IAU Sydney 2003-07-18 Per Olof Hulth Particle Astronomy from Antarctica Per Olof Hulth Stockholm...
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Transcript of IAU Sydney 2003-07-18 Per Olof Hulth Particle Astronomy from Antarctica Per Olof Hulth Stockholm...
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Particle Astronomy from
Antarctica
Per Olof Hulth
Stockholm University
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Why Particle Astronomy from Antarctica?
• Difficult logistics
• No continues access during the year
• Cold and expensive
• Long time to build up large experiment
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Antarctic platform
• 24 hours coverage of astronomical objects
• Largest ice sheet with very transparent ice
• Unique wind conditions at high altitudes
• Low magnetic field cut off for cosmic charged particles
• Possibility to combine large surface detectors with neutrino telescopes in the ice
• South Pole special with the sources at constant zenith angles
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
One large common question to answer for Particle Astronomy from Antarctica
From where are the cosmic rays coming?
Medium energy Supernovas?
Super High energy
GRB? AGN? ??
LHC
Galactic?
Extra galactic?
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
What are the sources of the Cosmic rays?
Galactic?Extra galactic?
Some new physics?
?Galactic?
Extra galactic?
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Cosmic ray investigations
• Determine the chemical composition and energy dependence of CR – Detect the incoming CR before interacting in the atmosphere
(Balloon flights and space flights)
– Only one particle at 1015 eV/m2 and year! Direct detection possible up to 1015 eV. Above 1015 eV using large air shower detectors at
surface. But identification of primary particle depending on simulations of the shower development.
• Detect CR sources by neutrino production at the source.
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Dark matter detection by neutrinos
Sun
Earth
Detector
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Different projects in Antarctica
• Balloon Cosmic ray detectors– CREAM– Tiger – ATIC– TRACER– Polar Patrol Balloon
(PPB)
• Surface Cosmic ray detectors – SPASE– IceTop
• Neutrino Cherenkov telescopes – AMANDA– IceCube
• Neutrino radio telescopes– Rice– Anita
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Balloons
• NASA is using McMurdo as a base for launching Balloons for altitudes up to 37km
• Long duration flights (LDF) up to three weeks• Ultra Long duration flights (ULDF) up to 100
days.
• Only 5-10 grams/cm2 of the atmosphere remains.
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Balloon Cosmic ray detectors
• ATIC 1010 - 1014 eV H - Fe
• CREAM 1012 - 5 1015 eV H - Fe
• TIGER 108 - 1010 eV Fe - Zr
• TRACER - 1014 eV O - Fe
• Polar Patrol Balloon (PPB) 1010 - 1012 eV electrons
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
CREAM
CREAM
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
19 days of scientific mission Dec 02 - Jan.03
ATIC
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Tiger
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Polar Patrol Ballon (PPB)
Detector launched from Syowa station
See poster 2013 IAU00287 by Toii Shoji
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Messengers of Astronomy
Only neutrinos cover the whole energy range
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
log(E2 Flux)
log(E/GeV)TeV PeV EeV
3 6 9
pp core AGN p blazar jetTop-Bottom model
GRB (W&B)
Various recentmodels for transient sources
Neutrino fluxes from Cosmic ray sources
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Estimation of diffuse neutrino flux
Atm
osp
heric n
eutrin
os
W&B W&B
MPRMPR
Demands km3 size detectors!!
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Neutrino telescopes
• Needs large volumes of optical transparent material => ice sheet!
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
~ 5 m
Detection of e , ,
Electromagnetic and hadronic cascadesO(km) long muon tracks
direction determination by cherenkov light timing
15 m
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Measured Ice properties at South Pole
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
AMANDA
The worlds largest running neutrino telescope situated at the South Pole
Year DetectorTotal
number ofOM
1995/1996 AMANDA-B4 86
1996/1997 AMANDA-B10 302
1998/1999 AMANDA-B13 428
1999/2000 AMANDA-II 680
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
South Pole
Dark sector
AMANDA
IceCube
Dome
Skiway
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressorare needed to see this picture.
AMANDA-II event 2000
• AMANDA observes about 3-4 atmospheric neutrinos/day in a atmospheric muon background 106 times larger.
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
AMANDA - deployment
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Atmospheric muons in AMANDA-II
PRELIMINARY threshold energy ~ 40 GeV (zenith averaged)
Atmospheric muons and neutrinos: AMANDA‘s test beams
much improved simulation...but data 30% higher than MC ...
normalize to most vertical bin
Systematic errors:
10% scattering (20m @ 400nm) absorption (110m @ 400nm) 20% optical module sensitivity 10% refreezing of ice in hole
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Atmospheric 's in AMANDA-II
neural network energy reconstruction regularized unfolding
measured atmospheric neutrino spectrum
1 sigma energy error
spectrum up to 100 TeV compatible with Frejus data
presently no sensitivity to LSND/Nunokawa prediction of dip structures between 0.4-3 TeV
In future, spectrum will be usedto study excess due to cosmic ‘s
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
697 events observed above horizon 3% non-neutrino background for > 5° cuts optimized in each declination band
PRELIMINARY
Point source search in AMANDA II
Search for excess events in sky bins for up-going tracks
sky subdivided into 300 bins (~7°x7°) no clustering observed
above horizon:mostly fake events
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
IceCube
1400 m
2400 m
AMANDA
South Pole
IceTop
Skiway• 80 Strings• 4800 PMT • Instrumented volume:
1 km3 (1 Gt)• IceCube is designed to
detect neutrinos of all flavors at energies from 107 eV (SN) to 1020 eV
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Status of IceCube
• 15 $M approved for Fy02 • 25 $M for FY03• 295 $M in presidents budget for FY04 (should
cover the full detector plus 4 years of running)• New hot water drill to be sent to South Pole 03/04• Up to 6 IceCube strings to be deployed 04/05 (and
then up to 16 strings per year)
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
IceCube:Top View
AMANDA
SPASE-2South Pole
Dome
Skiway
100 m
Grid North
Counting House
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Finished DOM Ready to Pack and Test
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Eµ=10 TeV Eµ=6 PeV
Simulated -events in IceCube
Measure muon energy at the detector by counting the number of fired PMTs.
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Mediterranean (ocean) Antares, Nestor, 1 km3 ...
South Pole (ice)AMANDA, ICECUBE
dots: distribution of gamma ray bursts (GRBs)
galactic center in middle
E < 100 TeV
Complementarity (point sources):
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
SPASESPASE is an air shower detector at the South Pole for showers above
5 *1013 eV.
SPASE measure the electromagnetic component of the shower
AMANDA the muon component!
Unique combination!!
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
AMANDA-SPASE
•Plot muons vs. electrons
•Transformed axes correspond to mass and energy
Protons
Iron
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
IceTop - IceCube
• Particle astrophysics– using surface/under-ice coincidences as a novel
probe of primary cosmic-ray spectrum to 1018 eV
• Calibration – with tagged muons
• Veto – of certain backgrounds for signals
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
EeV Detection in IceCube with shower veto
This background for EeV events can be vetoed by detecting the fringe of the coincident horizontal air shower in an array of water Cherenkov detectors (cf. Ave et al., PRL 85 (2000) 2244, analysis of Haverah Park)
Penetrating muon bundle in shower core
Incident cosmic-ray nucleus
Threshold ~ 1017 eV to veto this background
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Radio detectors
Very high energy cascades emits Cherenkov radiation in radio wave length
Larger attenuation length than optical -> larger volumes
But higher energy threshold (> 10 PeV)
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Antennas deployed down to a few hundred meters in the AMANDA holes.
Testing since 1996
Preparing an application for a
larger RICE together with IceCube
RICE South Pole
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Flight in 2006
ANITA
(Antarctic Impulsive Transient Array)
IAU Sydney 2003-07-18
Per Olof Hulth
Summary
• Antarctica as a very successful platform for particle astronomy!