ICT in Healthcare Topic 6. WJEC Objectives Scanning, life support, computer controlled equipment...
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Transcript of ICT in Healthcare Topic 6. WJEC Objectives Scanning, life support, computer controlled equipment...
ICT in Healthcare
Topic 6
WJEC Objectives
• Scanning, life support, computer controlled equipment
• Medical Databases
• Expert systems
• sensors (analogue and digital), data measured and its use• scanning devices; MRI (magnetic resonance image); CAT (computerised axial tomography)• advantages and disadvantages of scanning devices• backup and recovery procedures• new and future developments and limitations.
• electronic patient record keeping (EPR)• blood bar coding and tracking systems ISBT 128• use of the Internet, intranets and extranets• distributed medical databases• backup and recovery procedures• new and future developments and limitations.
• Artificial Intelligence• neural networks and how parallel processors work• software languages (PROLOG, ASPRIN)• expert system shells (knowledge base, inference engine, user interface)• how expert systems work• medical uses of expert systems e.g. MYCIN,NEOMYCIN etc.• advantages and disadvantages of expert systems.
Medical Expert Systems
• Key word is: Artificial Intelligence
• A system based on Rules to reproduce the Role of a Human Expert
• Works by using Questions and Answers– (IF-Then rules)
Medical Expert Systems
3 Parts to Expert System
LEARN THISKnowledge Base
A database of all of the facts and knowledge on a subject
Knowledge Base
A database of all of the facts and knowledge on a subject
Inference Engine
A set of rules to base the decisions on (IF-Then)
Brings the parts of the database together to answer the questions being asked
Inference Engine
A set of rules to base the decisions on (IF-Then)
Brings the parts of the database together to answer the questions being askedUser Interface
How the questions and answers are presented to the user
User Interface
How the questions and answers are presented to the user
Exam Question
Extensive use is made of Expert Systems. State the three main components of every
expert system and then describe with examples the advantages and disadvantages of using an expert system in medicine. [7]
Exam Question Answers
Medical Databases (ERP)
• Pre-Electronic Database
Problems with storing patients
records manually (paper based)
Only one person can access data at the same time
Records go missing
Handwritten notes messy And hard to understand
Storage problems:Huge number of filesneeded
Medical Databases (ERP)• Patients records now stored electronically
• Data can be accessed by more than one medical professional at the same time
• No need to transport files (speed of data access)
• Security
• Latest information can be accessed from patients bedside (example: results from blood tests)
Blood Bar Coding and Tracking
• Tracking of blood across is an essential service the NHS provide
• It is also essential that it is accurate
• Identify what data is held on the blood and why it is important that it is tracked correctly
Intranets and Extranets
Consultant
Surgeon
Nurse
Supplier
GP
Distributed Databases
Radiology
A+E
Pharmacy
Intensive Care
Plastics
Surgery
Patient data is stored on lots of separate databases
The user uses one database software application to access the
information and is likely to be unaware that the data is not
stored in one place
Laptopon the ward
Security
• Access Levels
• Data Encryption
• Passwords
• Audit Trails
Exam Question
• Discuss the reasons why databases were introduced for storing patient records and assess the impact they have had upon patient tracking and monitoring. [6]
Exam Question Answers
Sensors – Analogue to Digital
• Analogue Signals
• Digital Signal
Sensors Used In Hospitals
• What is measured using sensors in hospitals?
• Temperature• Blood Pressure• Pulse• Blood Sugar• ECG (Heart Rate)• Respiratory Rate
Advantages
•No “Human Error” – no missed readings
•More Accurate
•Real Time Monitoring
•Automatically Measure Trends
Scanning Devices
• MRI• Use Radio Waves to build up a picture of the inside of a
patient• Used for checking function of organs such as liver, kidney,
spleen, blood vessels and heart damage
• CAT• Similar x-ray, but multiple x-ray beams are sent out at
different angles to produce a more detailed scan• Used to pinpoint tumours
Scanning Devices
• Advantages• Can look at internal organs
in 3D• MRI scans are safer than X-
Rays• Higher cure rate due to
early detection• Reduces the need for
exploratory surgery• Faster Diagonosis
Disadvantages• scanning equipment
very expensive• Exposure to radiation is
dangerous for staff operating scanners
• Patients have to be still for about 1 hour in an MRI machine
Future Technologies
• Home Healthcare• Video conference using sensors so that consultation with doctor can
be done from home
• Diabetes management• Automatic blood glucose measurements are taken and if blood
glucose is too low a sensor automatically releases glucose from a reservoir implanted into patient
• Japanese Toilets• A Japanese company is developing a toilet that analyses urine and
sends a report automatically to the GP if necessary