iema Conference 2008

The Millennium Development Goals

Ensuring Environmental Sustainability

The Key Challenges

Ian Curtis – DFID

An Introduction to DFID

• Leads UK government’s efforts to promote international development

• Overall Aim is to reduce poverty in the world’s poorer countries

• Focus our efforts on achieving the • Focus our efforts on achieving the Millennium Development Goals

• Operate under the International Development Act (2002) - development assistance must reduce poverty and be untied

An Introduction to DFID

Secretary of State:

Douglas AlexanderDouglas Alexander

Ministers:

Gareth Thomas

Shahid Malik

Gilliam Merron

DFID’s Work Around the World

What do we actually do?

Spend £6 billion each year – set to rise

Recognise the complexities of development and take an integrated approach

Work in some tough places – Sudan, Afghanistan, Iraq

Work in partnerships with:– governments of developing countries

– other Whitehall departments

– charities/ngos - £240 million pa

– multilaterals – World Bank and UN agencies

Focus work on the Millennium Development goals

Millennium Development Goals1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV / AIDS, malaria and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability – with target to increase access to basic water and sanitation

8. Develop a global partnership for development

The above goals are supported by 18 targets to achieve by 2015.

Growth is the most important factor in poverty reduction but needs to be more inclusive—

both across and within countries

Annual change in Gini coefficient in 59 developing countries

MDG 2

MDG 4Decline in child mortality

Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), by region (1960–2005)

The global decline is not fast

enough to meet the MDG target in

2015.

7293

31

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

MDG 5Maternal mortality is highest in countries of sub-Saharan Africa

and South Asia

Maternal mortality ratios (MMR) per 100,000 live births (2005)

Life time risk of maternal death in Sub-Saharan Africa is 1 in 22. Globally the risk is

1 in 92, while in industrialized countries it is 1 in 8000.

MDG 6Sub-Saharan Africa has the most people living with HIV

Estimated number of people living with HIV, by region (1990–2006)

MDG 7The world is on track to reach the MDG on improved drinking

water sources. But to meet the sanitation target, it will have to

double the rate of improvement.

Global trends towards the MDG water and sanitation targets

MDG 7Meeting the MDG targets means reaching 1.1 billion people

with improved sources of drinking water and 1.6 billion people

with improved sanitation facilities by 2015.

Population who will gain access to improved

sources of drinking water if the MDG is reached

Population who will gain access to improved

sanitation facilities if the MDG is met

Note: The difference between the global total (1.6 billion) and the sum of the

regions (1.4 billion) is significant and is due to rounding of the global and

regional MDG targets to an integer.

Note: The difference between the global total (1.1 billion) and the sum of the

regions (989 million) is significant and is due to rounding of the global and

regional MDG targets to an integer.

World on track on poverty reduction and gender parity at school MDGs, but serious shortfalls likely

on nutrition, education, health, and sanitation goals

dd

Current

Global ChallengesGlobal Challenges

Sharp rises in energy and food prices add to risks

300

400

500

Commodity Price Index (1990=100)

0

100

200

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

grains raw materials metals energy

Stronger focus needed on combating malnutrition—higher food prices increase urgency

Incidence of stunting remains high in low-income countries

Increased risks from financial turbulence—developing-country growth slowing but still robust

4

6

8

annual % change

0

2

4

World output Advanced

economies

Emerging market

and developing

countries

Africa

2007 2008 (Projected) 2009 (Projected)

Ensuring Environmental Sustainability

• Integral to Effective and Lasting Poverty Reduction

• Critical to Achieving the Millennium • Critical to Achieving the Millennium Development goals

• Requires a more integrated approach –linking actions at local, national and global levels

Natural resource dependence patterns vary across regions

Depletion of natural resources is often associated with declining national wealth

Natural resource dependence and sustainability

20

30

40

50

Pe

rce

nt

of

GN

I

-20

-10

0

10

Major oil producers

Pe

rce

nt

of

GN

INon-renewable resource rents

Adjusted net saving

Depletion of natural resources: it’s not just oil

Annual deforestation (2000-2005) Freshwater availability

(trends and projections)

Adjusted net savings trends (1990-2005)

Environmental health risks—a significant concern

Economic burden of poor environmental health can be high—1.5-4% of GDP annually

Monitoring environmental policies and institutions

Progress in institutional and policy

performance has been uneven across

regions (CPIA environment scores)

CPIA disaggregated scores show that there is

a gap between policy formulation and

capacity to enforce

’Climate Change is a development,

economic and investment

challenge, and not just an

environmental issue ….. Addressing environmental issue ….. Addressing

Climate Change is a critical pillar

of the development agenda’

Bob Zoellick World Bank President Bali 2007

Mitigation calls for common but differentiated responsibilities

Per capita GHG emissions (including from land use change), 2000

Annual Runoff – 2080s

Percentage change in 30-year average annual runoff by the 2080s.

University of Southampton - IPCC

Developing countries are most vulnerable to climate change and least able to adapt

Impact of climate change on agricultural yields, 2079-99

Developing countries enabled to address climate change and secure development and poverty reduction

Super Goal:

DFID’s Climate Change Objectives

Goal 1

A fair and effective

global framework to

drive investment in

low carbon energy

and adaptation

Impact of climate

change on

developing countries

minimised

Goal 2 Goal 3

Developing countries

enabled to adopt

low carbon development

Goal 4: Development community mobilised to press for ambitious framework

and support developing countries tackle climate change

Global Environmental Sustainability-One Size Does Not Fit All

High child mortality countries (e.g. Mali)Provide water and

sanitation, improve

Countries in transition (e.g. Ukraine) Increase energy

efficiency and control pollution

High deforestation countries (e.g. Brazil) – Eliminate

perverse

incentives, improve

Rapidly growing countries (e.g. China, India) Reduce carbon

intensity of growth

High income countriesProvide global public goods

– e.g. Kyoto and beyond

Sub-soil resource rich countries (e.g. Mozambique)Invest resource rents, improve

governance

Rapidly urbanizing countries (e.g. Vietnam) Manage

pollution from

transport and

industry

Agriculture-dependent countries (e.g. Ethiopia)Manage land and

water resources,

diversify assets

Biodiversity rich countries (e.g. Peru) – Conserve

natural areas, tap

global finance for

conservation,

develop

ecotourism

sanitation, improve

access to electricityincentives, improve

governance

Increasing water scarcity (e.g. MNA)Increase water use

efficiency, define

water use rights