise their hand to ask. Unless the students understand, they will raise their hand to ask.

There are four types of If Conditional Sentences:

1. The 'zero' conditional, where the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present.

Zero conditional sentence modality is used when the result / consequence (result) of the condition (requirement) is always true. The type 0 is widely used in sentences such presuppositions scientific fact (scientific truth).

'IF' CLAUSE (SIMPLE PRESENT) MAIN CLAUSE (SIMPLE PRESENT)

If you heat iceIf it rains it melts.you get wet

In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are often used to refer to general truths.

Formula Zero Conditional

Sentence modality formula is as follows.

if + condition, result / consequence

if + simple present, simple present

Zero conditional formula without commas:

result / consequence + if + condition

if + simple present + simple present

Examples of Conditional Sentence Type 0:

SentencesExample sentences conditional sentences type 0 with commasExample of conditional sentences type 0 without coma

(+)If I sleep late, I am sleepyI am sleepy if I sleep late.

(-)If one does not drink after doing exercise, one gets dehydrated one gets dehydratedif one does not drink after doing exercise.

(?)If we burn paper, does it Becomes ash?Does it Becomes ash if we burn paper?

2. The Type 1 conditional, where the tense in the 'if clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future.

Conditional sentence type 1 is a modality that is used when the result / consequence (result) of the condition (condition) are likely to be realized because its realistic condition to be met in the future.

'IF' CLAUSE (SIMPLE PRESENT)MAIN CLAUSE (SIMPLE FOTURE)

If it rainsIf you don't hurry you will get wetwe will miss the train.

In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result.Formula Conditional Type 1

Sentence modality can be seen in the following table below:


if + present simple, will + bare infinitive

Formula without using commas:


will + bare infinitive + if + simple present

Examples of Conditional Type 1:


(+) If I have free time, I will go swimming. If the bell rings, I'll go home. I will go swimming if I have free time. I'll go home if the bell rings.

(-) If you do not finish your homework, your teacher will be angry. If he does not come, I will not be angry. Unless he comes, I will not be angry. If he comes, I will not be angry. Your teacher will be angry if you do not finish your homework. I will not be angry if he does not come. I will not be angry unless he comes. I will not be angry if he comes.

(?) If they invite you, will you come? Will you come if they invite you?

3. The Type 2 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional.

Conditional sentences type 2 is a modality that is used when the result / consequence (result) of the condition (condition) have no or only little chance to materialize because of her condition is not possible or difficult to fulfill in the future.

'IF' CLAUSE (SIMPLE PAST)MAIN CLAUSE (PRESENT CONDITIONAL)

If it rainedIf you went to bed earlier you would get wetyou wouldn't be so tired.

In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result.Formula Conditional Type 2



if + past simple, would / should / could / might + bare infinitive



would / should / could / might + bare infinitive + if + simple past



(+) If Nisa studied hard, she would pass. If I had much money, I would buy a sports car. If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money to charity. Nisa would pass if she studied hard. I would buy a sports car if I had much money. I would donate my money to charity if I were a millionaire.

(-) If Nisa did not study hard, she would not be passed. If Nisa studied hard, she would not fail. If Nisa did not study hard, she would fail. Unless Nisa studied hard, she would fail. If I were a millionaire, I would not donate my money to charity. Nisa would not be passed if she did not study hard. Nisa would not fail if she studied hard. Nisa would fail If she did not study hard. Nisa would fail unless she studied hard. I would not donate my money to charity if I were a millionaire.

(?) If Nisa did not study hard, she would fail? If I had much money, I would buy a sports car. If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money to charity? Nisa would fail if she did not study hard? Would I buy a sports car if I had much money? Would I donate my money to charity If I were a millionaire?

4. The Type 3 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional.

Conditional sentences type 3 is a modality that is used when the result / consequence (result) of the condition (condition) there is no possibility to materialize because his condition had been met in the past.

'IF' CLAUSE (PAST PERFECT)MAIN CLAUSE (PERFECT CONDITIONAL)

If it had rainedIf you had worked harder you would have got wetyou would have passed the exam.

In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed, and they refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result.

Formula Conditional Type 2



if + past perfect, would / should / could / might + bare infinitive



would / should / could / might + bare infinitive + if + past perfect



(+)If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. Would have attended your party if you had remembered to invite me.

(-)If the waitress had been careful, she would not have broke many plates.She would not have broke many plates if the waitress had been careful.

(?)If he had asked for Forgiveness, forgived would you have him?Would you have forgived him if he had asked for Forgiveness?

B. NOUN PHRASE

A noun phrase or nominal phrase (abbreviated NP) is a phrase which has a noun (or indefinite pronoun) as its head word, or which performs the same grammatical function as such a phrase.[1] Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.Noun phrases often function as verb subjects and objects, as predicative expressions, and as the complements of prepositions or postpositions. Noun phrases can be embedded inside each other; for instance, the noun phrase some of his constituents contains the shorter noun phrase his constituents.

In some modern theories of grammar, noun phrases with determiners are analyzed as having the determiner rather than the noun as their head; they are then referred to as determiner phrases.

Components of noun phrases

A typical noun phrase consists of a noun (the head of the phrase) together with zero or more modifiers of various types. The chief types of these modifiers are: Determiners, such as the, this, my, some Attributive adjectives, such as large, beautiful, sweeter Adjective phrases and participial phrases, such as extremely large, hard as nails, made of wood, sitting on the step Noun adjuncts, such as college in the noun phrase a college student Prepositional phrases, such as in the drawing room, of his aunt Relative clauses, such as which we noticed Other clauses serving as complements to the noun, such as that God exists in the noun phrase the belief that God exists Infinitive phrases, such as to sing well and to beat in the noun phrases a desire to sing well and the man to beat

Formation Noun phrase:The phrase can be in the form of noun with wording as follows:

1. a) Idefinite Article + Nounthat the purpose of the article is the word Idefinite (clothing) a and s.Example: a truck an examination an investmentThe series says a truck is a noun phrase, a noun describes truck; truck is the head of (headword) in the phrase, a word is a word that describes the head.

Explanation:

A or one's means (a, a, a, a, etc.) and placed in front of the noun explained. A is used when the word that follows begins with the sound off, for example: a man, a star etc.. An used when berikunya word beginning with the sound of life, for example: an astrich, an exam, etc. A or an object only by kat can be calculated (countable nouns) and the number one or singular noun (singular).

b) Definite Article + Nounis the definite article is the article The.Example: the ship the soup the cars the modelsThe series is said he said the phrase noun. The noun explain ship, soup, cars models. Words ship, soup, cars, models are the words of the head; explains the chief said.

Explanation:

The often interpreted: these, it said. The objects could be followed by one or a number of single, for example the sea, the process, etc., or followed by the object of more than one or plural, as the people, the poets, etc., and can also be followed by an object can be calculated, for example, the water, the nitrogen.

c) Demonstrative Adjective + Nounis a demonstrative adjective is a word this, these, that, and those.Example: This song That poem those disastersThat stranger These tragedies this liquid

Explanation:

This and that is used when the noun is singular or if the object can not be calculated; these and those when the plural noun.

d) Possesive Adjective + Nounis a possessive adjective is a word that says the owner of something, such as my, yours, his, her, its, our, their, jean's, Mr.Jones', dab.Example: Her ideas brittany's computers your question

Explanation:

A person or thing that the owner of something expressed by 's, for example, Han's house, the sun's energy, etc. If the owner is over with-s, add only the sign (') no-s, for example, Hans' racket, students', and so on.

2. Numerals (word number)The meaning of numerals is one, two, three, ten, and so on.Example: Two tympanis Four members Three guests

3. Quantitative adjective + nounIs a word that specifies the number of an object, for example, some, any, much, many, a lot of, few, a little, and so on.Example: some marvels much wine many wife

Explanation:

Some and any means 'some' or 'a little'. Some and any are used to describe all the objects (singular, plural, countable, uncountable). Much and many mean a lot. Much to explain uncountable nouns; many for countable nouns. A lot of to describe the plural and uncountable nouns. Few and a little bit mean (fewer than some or any). Few to describe plural nouns: a little to explain uncountable nouns.

4. Qualitative Noun + adjectiveIs a word that shows the properties of an object or situation, such as: white, large, important, harmless, etc..Example: kind treatments underpaid clear sky works

5. Noun phrase with the formation ofOf is used to merge two nouns or noun phrases, which are in front of the noun is part of the property or in the back of noun and noun phrases to form a new whole; phrase this thing can still be connected to the other of the phrases to infinity.Example: the roof of the house (roof =)

Note:The ability to better understand the noun phrase is important to recognize the idea in a sentence, rather than just knowing the word for word. Knowledge of the possible variations of the expansion in the form of noun phrases are very useful in understanding the precise and specific meaning contained in a sentence.C. RELATIVE PRONOUNS

C. RELATIVE PRONOUNS

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies.

Here is an example: The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

In the above example, "who": relates to "person", which it modifies introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that*

Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. In non-defining relative clauses, that is used for things. In defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information) that can be used for things and people**.

Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between male and female. Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses:

Example Sentences S=subject, O=object, P=possessiveNotes

defining relative clausesS- The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.- The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.That is preferable

- The car which hit me was yellow.- The car that hit me was yellow.That is preferable

O- The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher.- The people who I phoned last night are my teachers.- The person that I phoned last night is my teacher.- The person I phoned last night is my teacher.Whom is correct but formal. The relative pronoun is optional.

- The car which I drive is old.- The car that I drive is old.- The car I drive is old.That is preferable to which. The relative pronoun is optional.

P- The student whose phone just rang should stand up.- Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.

- The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked.- The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked. Whose can be used with things. Of which is also possible.

non-defining relative clausesS- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.

- The car, which was a taxi, exploded.- The cars, which were taxis, exploded.

O- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher.- Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher.Whom is correct but formal. Who is common in spoken English and informal written English.

- The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire.

P- My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.

- The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.- The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed. Whose can be used with things. Of which is also possible.

Notes:*Not all grammar sources count "that" as a relative pronoun. **Some people claim that even in defining relative clauses we cannot use "that" for people but must use "who/whom". There is no good reason for such a claim; there is a long history of "that" for people in defining relative clauses from Chaucer, Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of The Bible to Fowler's and Churchill.

Relative pronouns are pronouns that point to the preceding noun (antecedent) that serves as a link in a sentence. Relative pronouns are placed at the beginning of ordinary or subordinate clause dependent clause that describes or provides additional information to the independent clause or main clause.

Pronouns used are: who, whom, whose, Selatan, and That.

- The man who is Sitting in the corner is my friend.- The boy whom we visited is her boyfriend.- The girl whose car was SOLD will go to our Study Abroad.- The filing cabinet, Selatan, we purchase last week, is very well built.- The book of That describes about animal behavior is expensive.

Says who, whom, whose, Selatan, and That in the above example points to the preceding noun (the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, the book).

Nouns (noun) or pronouns (pronoun) as the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, and the book is called the antecedent term.- Voters whose names begin with the letters M to Z Should go to Room 2.- That photo is a reminder of TechPowerUp who was very IMPORTANT to me.- Hands up everyone who would like a drink.- A mole is an animal That lives underground.- He was accused of Being drunk in charge of a vehicle, is a serious offence Selatan.

To show the people, use the relative pronouns: who, whom, whose and That.- The man who spoke- That the man spoke (although application That is true, and who even suggested as a subject pronoun)- The Man That I Saw- The man whom I saw (though whom the application is true, That is advisable, as the object pronoun)

To show in any other object or animal, use the relative pronouns: Selatan, That and whose.- The paint Selatan was Sitting on the mat- The paint That was Sitting on the mat- The book whose cover was torn- A book to Selatan, I often refer

When pointed at an object, of Selatan, whose can be used to replace.- A cover of the book was torn Selatan

Expansion relative pronouns with pronouns like whoever, whomever, whatever known as indefinite relative pronouns (relative pronouns without antecedent).- The waiter will tease whomever he likes.- She said whatever Came to mind.- Let in whoever Come to me.

What word can also be used as indefinite relative pronouns, eg:- I will tell you what you need to know.- I know what I like.

Notes:

1. Who referred to as the subject pronoun and the object pronoun whom. This may be compared with he and him, for hire and prototypes, etc.- The man who was there (compare 'he was there')- The man whom I saw (compare 'I saw him')2. Whom said more often used in formal English. In everyday usage, both in speech and in writing, whom is usually replaced with who.- The man who I saw- The man who you were speaking to3. Whom who can not be replaced by any previous preceded by preposition.- The man to whom you were speaking- Sonny Smith elected chairman, than whom there could not have been no better choice.Usually this form of preposition + whom worn in formal English.

Indefinite relative pronouns have the property that there are at relative pronouns or indefinite pronouns. Types of pronouns, such as pointing at a noun, but the person or thing in question is not mentioned explicitly.17UNIVERSITAS INTERNASIONAL BATAM

If Conditional, Noun Phrase, And Relative Pronouns

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