IAU/KU International Conference 2011 Nairobi –

Kenya

November 15, 2011

Higher Education in São Paulo, Brazil –

Planning and Development

Fernando Ferreira CostaUniversity of Campinas –

Unicamp

Presented by:

Marcelo Knobel

Higher Education in Brazil 2010

• Population: 191 million

• GDP = U$ 2.1 trillion (U$11,000 GDP/capita)

• Higher Education• 2,378 institutions (278 public)

• 190 universities (101 public)

• 6.3 million undergrad students enrolled

• 5.4 million in presential programs

• 76% of enrollments in the private system

• 50%in for-profit institutions

• Net enrollment ratio (18-24 cohort): 15%• Gross enrollment ratio: 27%

• Federal system• 58 universities, 37 Technological Institutes and 4 Colleges

• 930,000 undergraduate students

• 820,000 in presential programas

• 15% of total undergraduate enrollment

Higher Education in São Paulo 2010

• 22% of the Brazilian population: 41 million

• 33% of Brazilian GDP = U$ 700 billion (U$17,000 GDP/capita)

• Almost 50% of Brazilian Science

• Higher Education• 26% of all enrollment = 1.63 million students (1.47 million in presential programs)• 32% of graduating class (2010): 260,000 of 830,000 total• Net enrollment ratio: 18% (34% gross enrollment ratio)• 85% in private HEIs (3/4 of those in for-profit system)• Small federal participation, only 1.5% of enrollments

• State Public HE system• Best university system in Brazil• 3 universities, 28 campi, 120,000 undergrad students, 50,000 grad students• 50 Technical Colleges (FATECs), 50,000 students

• But still, only 14% of all enrollment is in public institutions

Where are we?

•

Campinas▫

Metropolitan area

19 municipalities

2.8 million people (2009)

HDI = 0.835São Paulo State: 0.833

Brazil: 0.819

GNP = R$ 70.7 billion (2007)7.8% of São Paulo State

2.7% of Brazil

Unicamp

• Public State University• Budget: 2.1958% of net state VAT

• No tuition fees

Budget (2010)

• R$ 1.545 billion

from the State• 85% salaries

• R$ 542 million

other sources, mainly research contracts

The University

• Founded in 1966

• 6 campuses• 3.5 million m2

• 22 Academic Units

• 3 Hospitals• 778 beds

Personnel (2010)

• Faculty: 1750• 98% PhD

• 90% of the PhDs full time

• Staff: 7916• 3370 in hospitals

Students (2010)

Graduate Titles Granted

Excellence in Research: 10% of Brazil

Undergraduate Access

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Applicants

Places

Applicants:30% from public schools70% from private schoolsAdmitted:30% from public schools70% from private schools

However, 85% of the students from the state are from public schools

fibras ópticas

187 registered companies6826 workers employed+ de R$ 1 billion

21 Graduated Companies10 Incubated Companies

Brazil’s HE system -

1960-2010

• 1960: less than 200,000 students enrolled in HE

• 1960-1980: enrollment grew to 1.4 million (600%)

• 1980-1994• longest period of economic stagnation in Brazil’s history• there was little development in HE, public or private

• 1995-2010• Political stability and economic growth

• Increasing demand for qualification• Expansion of private sector

• New National Law of Education (1996)• New paths for diversification of system• Deregulation

• Universalization of basic education (1st-8th grades)• Expansion of secondary education ---> Increasing demand for Higher Ed

Undergraduate Enrollment 1980-2010 (Presential Programs)

0

1.000.000

2.000.000

3.000.000

4.000.000

5.000.000

6.000.000

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Enrollment in HE - Brazil 1980-2010

TotalPublicPrivate

Growth 1980‐1994 1994‐2010

Public 40% 100%

Private 10% 300%

Total 21% 220%

Recent Trends

Fast grow sectors

•Vocational/Professional HE: 3-year programs•Distance Learning HE

Type of program 2005 2010 Variation

Vocational/Professional 

HE

Brazil 210,000 540,000 160%

São Paulo * 240,000 ‐

Distance Learning HE Brazil 114,000 930,000 720%

São Paulo 4,600 150,000 3,160%

* Data not available, but it is fair to assume that the vocational/professional HE sector in SP has expanded at least at the same rate as nationwide in the 2005-2010 period

Planning HE in São Paulo (SP)

Two plans were developed during the past decade regarding the expansion and qualification of the HE system in SP, regarding undergraduate education:

•2001: Expansion of the Public HE System in SP• Developed by the Council of Rectors of the three state universities

• Restricted to the state public sector

• Main focus were the 3 state universities

• Main objective: to expand enrollment in the public state system by about 28%

• Time span: 2001-2006

•2005-2006: Director Plan for the HE System in SP• Developed by a Commission designated by the State Governor

• All sectors, including the other public and the private system, were considered in the plan

• All sectors had dedicated plans designed for them, focus was on vocational/professional education, in particular the state system of Technological Colleges

• Main objective: to reach Net Enrollment Ratio of 30% by 2020

• Time span: 2006-2020

R. H. L. Pedrosa, A Director Plan for the public HE system in São Paulo [In Portuguese]. Revista Ensino Superior, N.2, Unicamp, 2010. http://www.revistaensinosuperior.gr.unicamp.br/noticia.php?id=12

R. H. L. Pedrosa, Master planning in Brazilian HE: expanding the

3-year public College system in the state of São Paulo. Center for

Studies in Higher Education, Berkeley, 2010. http://cshe.berkeley.edu/publications/publications.php?id=362

Planning HE in São Paulo (SP)

The Director Plan 2006-2020, aiming at a better system which would provide access to a larger group of the state young population, called for action by the State Administration in the following areas:

•State universities• Keep the autonomy of the universities (established in 1989)

• Keep their research orientation• Limited enrollment growth

•State technological colleges• Strong expansion of enrollment: from 25,000 in 2006 to about 200,000 in 2020• Strengthen their commitment to local economy

• Possible integration with municipal system

•Federal system• Call for more federal investment in São Paulo, which was (and still is) very low, relatively to the State’s

role in Brazil

•Private system• Call for initiatives that would qualify the system, like a scholarship system tied to academic and

governance improvements

The State Universities in São Paulo 1989-2009

• 1989 was the year the state universities were granted full autonomy, including budgetary autonomy

• The autonomy decree specified a fixed percentage of the state tax revenues that should be directed to the system, still the only system in the country with such a provision

• As seen from the graphs, enrollment doubled in the period and indexed publications grew 10-fold

• The three SP universities are responsible for more than 40% of all doctorates and indexed published research in Brazil

• The Director Plan called for maintenance of the autonomy system

• It also supported increased emphasis on the graduate/research character of the state universities

• Regarding undergraduate enrollments, any expansion should take the research mission of the universities into consideration

The State Technological Colleges

• Started in 1969, but only in the last 10 years has seen relevant

growth

• Offers 3-year programs with direct links to job market (but also in some traditional areas, like health)

• Spreaded across the state, each campus offers programs related to the local economy

• State inverstment has grown 5-fold in the Fatec system from 2005-2010• No cuts in the state universities’

budgets

• Employability 1 year after graduation: 92%• Some programs reach 96% or more: construction, information systems

• Average monthly salary 1 year after graduation• $1,700 PPP (purchasing power parity)

• About 75% of average salary in traditional academic careers (follows OECD countries’

average)

State Technological Colleges -

FATECs Vacancies, enrollment, units –

1990-2010

State Technological Colleges (FATECs) in São PauloSpots, enrollment and campi

1990-2010

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

30.000

35.000

40.000

45.000

50.000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Spot

s an

d en

rolm

ent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Num

ber o

f FA

TEC

cam

pi

Spots

Enrolment

Number of FATEC campi

• The FATEC system has already reached the number of campuses that was proposed by the Director Plan, about 50

• Still, the state administration has proposed the number to grow to about 60 by the end of 2014

• For the FATEC system to reach the proposed enrollment figure of 200,000 students enrolled by 2020, as the Director Plan indicates, it needs only to expand the enrollment numbers to about 4,000 per campus, on average

• If economic growth continues at the present rate of 3-4%/year, it is possible that the state budget will allow for the investments necessary to reach the proposed goal

IAU/KU International Conference 2011 Nairobi –

Kenya

November 15, 2011

Higher Education in São Paulo, Brazil – Planning and Development

Marcelo KnobelUniversity of Campinas –

Unicampknobel@reitoria.unicamp.br

Thank You!