EFFECT OF INM ON TRANSPLANTED RICE AND ITS EFFECT ON WHEAT CROP IN RAINFED UPLAND SEMI IRRIGATED CONDITION

SUBJECT- CROPPING SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURECOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,JNKVV,JABALPUR,(M.P.)

Submitted toSubmitted byArti Baghel, Rajul sooni

M.Sc.(Ag.) pre. yearDeptt-AgronomyRoll No.-160111016,160111011

Dr. K.K. AGRAWALAssociate Professor Dept.-Agronomy

Cropping systems definition, Indices and its importance; Physical resources, soil and water management in cropping systems;Assessment of land usePlant ideotypes for drylands; Plant growth regulators and their role in sustainability

INTRODUCTIONThe term ideotype introduced by Donald in1968Accor. To him ideotype: is a biological model which expected to perform or behave in predictable manner in a defined environmentThe term have following synonyms Model plant typeIdeal model plant typeIdeal plant type

INTRODUCTIONThe term ideotype introduced by Donald in1968Accor. To him ideotype: is a biological model which expected to perform or behave in predictable manner in a defined environmentThe term have following synonyms Model plant typeIdeal model plant typeIdeal plant type

Types of Ideotypes

Isolation IdeotypeCompetition IdeotypeCrop Ideotype

Isolation ideotype: It is the model plant type that performs best when the plants are space-planted. In case of cereals. isolation ideotype is lax, free- tiSllering.Competition ideotype: This ideotype performs well in genetically heterogeneous populations, such as the segregating generations of crosses. In case of cereals, competition ideotype is tall, leafy, free- tillering plant that is able to shade its less aggressive neighbours and, thereby, gain a larger share of radiation, nutrients and water.

Crop ideotype: This ideotype performs best at commercial crop densities because it is a poor competitor. It performs well when it is surrounded by plants of the same form. But it performs less well when it is surrounded by plants of other forms, e.g., competition ideotype, and also in isolation. In case of cereals, a crop ideotype is erect, separately tillered plant, with small erect leaves

Market ideotype: Includes traits like seed colour, seed size, cooking and backing quality, etc. since these traits determine the market acceptability of the produce. Climatic ideotype: Includes traits important in climatic adaptation, e.g., early maturity, thermo-period insensitivity, heat and cold tolerance, drought tolerance, photoperiod-insensitivity, etc. Stress ideotype: (traits: resistance to the concerned a biotic and biotic stresses), Disease/pest ideotype: (traits: resistance to the concerned diseases and insect pests), etc.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CROP IDEOTYPE: It should he a weak competitor. That is able to accept all the photosynthate either from its own green surface or from other parts of the plant. An ideotype will be the most efficient in utilizing its environmental resources. The ideotype, must include morphological and physiological characteristics that result in a high harvest index A crop ideotype must be grown, as far as possible, in a weed-free situation in view of it being a weak competitor.

STEPS IN IDEOTYPE DEVELOPMENT: Donald (1968) suggested that the asic ideotype should he first developed for the optimum, nonlimiting environment. Quality considerations would determine the limits to size, shape, etc. of the economic parts. Current agronomic practices would determine the limits to plant stature, branching and other features. It should now be assessed as to what changes in particular traits would improve yield potential in the target environment. The choice of characters to be included in an ideotype will also depend on certain other considerations

IDEOTYPES OF SELECTED CROPS

BARLEY(I) a short, strong stem; (2) a few, small, erect leaves; (3) a high harvest index; (4) an erect car; (5) awns; and (6) a single culm.

WheatShort Strong Stem.Erect LeavesFew Small LeavesLarge Ear Erect EarPresence of AwnsSingle Culm

Maize

Stiff-vertically-oriented leaves above the ear;Maximum photosynthetic efficiencyEfficient translocation of photosynthate into grain.Small tassel size.Cold tolerance of germinating seeds and developing seedlings.

RiceShorter Culm length. (100 cm or less)Greater Culm diameter.High tillering capacityHigh (55% or more) harvest indexLower relative internodes elongation

Irrigated Cotton

Plants of short stature (90-120 cm)Compact and sympodial plant habit Short duration Responsive to high fertilizer dose.High degree of resistance to insect pests and diseases.boll size in proposed to be between 3.5 and 4 g.

General plant Ideotype concept in pulses

Determinate plant type Erect and upright plant Average plant height Early vigour, early flowering and synchronous maturity Pod bearing from well above the soil surface More pods/plant and more number of seeds /pod High harvest indexYield stability

Rainfed cottonFew smaller and thick leaves with sparse hairiness.Medium to big boll size (3.5 to 4 g).Responsive to nutrients.High degree of resistance to insects and diseases.Synchronous boiling habit.Short stature (75-80 cm) and compact plant habit.

LIMITATIONS OF IDEOTYPE BREEDING

It has not been possible to identify individual traits that enhance yield universally or in a relatively limited genetic and environmental situations.costly and time taking, while their usefulness is not well established.An ideotype breeder may place a higher priority on obtaining genetic diversity for single traits than would be beneficial in the long run.

Croping System

Cropping system: is an important component of a farming system. It represents cropping pattern used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources, other farm enterprises and available technology which determine their make up. Copping pattern: means the proportion of area under various crops at a point of time in a unit area. It indicates the yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow in an area. Cropping scheme is a plan according to which crops are grown on individual plot of a farm during a given period of time with the object of obtaining maximum return from each crop without impairing soil fertility. Thus a cropping scheme is related to the most profitable use of resources, land, labour, capital, and management.

Types of Cropping System: Mono cropping: refers to growing of only one crop on a piece of land year after year. E.g. under rainfed conditions shorgum is grown year after year. Multiple cropping: Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land in one calendar year is known as multiple cropping. It is intensification of cropping in space and time dimensions. It includes intercropping, mixed cropping and sequence cropping. Double cropping: Growing of two crops in a year in sequence. Tripple cropping and Quadruple croppingCompetition effect: Competition of intercropped spp. For light, nutrients, water, carbon dioxide, and other growth factors. Complementary effect: Effect of one component on another which enhances growth and productivity.

Intercropping: Intercropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land with a definite row pattern. For example growing maize + green gram in 2:1 ratio Mixed cropping: is growing two or more crops simultaneously intermingled without any row pattern. It is common practice in most of dry land areas Sequence cropping: sequence cropping can be defined as growing of two or more crops in sequence on the same piece of land in a farming year. Parallel cropping: Cultivation of such crops which have different natural habit and zero competition e.g. Black gram /green gram+miaze. The peak nutrient demand period for green gram is around 30-35 DAS while it is 50 DAS for maize. Multi-storied/multi-tiered cropping/multi-level: Cultivation of two or more than two crops of different heights simultaneously on a certain piece of land in a certain period e.g., sugarcane+mustard+onion.

Sustainable agriculture is a form of agriculture aimed at meeting the needs of present generation without endangering the resource base of future generation. It is the practice of farming using principles of ecology, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will last over the long term. Contour farming is the practice of tilling sloped land along lines of consistent elevation in order to conserve rainwater and to reduce soil losses from surface erosion. These objectives are achieved by means of furrows, crop rows, and wheel tracks across slopes, all of which act as reservoirs to catch and retain rainwater, thus permitting increased infiltration and more uniform distribution of the Crop rotation: The practice of planting a succession of crops in a field over a period of years. Rotations can maintain field fertility since different crops use different soil nutrients, so excessive demands are not made of one nutrient.

Agroforestry is a collective name for land use systems and practices in which woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops and/or animals on the same land management unit. The integration can be either in a spatial mixture or in a temporal sequence. There are normally both ecological and economic interactions between woody and non-woody components in agroforestry. Alley cropping: Agroforestry, farm forestry and family forestry can be broadly understood as the commitment of farmers, alone or in partnerships, towards the establishment and management of forests on their land. Where many landholders are involved the result is a diversity of activity that reflects the diversity of aspirations and interests within the community. Alley cropping, sometimes referred to as 'sun systems', is a form of intercropping.

Organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and control pests on a farm. Organic farming excludes or strictly limits the use of manufactured fertilizers, pesticides (which include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides), plant growth regulators such as hormones, livestock antibiotics, food additives, and genetically modified organisms. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Permaculture is an approach to create stable, productive systems that provide for human needs; it's a system of design where each element supports and feeds other elements, ultimately aiming at systems that are virtually self-sustaining and into which humans fit as an integral part. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non forest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use.

Agro-ecology: is the application of ecological principles to the production of food, fuel, fiber, and pharmaceuticals. The term encompasses a broad range of approaches, scientific practice. Silvi-pasture: Silvipastures combine livestock grazing on forage crops or pastures within actively managed tree or shrub crops. Cattle, sheep and goats are the most common livestock incorporated into silvipasture systems and they may be deployed entirely within a private farm/woodlot silvi-pasture or through collaborative arrangements between forest licensees and livestock producers on public lands.

amaljood@gmail.comCropping PatternThere are different ways of growing crops. These different ways can be used to give maximum benefit. They are called Cropping Patterns .There are many types of cropping patterns

amaljood@gmail.comMixed CroppingGrowing of two or more crops simultaneously and intermingled on the same piece of land without row arrangements are called Mixed Cropping.This reduces risk and gives some insurance against failure of one of the crops.

amaljood@gmail.comIntercropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern . A few rows of one crop alternate with a few rows of a second crop. Inter-cropping

amaljood@gmail.comCrop Rotation

The growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession is known as crop rotation. The availability of moisture and irrigation facilities decide the choice of the crop to be cultivated after one harvest.

amaljood@gmail.comMixed farmingCropping pattern which involve the raising of crops, animals and or trees. RatooningOne of the important methods of intensive cropping, allowing the stubbles of the original crop to strike again after harvesting and to raise another crop.

amaljood@gmail.comSole croppingOne crop variety grown alone in pure stands at normal density. Also known as solid planting The repetitive growing of the same sole crop on the same land.

Monoculture

Plant Growth Regulators and Their Role in Crop Improvement

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PLANT GROWTH REGULATORSPLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ARE NECESSARY FOR, BUT DO NOT CONTROL, MANY ASPECTS OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. - BETTER NAME IS GROWTH REGULATOR. THE EFFECT ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGY IS DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT OF HORMONE PRESENT AND TISSUE SENSITIVITY TO THE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR

substances produced in small quantities by a plant, and then transported elsewhere for usehave capacity to stimulate and/or inhibit physiological processes

at least five major plant hormones or plant growth regulators:auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid

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General plant hormonesAuxins (cell elongation)

Gibberellins (cell elongation + cell division - translated into growth)

Cytokinins (cell division + inhibits senescence)

Abscisic acid (abscission of leaves and fruits + dormancy induction of buds andseeds)

Ethylene (promotes senescence, epinasty, and fruit ripening)

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AuxinAuxin increases the plasticity of plant cell walls and is involved in stem elongation.Arpad Pal (1919) - Asymmetrical placement of cut tips on coleoptiles resulted in a bending of the coleoptile away from the side onto which the tips were placed (response mimicked the response seen in phototropism). Frits Went (1926) determined auxin enhanced cell elongation.

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Additional responses to auxinparthenocarpyflower initiationsex determinationfruit developmentapical dominancerooting

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GibberellinsGibberellins are named after the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi which causes rice plants to grow abnormally tall.synthesized in apical portions of stems and rootsimportant effects on stem elongation

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Effects of GibberellinsCell elongation.GA induces cellular division and cellular elongation; auxin induces cellular elongation alone. GA-stimulated elongation does not involve the cell wall acidification characteristic of auxin-induced elongationBreaking of dormancy in buds and seeds.Seed Germination - Especially in cereal grasses, like barley. Not necessarily as critical in dicot seeds.Promotion of flowering.Transport is non-polar, bidirectional producing general responses.

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Abscisic AcidAbscisic acid is produced chiefly in mature green leaves and in fruits.suppresses bud growth and promotes leaf senescencealso plays important role in controlling stomatal opening and closing

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Functions of ethyleneGaseous in form and rapidly diffusing.Gas produced by one plant will affect nearby plants.Fruit ripening.Epinasty downward curvature of leaves.Encourages senescence and abscission. Initiation of stem elongation and bud development.Flowering - Ethylene inhibits flowering in most species, but promotes it in a few plants such as pineapple, bromeliads, and mango. Sex Expression - Cucumber buds treated with ethylene become carpellate (female) flowers, whereas those treated with gibberellins become staminate (male) flowers.

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Plant growth regulators

Effect of plant growth regulators and natural supplements on in vitro morphogenesis of Pogostemon cablin Benth. (A) Initiation of shoots on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA. (B) Callus formation on MS + 0.1 mg L-1 BA. (C) Shoot multiplication on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA and 0.5 mg L-1 KN. (D) Shoot multiplication on MS + 10% coconut water. Rooting of shoots on MS () + activated charcoal (100 mg L-1). (F) Directly acclimatized plantlet in the soil. (G) In vitro-grown plant in the field.

Swamy et al. 2014 J. Crop Sci. Biotech. 17 (2) : 1-7

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