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Identification and Control of Lead Hazards in Housing David Jacobs, PhD, CIH National Center for...
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Transcript of Identification and Control of Lead Hazards in Housing David Jacobs, PhD, CIH National Center for...
Identification and Control ofLead Hazards in Housing
David Jacobs, PhD, CIHNational Center for Healthy Housing
United StatesApril 2010
Evidence of the Link Between Lead Paint and Lead Poisoning
• Historical• Case Surveillance Data• Environmental Correlate Studies• Stable Isotope Ratios
Lead-Based Paint as a Major Source of Childhood Lead Poisoning: A Review of the Evidence in Lead In Paint, Soil and Dust: Health Risks, Exposure Studies, Control Measures and Quality Assurance, Michael E. Beard and S.D. Allen Iske, Eds, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, p. 175-187, 1995.
DUST
Lead Exposure Pathway
Steps to Eliminate Lead Paint Hazards
• Determine if hazards are present
• Determine cause of hazard (water, others)
• Protect Occupants & Workers
• Hazard Control Options
• Cleanup
• Dust Testing
RMD LPA Lead Paint X-Ray Fluorecense Analyzer
• Measures lead in as little as 2 to 4 seconds with 95% confidence
Pb
K
L
M
N
O
e-
e-
E1=Eb
Photoelectric
E1>>Eb
L-Shell XRF
K-Shell XRF Compton Scatter
XRF Generation
Control Source of Paint Failure
Options
• Permanent– Replace windows, doors, other building items
– Enclose lead paint (new walls, siding)
– Encapsulate lead paint (special long term coatings)
– Remove lead paint using wet scraping, low-temperature heat guns, chemicals
• Short Term (Management)– Paint Stabilization
– On-going Maintenance
Options (2)
• Dust Control– Friction & Impact Surfaces– Special Cleaning
• Bare Soil– Vegetation– Mulch– Removal
Avoid Tracking Lead Dust
Plastic Sheeting Exterior
Paint Scraping (Wet Methods)
Containment for High Dust Jobs
Dust and Friction/Impact
Enclosing Window SillsWith Sheet Metal
Cleanup and Dust RemovalUse High Efficiency Particulate Arrestor
(HEPA) Vacuums and Wet Methods
Wet CleaningSeparate Wash and Rinse Water
Dust (Wipe) Testing
Dust Wipe Sampling MethodHUD Guidelines
Appendix 13.1: Wipe Sampling for
Settled Lead-Contaminated Dust
US Dust Lead Standard
• Floors = 40 ug/ft2
• Interior Window Sills = 250 ug/ft2
• Set so that less than 5% of children would develop a PbB above the intervention level (15 ug/dL)
• Set in 1999• Now widely perceived as being insufficiently
protective• New NCHH proposal
– 10 ug/ft2 and 100 ug/ft2 for floors & sills
Key US Lead Exposure LimitsAmbient Air (old) 1.5 ug/m3
Ambient Air (new) 0.1 – 0.3 ug/m3
Settled Dust (Floors) 40 ug/ft2
10 ug/ft2 (NCHH proposed)
Settled Dust (Sills) 250 ug/ft2
Play Soil (bare) 400 ppm
Yard Soil (bare) 1200 ppm
Drinking Water 15 ug/L
New Housing Paint 600 ppm (90)
Existing Housing Paint 1 mg/cm2 or 5,000 ppm
Key US Lead Exposure Limits (2)
Workplace Air (8 hrs) 50 ug/m3 Permissible
30 ug/m3 Action Level
Exterior Concrete (Guidance)
800 ug/ft2
Blood (Occupational) 30 ug/dL
Blood (Advisory) 10 ug/dL (some jurisdictions now at 5)
The Power of Surveillance and National Surveys
0
5
10
15
20
25
Pre '46 '46-'73 '74 - Present
Age of Residence, year built
Po
iso
ne
d C
hild
ren
(%
)
From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), Phase 2, 1991-1994
National Average for all children (4.4% with Blood Lead Levels above 10 g/dL)
African American Children
Low Income Children
All Children
Housing Surveillance Data: Where is the Remaining Lead Paint?
Dust Lead & Paint Lead:Ease of Contamination
• Current US definition of lead paint = 1 mg/cm2
• Sand a one square foot area, turn it into dust
• Spread the dust over a 10 ft x 10 ft room
• Resulting lead dust loading = 9,300 ug/ft2
• Current US Government Limit = 40 ug/ft2
Prohibited PaintRemoval Methods
• Power Sanding
• Flame Torching
• Abrasive Blasting
• Methylene Chloride Paint Strippers
Lead Paint Protectionsin the US
• Health-based exposure standards for paint, dust or soil
• Standard inspection or abatement protocols
• Prohibited paint removal methods
• Laboratory QA/QC
• Performance criteria for paint XRFs
Lead Paint Protections (cont’d)
• Trained or licensed inspectorate or abatement work force
• Occupational standards to protect workers• Training curricula• Public education• Disclosure of known lead paint hazards & no
enforcement• Funding to address hazards in low-income
privately owned high risk housing
Benefits of Window Replacement
• Lead Dust Accumulation
• Energy Savings: Heating and Cooling
• Housing Value
• Other?
HUD Pb Paint Hazard Control Evaluation Blood Lead Declined 37%
Source: NCHH, UC 2004
Figure 9-3: Geometric Mean Blood Lead Levels (μg/dL) from Pre-Intervention to Two-Years Post-Intervention by Sampling Phase and Grantee
0
5
10
15
Pre- Immediate Post- Six Months Post- One-Year Post- Two-Year Post-
Sampling Phase
Geo
met
ric
Mea
n B
lood
Lea
d L
evel
(μ
g/dL
)
ALL
Window Sill Lead Dust 12 Years After Abatement
Floor Lead Dust 12 Years After Abatement
Important Elements of US Approach
1. Research on Exposure Pathways (Lead as multi-media pollutant)
2. National and Local Surveillance on both Health and Housing Data is Essential
3. Guidelines, Legislation, Regulation & Enforcement
4. Education & Market-Based Approaches
5. Articulation of National Plan
6. Subsidy and Enforcement Targeted to Highest Risk
7. Evaluation of Exposure Control
8. High Cost of the Reactive Approach
Case Report One House in New Orleans
“Until effective standards for the domestic environment are devised, it is likely that children will continue to be employed as biological indicators
of substandard housing.”
Donald Barltrop, 1974
• Calling for a Global Ban on Lead Use in Residential Indoor and Outdoor Paints, Children’s Products, and All Nonessential Uses in Consumer Products
• Policy Date: 11/5/2007Policy Number: LB-07-01
David E. Jacobs, PhD, CIH
Director of Research
National Center for Healthy Housing
5025 Hawthorne PL NW
Washington, DC 20016
202-607-0938
www.nchh.org